A new tapered multimode interference （MMl）-based coherent lightwave combiner is reported. A comprehensive theoretical analysis of mode behaviors in the tapered MMI waveguide is presented, and the output characterist...A new tapered multimode interference （MMl）-based coherent lightwave combiner is reported. A comprehensive theoretical analysis of mode behaviors in the tapered MMI waveguide is presented, and the output characteristics of the tapered MMI combiners with various structures are demonstrated. The combiner is fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator （SO1） substrate. Due to its advantages of having no end-facet reflection,easy extension to a multi-port configuration, high tolerance for fabrication errors, and compact size, the tapered MMI is a good candidate for a coherent lightwave combiner to be used in large-scale photonic integrated circuits.展开更多
The rapid advancement of modern science and technology,coupled with the recent surge in new-energy electric vehicles,has significantly boosted the demand for lithium.This has promoted the development and efficient uti...The rapid advancement of modern science and technology,coupled with the recent surge in new-energy electric vehicles,has significantly boosted the demand for lithium.This has promoted the development and efficient utilization of lepidolite as a lithium source.Therefore,the processes for the flotation of lepidolite have been studied in depth,particularly the development and use of lepidolite flotation collectors and the action mechanism of the collectors on the lepidolite surface.Based on the crystal-structure characteristics of lepidolite minerals,this review focuses on the application of anionic collectors,amine cationic collectors(primary amines,quaternary ammonium salts,ether amines,and Gemini amines),and combined collectors to the flotation behavior of lepidolite as well as the adsorption mechanisms.New directions and technologies for the controllable flotation of lepidolite are proposed,including process improvement,reagent synthesis,and mechanistic research.This analysis demonstrates the need for the further study of the complex environment inside lepidolite and pulp.By using modern analytical detection methods and quantum chemical calculations,research on reagents for the flotation of lepidolite has expanded,providing new concepts and references for the efficient flotation recovery and utilization of lepidolite.展开更多
Blood-brain barrier disruption and the neuroinflammatory response are significant pathological features that critically influence disease progression and treatment outcomes.This review systematically analyzes the curr...Blood-brain barrier disruption and the neuroinflammatory response are significant pathological features that critically influence disease progression and treatment outcomes.This review systematically analyzes the current understanding of the bidirectional relationship between blood-brain barrier disruption and neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury,along with emerging combination therapeutic strategies.Literature review indicates that blood-brain barrier disruption and neuroinflammatory responses are key pathological features following traumatic brain injury.In the acute phase after traumatic brain injury,the pathological characteristics include primary blood-brain barrier disruption and the activation of inflammatory cascades.In the subacute phase,the pathological features are characterized by repair mechanisms and inflammatory modulation.In the chronic phase,the pathological features show persistent low-grade inflammation and incomplete recovery of the blood-brain barrier.Various physiological changes,such as structural alterations of the blood-brain barrier,inflammatory cascades,and extracellular matrix remodeling,interact with each other and are influenced by genetic,age,sex,and environmental factors.The dynamic balance between blood-brain barrier permeability and neuroinflammation is regulated by hormones,particularly sex hormones and stress-related hormones.Additionally,the role of gastrointestinal hormones is receiving increasing attention.Current treatment strategies for traumatic brain injury include various methods such as conventional drug combinations,multimodality neuromonitoring,hyperbaric oxygen therapy,and non-invasive brain stimulation.Artificial intelligence also shows potential in treatment decision-making and personalized therapy.Emerging sequential combination strategies and precision medicine approaches can help improve treatment outcomes;however,challenges remain,such as inadequate research on the mechanisms of the chronic phase traumatic brain injury and difficulties with technology integration.Future research on traumatic brain injury should focus on personalized treatment strategies,the standardization of techniques,costeffectiveness evaluations,and addressing the needs of patients with comorbidities.A multidisciplinary approach should be used to enhance treatment and improve patient outcomes.展开更多
Background:Human skin is affected by ultraviolet rays on a daily basis,and excessive ultraviolet radiation(UVR)can lead to sunburn erythema,tanning,photoaging,and skin tumors.The combination of Astragali Radix(AR)and ...Background:Human skin is affected by ultraviolet rays on a daily basis,and excessive ultraviolet radiation(UVR)can lead to sunburn erythema,tanning,photoaging,and skin tumors.The combination of Astragali Radix(AR)and Anemarrhenae Rhizoma(AAR)is a common pairing in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).According to earlier studies,they possess properties capable of alleviating the adverse impacts of UVR on the skin.However,the specific actions and underlying mechanisms require further investigation.The study aims to analyze the efficacy of AR-AAR in preventing UVR-induced skin damage and to clarify the associated molecular mechanisms.Methods:Potential signaling pathways by which AR and AAR may protect against UVR-induced skin damage were identified with network pharmacology,molecular docking techniques and molecular dynamics(MD)simulation.Except the normal group,the back skin of SD rats was exposed to 1.1 mW/cm^(2) UVA combined with 0.1 mW/cm^(2) UVB daily,and the UVR skin damage model was established.Morphological features of skin tissues of different groups were discovered through Hematoxylin and Eosin(HE)staining,Masson staining,Weigert staining.ELISA was utilized to measure the levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS),Interleukin 6(IL-6),Interleukin 1β(IL-1β)and Tumor necrosis factos-α(TNF-α)in skin tissues.RT-PCR and Western blot were employed to quantify the mRNA and protein contents of PI3K,AKT,and MMP-9.Results:Network pharmacology analysis predicts that AR-AAR may improve skin damage induced by UVR through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.Histological staining shows that AR-AAR can significantly reduce inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis in damaged skin.Treatment with AR-AAR(2:1)significantly reduced the expression levels of IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-αand ROS in UVR-damaged rat skin.After treatment with AR-AAR(2:1),not only did the relative mRNA expression levels of PI3K and AKT and the protein expression levels of PI3K,AKT,P-PI3K,and P-AKT increase,but the mRNA and protein expression levels of MMP-9 decreased.Conclusion:The study indicate that the AR-AAR combination and its active components may mitigate UVR skin damage by modulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.展开更多
Persistent overcast rain was an essential limiting factor for summer maize production,of which immediate impact was the dual pressure of waterlogging and shading.However,the mechanisms underlying independent and combi...Persistent overcast rain was an essential limiting factor for summer maize production,of which immediate impact was the dual pressure of waterlogging and shading.However,the mechanisms underlying independent and combined effects of waterlogging and shading on maize yield losses remain understudied,particularly across different growth stages.Denghai 605(DH605)was selected to be subjected shading,waterlogging,and their combined stress at the 3rd leaf stage(V3),the 6th leaf stage(V6),and tasseling stage(VT).Results showed that shading,waterlogging and their combination significantly restricted leaf area expansion,reduced leaf net photosynthetic rate(P_(n))and net assimilation rate(NAR),thereby decreasing the crop growth rate(CGR)and biomass accumulation.Additionally,compared to control,the process of lignin synthesis was inhibited under stressed treatment,resulting in diminished stem mechanical strength and impaired vascular system development,which substantially reduced assimilate remobilization efficiency to the ear and ultimate grain yield.Waterlogging and combined stresses exhibited maximum impact at the V3 stage,followed by V6 and VT stages,while shading effects were most pronounced at the VT stage,followed by V6 and V3 stages.Moreover,the compound stress exacerbated the damage brought about by a single stress.As climate change is projected to increase the frequency of multiple abiotic stress occurrences,these findings provide valuable insights for future summer maize breeding research under persistent rainfall conditions.展开更多
Atrazine,a persistent triazine herbicide,poses environmental and health risks.This study examines the synergis-tic remediation of atrazine-contaminated soil using green manure plant(GMP)hairy vetch(Vicia villosa Roth,...Atrazine,a persistent triazine herbicide,poses environmental and health risks.This study examines the synergis-tic remediation of atrazine-contaminated soil using green manure plant(GMP)hairy vetch(Vicia villosa Roth,VV)and the exogenous atrazine-degrading bacterium Arthrobacter sp.ATR1.Soil samples contaminated with atrazine at 5 and 20 mg/kg were treated with control(CK),ATR1(CKatr),hairy vetch(VV),and combined hairy vetch and ATR1 remediation(VVatr).The results indicated that the VVatr treatment exhibited the most effective atrazine removal,achieving enhancements of 56.12%at 5 mg/kg and 54.51%at 20 mg/kg compared to CK after 28 days.Soil enzyme activities,including urease,sucrase,and alkaline phosphatase,were significantly elevated in the VV and VVatr treatments,contributing to improved soil quality.Additionally,the CKatr,VV,and VVatr treat-ments enhanced bacterial diversity and richness while altering the microbial community structure.The VV and VVatr treatments notably enriched indigenous atrazine-degrading bacteria and nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the rhizosphere.This microbial enrichment upregulated the Atrazine degradation and Nitrogen metabolism pathways,facilitating both atrazine removal and nitrogen cycling in the soil.And VVatr treatment promoted the stability of the microbial network and enhanced the cooperative relationship between key indigenous atrazine-degrading and nitrogen-fixing bacteria.These findings explain the mechanism of plantmicrobe combined remediation of atrazine-contaminated soil from the perspective of rhizosphere microorganisms and offer a theoretical basis for the practical application of this method.展开更多
Malignant pleural effusion(MPE) is a serious disease caused by malignant tumors with high morbidity and mortality.Chemotherapy,immunotherapy,and antiangiogenic therapy are common treatments for MPE at present.However,...Malignant pleural effusion(MPE) is a serious disease caused by malignant tumors with high morbidity and mortality.Chemotherapy,immunotherapy,and antiangiogenic therapy are common treatments for MPE at present.However,traditional chemotherapeutic drugs have many side effects and can easily lead to drug resistance in patients.The complex tumor microenvironment(TME) of MPE directly reduces the antitumor efficacy of immunotherapy.Fortunately,drug delivery systems(DDSs) based on biomaterials have the ability to overcome some of the drawbacks of conventional treatments by improving drug stability,increasing the accuracy of tumor cell targeting,reducing toxic side effects,and remodeling TME,ultimately improving drug efficacy.Therefore,the purpose of this review is to provide an overview and discussion of the latest progress in biomaterial-based DDSs for the treatment of MPE.We discuss the application of biomaterials in the treatment of MPE from multiple perspectives,including chemotherapy,immunotherapy,combination therapy,and pleurodesis,where microspheres,cell membrane-derived microparticles(MPs),micelles,nanoparticles,and liposomes,are involved.The application of these biomaterials has been proven to have great potential in the treatment of MPE,providing a new idea for follow-up research.展开更多
Radiofrequency ablation(RFA),particularly endoscopic ultrasound-guided RFA(EUS-RFA),has emerged as a promising minimally invasive approach for the treatment of pancreatic cancer,especially in patients with locally adv...Radiofrequency ablation(RFA),particularly endoscopic ultrasound-guided RFA(EUS-RFA),has emerged as a promising minimally invasive approach for the treatment of pancreatic cancer,especially in patients with locally advanced or unresectable disease.This review outlines recent technological developments in EUS-RFA,including innovations in energy delivery systems,probe design,and real-time thermal monitoring,which have improved the precision and safety of the procedure.Clinical studies combining EUS-RFA with chemotherapy have demonstrated encouraging outcomes,with improvements in overall survival,progression-free survival,tumor necrosis,and symptom control compared to chemotherapy alone.Additionally,RFA-induced tumor antigen release and modulation of the tumor microenvironment suggest a potential synergistic role with immunotherapy.Despite its promise,the widespread adoption of EUS-RFA is limited by a lack of large-scale randomized controlled trials and standardized treatment protocols.展开更多
To achieve the goals of sustainable development of the energy system and the construction of a lowcarbon society,this study proposes a multi-energy storage collaborative optimization strategy for industrial park that ...To achieve the goals of sustainable development of the energy system and the construction of a lowcarbon society,this study proposes a multi-energy storage collaborative optimization strategy for industrial park that integrates the laddered carbon trading mechanism with demand response.Firstly,a dual dimensional DR model is constructed based on the characteristics of load elasticity.The alternativeDRenables flexible substitution of energy loads through complementary conversion of electricity/heat/cold multi-energy sources,while the price DR relies on timeof-use electricity price signals to guide load spatiotemporal migration;Secondly,the LCT mechanism is introduced to achieve optimal carbon emission costs through a tiered carbon quota allocation mechanism.On this basis,an optimization decision model is established with the core objective of maximizing the annual net profit of the park.The objective function takes into account energy sales revenue,generator unit costs,and investment and operation costs of multiple types of energy storage facilities.Themodel constraint system covers three key dimensions:dynamic operation constraints of power generation units,including unit output limits,ramping capability,and minimum start-stop time;the physical boundary of an electric/hot/cold multi-energy storage system involves energy storage capacity and charge/discharge efficiency;The multi-energy network coupling balance equation ensures that the energy conversion and transmission process satisfies the law of conservation of energy.Using CPLEX mathematical programming solver for simulation verification,construct an energy storage capacity configuration decision process that includes LCT-DR synergistic effect.The research results show that compared with the traditional single energy storage configuration mode,this strategy effectively enhances the economic feasibility and engineering practicality of industrial park operation by coordinating demand side resource scheduling and finely controlling carbon costs,while maintaining stable system operation.Its methodological framework provides a technical path that combines theoretical rigor and practical operability for the low-carbon transformation of regional integrated energy systems.展开更多
Spinal cord injuries have overwhelming physical and occupational implications for patients.Moreover,the extensive and long-term medical care required for spinal cord injury significantly increases healthcare costs and...Spinal cord injuries have overwhelming physical and occupational implications for patients.Moreover,the extensive and long-term medical care required for spinal cord injury significantly increases healthcare costs and resources,adding a substantial burden to the healthcare system and patients'families.In this context,chondroitinase ABC,a bacterial enzyme isolated from Proteus vulgaris that is modified to facilitate expression and secretion in mammals,has emerged as a promising therapeutic agent.It works by degrading chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans,cleaving the glycosaminoglycanchains of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans into soluble disaccharides or tetrasaccharides.Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans are potent axon growth inhibitors and principal constituents of the extracellular matrix surrounding glial and neuronal cells attached to glycosaminoglycan chains.Chondroitinase ABC has been shown to play an effective role in promoting recovery from acute and chronic spinal cord injury by improving axonal regeneration and sprouting,enhancing the plasticity of perineuronal nets,inhibiting neuronal apoptosis,and modulating immune responses in various animal models.In this review,we introduce the classification and pathological mechanisms of spinal cord injury and discuss the pathophysiological role of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in spinal cord injury.We also highlight research advancements in spinal cord injury treatment strategies,with a focus on chondroitinase ABC,and illustrate how improvements in chondroitinase ABC stability,enzymatic activity,and delivery methods have enhanced injured spinal cord repair.Furthermore,we emphasize that combination treatment with chondroitinase ABC further enhances therapeutic efficacy.This review aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current trends and future directions of chondroitinase ABC-based spinal cord injury therapies,with an emphasis on how modern technologies are accelerating the optimization of chondroitinase ABC development.展开更多
Laser-assisted drilling combined with full-size polycrystalline diamond compact(PDC)bit is considered a feasible solution to enhance the drilling performance of engineering machinery.In this method,determining the opt...Laser-assisted drilling combined with full-size polycrystalline diamond compact(PDC)bit is considered a feasible solution to enhance the drilling performance of engineering machinery.In this method,determining the optimal collaborative control parameters that support rapid drilling is crucial for improving the combined performance.This study used average drilling speed,average torque,and total specificenergy for quantitative analysis to characterize the efficiencyand economy of combined rock breaking.Given the advantage of the response surface methodology in providing high-precision predictions with limited experimental data,regression models of the average drilling speed,average torque,and total specificenergy were established.The results showed that as the laser power and irradiation time increased,the average drilling speed firstincreased rapidly and then leveled off,while the average torque decreased sharply before decelerating.The total specificenergy initially decreased and then increased,with the combined drilling outperforming conventional mechanical drilling within specific parameter ranges.As the weight on bit increased,both the average torque and total specificenergy first decreased and then increased.With rising rotating speed,the average torque exhibited a trend of initial increase,then decrease,and finalincrease,whereas the total specificenergy increased slowly at firstand then sharply.Both parameters exhibited optimal values at which the average torque and total specific energy remained at minimal levels.For granite combined drilling,the optimal performance was achieved at a laser power of 3000 W,irradiation time of 31 s,the weight on bit of 2.4 kN,and the rotating speed of 97 r/min.展开更多
Shared energy storage helps lower user investment costs and enhances energy efficiency,which is considered a pivotal driver in accelerating the green transition of energy sectors.In view of the increasing demand for h...Shared energy storage helps lower user investment costs and enhances energy efficiency,which is considered a pivotal driver in accelerating the green transition of energy sectors.In view of the increasing demand for hydrogen,this paper proposes a bi-level optimization of configurations and scheduling for combined cooling,heating,and power(CCHP)microgrid systems considering shared hybrid electric-hydrogen energy storage service.The upper-level model addresses the capacity allocation problem of energy storage stations,while the lower-level model optimizes the operational strategies for the multi-microgrid system(MMS).To resolve the complexity of the coupled bi-level problem,Karush-Kuhn-Tucker(KKT)conditions and the Big-M method are applied to reformulate it into a solvable mixed-integer linear programming(MILP)model,compatible with CPLEX.The economic viability and rationality of the proposed approach are verified through comparisons of three cases.Numerical results show that the proposed approach reduces user annual costs by 20.15%compared to MMS without additional energy storage equipment and achieves 100%renewable absorption.For operators,it yields 5.71 M CNY annual profit with 3.02-year payback.Compared to MMS with electricity sharing,it further cuts user costs by 3.84%,boosts operator profit by 60.71%,and shortens payback by 15.88%.展开更多
Despite advances in current anti-cancer therapies,challenges such as drug resistance,toxicity,and tumor heterogeneity persist.The limitations of traditional single-target drugs and simple combination therapies are bec...Despite advances in current anti-cancer therapies,challenges such as drug resistance,toxicity,and tumor heterogeneity persist.The limitations of traditional single-target drugs and simple combination therapies are becoming increasingly apparent1.To address these issues,a novel treatment strategy,the artificially intelligent synergistic engineered drug(AISED)paradigm,merits further exploration.This paradigm is based on the systematic engineered integration of multiple active ingredients into a unified single entity through artificial intelligence(AI).This strategy is aimed at developing new anti-cancer drug designs involving multiple ingredients,multiple molecular targets,and multiple biological effects,for multiple cancer types,thereby providing a novel theoretical paradigm for overcoming existing treatment bottlenecks.展开更多
The existence of the"stomach-knee axis"and the potential independent association between"Helicobacter pylori(Hp)infection and knee osteoarthritis(KOA)"have been substantiated through multiple lines...The existence of the"stomach-knee axis"and the potential independent association between"Helicobacter pylori(Hp)infection and knee osteoarthritis(KOA)"have been substantiated through multiple lines of evidence,including epidemiological studies of the"stomach-knee axis",investigations into the pathological mechanisms linking"Hp infection and arthritis",as well as research on co-treatment drugs and the anti-inflammatory mechanisms relevant to"gastritis and arthritis".The investigation into"stomach and knee joint treatment"is grounded in the concept that the"stomach-knee axis"aligns with the"combined bi of body constituents and zang organs"theory.Clinical cases have demonstrated that therapeutic strategies of"stomach and knee joint treatment"can mitigate KOA damage by modulating the"stomach-knee axis"and eradicating Hp infection in the stomach.This study aims to contribute novel insights into the cross-system treatment of KOA.Further investigation into the"stomach-knee axis"may yield innovative strategies for the prevention and management of KOA,potentially through the eradication of Hp.展开更多
Side pumping combiners are widely used in fiber laser schemes for their high coupling efficiency, low insertion loss, and multi-point pumping capability. However, side pumping combiners perform differently in coupling...Side pumping combiners are widely used in fiber laser schemes for their high coupling efficiency, low insertion loss, and multi-point pumping capability. However, side pumping combiners perform differently in coupling efficiency when pumping with a laser diode(LD) and a high-brightness 1018 nm Yb-doped fiber laser(YDFL). In this paper, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, we investigated the different parameters to fabricate the(2 + 1) × 1 combiner with high coupling efficiency when pumping with an LD and a YDFL, respectively. After optimization, the maximum coupled pump power from one single-pump port of the combiner was 1200 W and 2730 W when pumping with a LD and a YDFL, respectively.展开更多
All-fiber coherent beam combiners based on the self-imaging effect can achieve a near-perfect single laser beam,which can provide a promising way to overcome the power limitation of a single-fiber laser.One of the key...All-fiber coherent beam combiners based on the self-imaging effect can achieve a near-perfect single laser beam,which can provide a promising way to overcome the power limitation of a single-fiber laser.One of the key points is combining efficiency,which is determined by various mismatches during fabrication.A theoretical model has been built,and the mismatch error is analyzed numerically for the first time.The mismatch errors have been numerically studied with the beam quality and combining efficiency being chosen as the evaluation criteria.The tolerance of each mismatch error for causing 1%loss is calculated to guide the design of the beam combiners.The simulation results are consistent with the experimental results,which show that the mismatch error of the square-core fiber is the main cause of the efficiency loss.The results can provide useful guidance for the fabrication of all-fiber coherent beam combiners.展开更多
Red-green-blue(RGB)beam combiners are widely used in scenarios such as augmented reality/virtual reality(AR/VR),laser projection,biochemical detection,and other fields.Optical waveguide combiners have attracted extens...Red-green-blue(RGB)beam combiners are widely used in scenarios such as augmented reality/virtual reality(AR/VR),laser projection,biochemical detection,and other fields.Optical waveguide combiners have attracted extensive attention due to their advantages of small size,high multiplexing efficiency,convenient mass production,and low cost.An RGB beam combiner based on directional couplers is designed,with a core-cladding relative refractive index difference of 0.75%.The RGB beam combiner is optimized from the perspective of parameter optimization.Using the beam propagation method(BPM),the relationship between the performance of the RGB beam combiner and individual parameters is studied,achieving preliminary optimization of the device’s performance.The key parameters of the RGB beam combiner are optimized using the entropy weight-technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution TOPSIS method,establishing the optimal parameter scheme and further improving the device’s performance indicators.The results show that after optimization,the multiplexing efficiencies for red,green,and blue lights,as well as the average multiplexing efficiency,reached 99.17%,99.76%,96.63%and 98.52%,respectively.The size of the RGB beam combiner is 4.768 mm×0.062 mm.展开更多
The design of cost-effective and efficient metal-free carbon-based catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)is of great significance for increasing the production of clean hydrogen by the electrolysis of alka...The design of cost-effective and efficient metal-free carbon-based catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)is of great significance for increasing the production of clean hydrogen by the electrolysis of alkaline water.Precise control of the electronic structure by heteroatom doping has proven to be efficient for increasing catalytic activity.Nevertheless,both the structural characteristics and the underlying mechanism are not well understood,especially for doping with two different atoms,thus limiting the use of these catalysts.We report the production of phosphorus and nitrogen co-doped hollow carbon nanospheres(HCNs)by the copolymerization of pyrrole and aniline at a Triton X-100 micelle-interface,followed by doping with phytic acid and carbonization.The unique pore structure and defect-rich framework of the HCNs expose numerous active sites.Crucially,the combined effect of graphitic nitrogen and phosphorus-carbon bonds modulate the local electronic structure of adjacent C atoms and facilitates electron transfer.As a res-ult,the HCN carbonized at 1100°C exhibited superior HER activity and an outstanding stability(70 h at a current density of 10 mA cm^(−2))in alkaline water,because of the large number of graphitic nitrogen and phosphorus-carbon bonds.展开更多
Conventional therapies are primary cancer treatments that directly eliminate or inhibit the growth of tumor cells,reducing the overall tumor burden.Increasing evidence suggests that conventional therapies possess sign...Conventional therapies are primary cancer treatments that directly eliminate or inhibit the growth of tumor cells,reducing the overall tumor burden.Increasing evidence suggests that conventional therapies possess significant immunomodulatory properties in addition to their established direct tumoricidal effects.Emerging immunotherapies have revolutionized the clinical management of various cancer types.Conventional therapy and immunotherapy have demonstrated remarkable clinical efficacy,leading to numerous ongoing clinical investiga-tions exploring their potential synergistic effects.However,trials investigating the combination of conventional therapy and immunotherapy have shown limited synergistic therapeutic efficacy.This unsatisfactory clinical outcome may be attributed to the suboptimal design of the combination approach and the inadequate understanding of the mechanisms and impacts of radiotherapy,chemotherapy,targeted ther-apy regimens(including dosing,timing,and administration route),and surgery on both cancer cells and the host immune system.Here,we comprehensively review preclinical and clinical investigations exploring the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of conventional therapy alone or in combination with immunotherapy.We proposed that optimizing the dosing,timing,and route of administration of conventional therapies can enhance the synergistic efficacy of combination therapies,thus offering significant clinical advantages.展开更多
文摘A new tapered multimode interference （MMl）-based coherent lightwave combiner is reported. A comprehensive theoretical analysis of mode behaviors in the tapered MMI waveguide is presented, and the output characteristics of the tapered MMI combiners with various structures are demonstrated. The combiner is fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator （SO1） substrate. Due to its advantages of having no end-facet reflection,easy extension to a multi-port configuration, high tolerance for fabrication errors, and compact size, the tapered MMI is a good candidate for a coherent lightwave combiner to be used in large-scale photonic integrated circuits.
基金financially supported by the Excellent Youth Scholars Program of State Key Laboratory of Complex Nonferrous Metal Resource Clean Utilization,Kunming University of Science and Technology,China(No.YXQN-2024003)the Central Government-Guided Local Science and Technology Development Fund Project,China(No.202407AB110022)。
文摘The rapid advancement of modern science and technology,coupled with the recent surge in new-energy electric vehicles,has significantly boosted the demand for lithium.This has promoted the development and efficient utilization of lepidolite as a lithium source.Therefore,the processes for the flotation of lepidolite have been studied in depth,particularly the development and use of lepidolite flotation collectors and the action mechanism of the collectors on the lepidolite surface.Based on the crystal-structure characteristics of lepidolite minerals,this review focuses on the application of anionic collectors,amine cationic collectors(primary amines,quaternary ammonium salts,ether amines,and Gemini amines),and combined collectors to the flotation behavior of lepidolite as well as the adsorption mechanisms.New directions and technologies for the controllable flotation of lepidolite are proposed,including process improvement,reagent synthesis,and mechanistic research.This analysis demonstrates the need for the further study of the complex environment inside lepidolite and pulp.By using modern analytical detection methods and quantum chemical calculations,research on reagents for the flotation of lepidolite has expanded,providing new concepts and references for the efficient flotation recovery and utilization of lepidolite.
基金supported by Open Scientific Research Program of Military Logistics,No.BLB20J009(to YZhao).
文摘Blood-brain barrier disruption and the neuroinflammatory response are significant pathological features that critically influence disease progression and treatment outcomes.This review systematically analyzes the current understanding of the bidirectional relationship between blood-brain barrier disruption and neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury,along with emerging combination therapeutic strategies.Literature review indicates that blood-brain barrier disruption and neuroinflammatory responses are key pathological features following traumatic brain injury.In the acute phase after traumatic brain injury,the pathological characteristics include primary blood-brain barrier disruption and the activation of inflammatory cascades.In the subacute phase,the pathological features are characterized by repair mechanisms and inflammatory modulation.In the chronic phase,the pathological features show persistent low-grade inflammation and incomplete recovery of the blood-brain barrier.Various physiological changes,such as structural alterations of the blood-brain barrier,inflammatory cascades,and extracellular matrix remodeling,interact with each other and are influenced by genetic,age,sex,and environmental factors.The dynamic balance between blood-brain barrier permeability and neuroinflammation is regulated by hormones,particularly sex hormones and stress-related hormones.Additionally,the role of gastrointestinal hormones is receiving increasing attention.Current treatment strategies for traumatic brain injury include various methods such as conventional drug combinations,multimodality neuromonitoring,hyperbaric oxygen therapy,and non-invasive brain stimulation.Artificial intelligence also shows potential in treatment decision-making and personalized therapy.Emerging sequential combination strategies and precision medicine approaches can help improve treatment outcomes;however,challenges remain,such as inadequate research on the mechanisms of the chronic phase traumatic brain injury and difficulties with technology integration.Future research on traumatic brain injury should focus on personalized treatment strategies,the standardization of techniques,costeffectiveness evaluations,and addressing the needs of patients with comorbidities.A multidisciplinary approach should be used to enhance treatment and improve patient outcomes.
基金supported by the Shaanxi Qinchuang Yuan“scientist+engineer”team construction(No.2023KXJ-080)Shaanxi Chiral Drug Engineering Technology Research Center(Department of Science and Technology of Shaanxi Province.No.[2011]-251).
文摘Background:Human skin is affected by ultraviolet rays on a daily basis,and excessive ultraviolet radiation(UVR)can lead to sunburn erythema,tanning,photoaging,and skin tumors.The combination of Astragali Radix(AR)and Anemarrhenae Rhizoma(AAR)is a common pairing in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).According to earlier studies,they possess properties capable of alleviating the adverse impacts of UVR on the skin.However,the specific actions and underlying mechanisms require further investigation.The study aims to analyze the efficacy of AR-AAR in preventing UVR-induced skin damage and to clarify the associated molecular mechanisms.Methods:Potential signaling pathways by which AR and AAR may protect against UVR-induced skin damage were identified with network pharmacology,molecular docking techniques and molecular dynamics(MD)simulation.Except the normal group,the back skin of SD rats was exposed to 1.1 mW/cm^(2) UVA combined with 0.1 mW/cm^(2) UVB daily,and the UVR skin damage model was established.Morphological features of skin tissues of different groups were discovered through Hematoxylin and Eosin(HE)staining,Masson staining,Weigert staining.ELISA was utilized to measure the levels of reactive oxygen species(ROS),Interleukin 6(IL-6),Interleukin 1β(IL-1β)and Tumor necrosis factos-α(TNF-α)in skin tissues.RT-PCR and Western blot were employed to quantify the mRNA and protein contents of PI3K,AKT,and MMP-9.Results:Network pharmacology analysis predicts that AR-AAR may improve skin damage induced by UVR through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.Histological staining shows that AR-AAR can significantly reduce inflammatory infiltration and fibrosis in damaged skin.Treatment with AR-AAR(2:1)significantly reduced the expression levels of IL-1β,IL-6,TNF-αand ROS in UVR-damaged rat skin.After treatment with AR-AAR(2:1),not only did the relative mRNA expression levels of PI3K and AKT and the protein expression levels of PI3K,AKT,P-PI3K,and P-AKT increase,but the mRNA and protein expression levels of MMP-9 decreased.Conclusion:The study indicate that the AR-AAR combination and its active components may mitigate UVR skin damage by modulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.
基金supported by the University Youth Innovation Science and Technology Support Program of Shandong Province,China(2021KJ073)the Postdoctoral Innovation Program of Shandong Province,China(202003039)+2 种基金the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-02-21)the State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation(NCCIR2023KF-8)the Key R&D Program of Shandong Province,China(2023TZXD08603)。
文摘Persistent overcast rain was an essential limiting factor for summer maize production,of which immediate impact was the dual pressure of waterlogging and shading.However,the mechanisms underlying independent and combined effects of waterlogging and shading on maize yield losses remain understudied,particularly across different growth stages.Denghai 605(DH605)was selected to be subjected shading,waterlogging,and their combined stress at the 3rd leaf stage(V3),the 6th leaf stage(V6),and tasseling stage(VT).Results showed that shading,waterlogging and their combination significantly restricted leaf area expansion,reduced leaf net photosynthetic rate(P_(n))and net assimilation rate(NAR),thereby decreasing the crop growth rate(CGR)and biomass accumulation.Additionally,compared to control,the process of lignin synthesis was inhibited under stressed treatment,resulting in diminished stem mechanical strength and impaired vascular system development,which substantially reduced assimilate remobilization efficiency to the ear and ultimate grain yield.Waterlogging and combined stresses exhibited maximum impact at the V3 stage,followed by V6 and VT stages,while shading effects were most pronounced at the VT stage,followed by V6 and V3 stages.Moreover,the compound stress exacerbated the damage brought about by a single stress.As climate change is projected to increase the frequency of multiple abiotic stress occurrences,these findings provide valuable insights for future summer maize breeding research under persistent rainfall conditions.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2024YFD1701101)the Fund for Strategic Priority Research Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XDA28010503)+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31971515)the Fund for National Key Research and Development Plan of China(No.2019YFC1804100)the Fund for Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(No.CAAS-ZDRW202110).
文摘Atrazine,a persistent triazine herbicide,poses environmental and health risks.This study examines the synergis-tic remediation of atrazine-contaminated soil using green manure plant(GMP)hairy vetch(Vicia villosa Roth,VV)and the exogenous atrazine-degrading bacterium Arthrobacter sp.ATR1.Soil samples contaminated with atrazine at 5 and 20 mg/kg were treated with control(CK),ATR1(CKatr),hairy vetch(VV),and combined hairy vetch and ATR1 remediation(VVatr).The results indicated that the VVatr treatment exhibited the most effective atrazine removal,achieving enhancements of 56.12%at 5 mg/kg and 54.51%at 20 mg/kg compared to CK after 28 days.Soil enzyme activities,including urease,sucrase,and alkaline phosphatase,were significantly elevated in the VV and VVatr treatments,contributing to improved soil quality.Additionally,the CKatr,VV,and VVatr treat-ments enhanced bacterial diversity and richness while altering the microbial community structure.The VV and VVatr treatments notably enriched indigenous atrazine-degrading bacteria and nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the rhizosphere.This microbial enrichment upregulated the Atrazine degradation and Nitrogen metabolism pathways,facilitating both atrazine removal and nitrogen cycling in the soil.And VVatr treatment promoted the stability of the microbial network and enhanced the cooperative relationship between key indigenous atrazine-degrading and nitrogen-fixing bacteria.These findings explain the mechanism of plantmicrobe combined remediation of atrazine-contaminated soil from the perspective of rhizosphere microorganisms and offer a theoretical basis for the practical application of this method.
基金financial support from the Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project (Nos.2024ZD0522800,2024ZD0522803)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.U21A20417,31930067,31800797)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province (No.2024NSFSC0046)the Sichuan Science and Technology Program (No.2022YFS0333)the 1·3·5 Project for Disciplines of Excellence,West China Hospital,Sichuan University (No.ZYGD24003)。
文摘Malignant pleural effusion(MPE) is a serious disease caused by malignant tumors with high morbidity and mortality.Chemotherapy,immunotherapy,and antiangiogenic therapy are common treatments for MPE at present.However,traditional chemotherapeutic drugs have many side effects and can easily lead to drug resistance in patients.The complex tumor microenvironment(TME) of MPE directly reduces the antitumor efficacy of immunotherapy.Fortunately,drug delivery systems(DDSs) based on biomaterials have the ability to overcome some of the drawbacks of conventional treatments by improving drug stability,increasing the accuracy of tumor cell targeting,reducing toxic side effects,and remodeling TME,ultimately improving drug efficacy.Therefore,the purpose of this review is to provide an overview and discussion of the latest progress in biomaterial-based DDSs for the treatment of MPE.We discuss the application of biomaterials in the treatment of MPE from multiple perspectives,including chemotherapy,immunotherapy,combination therapy,and pleurodesis,where microspheres,cell membrane-derived microparticles(MPs),micelles,nanoparticles,and liposomes,are involved.The application of these biomaterials has been proven to have great potential in the treatment of MPE,providing a new idea for follow-up research.
文摘Radiofrequency ablation(RFA),particularly endoscopic ultrasound-guided RFA(EUS-RFA),has emerged as a promising minimally invasive approach for the treatment of pancreatic cancer,especially in patients with locally advanced or unresectable disease.This review outlines recent technological developments in EUS-RFA,including innovations in energy delivery systems,probe design,and real-time thermal monitoring,which have improved the precision and safety of the procedure.Clinical studies combining EUS-RFA with chemotherapy have demonstrated encouraging outcomes,with improvements in overall survival,progression-free survival,tumor necrosis,and symptom control compared to chemotherapy alone.Additionally,RFA-induced tumor antigen release and modulation of the tumor microenvironment suggest a potential synergistic role with immunotherapy.Despite its promise,the widespread adoption of EUS-RFA is limited by a lack of large-scale randomized controlled trials and standardized treatment protocols.
基金funded by Science and Technology Projects from State Grid Corporation of China,(Research on Adaptive Balance Optimization and Simulation Technology of Industrial community Energy System with High Proportion of Distributed Energy,No.:5100-202355752A-3-4-SY).
文摘To achieve the goals of sustainable development of the energy system and the construction of a lowcarbon society,this study proposes a multi-energy storage collaborative optimization strategy for industrial park that integrates the laddered carbon trading mechanism with demand response.Firstly,a dual dimensional DR model is constructed based on the characteristics of load elasticity.The alternativeDRenables flexible substitution of energy loads through complementary conversion of electricity/heat/cold multi-energy sources,while the price DR relies on timeof-use electricity price signals to guide load spatiotemporal migration;Secondly,the LCT mechanism is introduced to achieve optimal carbon emission costs through a tiered carbon quota allocation mechanism.On this basis,an optimization decision model is established with the core objective of maximizing the annual net profit of the park.The objective function takes into account energy sales revenue,generator unit costs,and investment and operation costs of multiple types of energy storage facilities.Themodel constraint system covers three key dimensions:dynamic operation constraints of power generation units,including unit output limits,ramping capability,and minimum start-stop time;the physical boundary of an electric/hot/cold multi-energy storage system involves energy storage capacity and charge/discharge efficiency;The multi-energy network coupling balance equation ensures that the energy conversion and transmission process satisfies the law of conservation of energy.Using CPLEX mathematical programming solver for simulation verification,construct an energy storage capacity configuration decision process that includes LCT-DR synergistic effect.The research results show that compared with the traditional single energy storage configuration mode,this strategy effectively enhances the economic feasibility and engineering practicality of industrial park operation by coordinating demand side resource scheduling and finely controlling carbon costs,while maintaining stable system operation.Its methodological framework provides a technical path that combines theoretical rigor and practical operability for the low-carbon transformation of regional integrated energy systems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.82002645China Postdoctoral Science Foundation,No.2022M722321Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent,No.2022ZB552(all to YH)。
文摘Spinal cord injuries have overwhelming physical and occupational implications for patients.Moreover,the extensive and long-term medical care required for spinal cord injury significantly increases healthcare costs and resources,adding a substantial burden to the healthcare system and patients'families.In this context,chondroitinase ABC,a bacterial enzyme isolated from Proteus vulgaris that is modified to facilitate expression and secretion in mammals,has emerged as a promising therapeutic agent.It works by degrading chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans,cleaving the glycosaminoglycanchains of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans into soluble disaccharides or tetrasaccharides.Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans are potent axon growth inhibitors and principal constituents of the extracellular matrix surrounding glial and neuronal cells attached to glycosaminoglycan chains.Chondroitinase ABC has been shown to play an effective role in promoting recovery from acute and chronic spinal cord injury by improving axonal regeneration and sprouting,enhancing the plasticity of perineuronal nets,inhibiting neuronal apoptosis,and modulating immune responses in various animal models.In this review,we introduce the classification and pathological mechanisms of spinal cord injury and discuss the pathophysiological role of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in spinal cord injury.We also highlight research advancements in spinal cord injury treatment strategies,with a focus on chondroitinase ABC,and illustrate how improvements in chondroitinase ABC stability,enzymatic activity,and delivery methods have enhanced injured spinal cord repair.Furthermore,we emphasize that combination treatment with chondroitinase ABC further enhances therapeutic efficacy.This review aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the current trends and future directions of chondroitinase ABC-based spinal cord injury therapies,with an emphasis on how modern technologies are accelerating the optimization of chondroitinase ABC development.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grand No.52325904)National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2023YFB2390200)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52309134).
文摘Laser-assisted drilling combined with full-size polycrystalline diamond compact(PDC)bit is considered a feasible solution to enhance the drilling performance of engineering machinery.In this method,determining the optimal collaborative control parameters that support rapid drilling is crucial for improving the combined performance.This study used average drilling speed,average torque,and total specificenergy for quantitative analysis to characterize the efficiencyand economy of combined rock breaking.Given the advantage of the response surface methodology in providing high-precision predictions with limited experimental data,regression models of the average drilling speed,average torque,and total specificenergy were established.The results showed that as the laser power and irradiation time increased,the average drilling speed firstincreased rapidly and then leveled off,while the average torque decreased sharply before decelerating.The total specificenergy initially decreased and then increased,with the combined drilling outperforming conventional mechanical drilling within specific parameter ranges.As the weight on bit increased,both the average torque and total specificenergy first decreased and then increased.With rising rotating speed,the average torque exhibited a trend of initial increase,then decrease,and finalincrease,whereas the total specificenergy increased slowly at firstand then sharply.Both parameters exhibited optimal values at which the average torque and total specific energy remained at minimal levels.For granite combined drilling,the optimal performance was achieved at a laser power of 3000 W,irradiation time of 31 s,the weight on bit of 2.4 kN,and the rotating speed of 97 r/min.
文摘Shared energy storage helps lower user investment costs and enhances energy efficiency,which is considered a pivotal driver in accelerating the green transition of energy sectors.In view of the increasing demand for hydrogen,this paper proposes a bi-level optimization of configurations and scheduling for combined cooling,heating,and power(CCHP)microgrid systems considering shared hybrid electric-hydrogen energy storage service.The upper-level model addresses the capacity allocation problem of energy storage stations,while the lower-level model optimizes the operational strategies for the multi-microgrid system(MMS).To resolve the complexity of the coupled bi-level problem,Karush-Kuhn-Tucker(KKT)conditions and the Big-M method are applied to reformulate it into a solvable mixed-integer linear programming(MILP)model,compatible with CPLEX.The economic viability and rationality of the proposed approach are verified through comparisons of three cases.Numerical results show that the proposed approach reduces user annual costs by 20.15%compared to MMS without additional energy storage equipment and achieves 100%renewable absorption.For operators,it yields 5.71 M CNY annual profit with 3.02-year payback.Compared to MMS with electricity sharing,it further cuts user costs by 3.84%,boosts operator profit by 60.71%,and shortens payback by 15.88%.
文摘Despite advances in current anti-cancer therapies,challenges such as drug resistance,toxicity,and tumor heterogeneity persist.The limitations of traditional single-target drugs and simple combination therapies are becoming increasingly apparent1.To address these issues,a novel treatment strategy,the artificially intelligent synergistic engineered drug(AISED)paradigm,merits further exploration.This paradigm is based on the systematic engineered integration of multiple active ingredients into a unified single entity through artificial intelligence(AI).This strategy is aimed at developing new anti-cancer drug designs involving multiple ingredients,multiple molecular targets,and multiple biological effects,for multiple cancer types,thereby providing a novel theoretical paradigm for overcoming existing treatment bottlenecks.
基金Supported by Discipline Construction Project of Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine—Internal Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine(2025XK02).
文摘The existence of the"stomach-knee axis"and the potential independent association between"Helicobacter pylori(Hp)infection and knee osteoarthritis(KOA)"have been substantiated through multiple lines of evidence,including epidemiological studies of the"stomach-knee axis",investigations into the pathological mechanisms linking"Hp infection and arthritis",as well as research on co-treatment drugs and the anti-inflammatory mechanisms relevant to"gastritis and arthritis".The investigation into"stomach and knee joint treatment"is grounded in the concept that the"stomach-knee axis"aligns with the"combined bi of body constituents and zang organs"theory.Clinical cases have demonstrated that therapeutic strategies of"stomach and knee joint treatment"can mitigate KOA damage by modulating the"stomach-knee axis"and eradicating Hp infection in the stomach.This study aims to contribute novel insights into the cross-system treatment of KOA.Further investigation into the"stomach-knee axis"may yield innovative strategies for the prevention and management of KOA,potentially through the eradication of Hp.
文摘Side pumping combiners are widely used in fiber laser schemes for their high coupling efficiency, low insertion loss, and multi-point pumping capability. However, side pumping combiners perform differently in coupling efficiency when pumping with a laser diode(LD) and a high-brightness 1018 nm Yb-doped fiber laser(YDFL). In this paper, for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, we investigated the different parameters to fabricate the(2 + 1) × 1 combiner with high coupling efficiency when pumping with an LD and a YDFL, respectively. After optimization, the maximum coupled pump power from one single-pump port of the combiner was 1200 W and 2730 W when pumping with a LD and a YDFL, respectively.
文摘All-fiber coherent beam combiners based on the self-imaging effect can achieve a near-perfect single laser beam,which can provide a promising way to overcome the power limitation of a single-fiber laser.One of the key points is combining efficiency,which is determined by various mismatches during fabrication.A theoretical model has been built,and the mismatch error is analyzed numerically for the first time.The mismatch errors have been numerically studied with the beam quality and combining efficiency being chosen as the evaluation criteria.The tolerance of each mismatch error for causing 1%loss is calculated to guide the design of the beam combiners.The simulation results are consistent with the experimental results,which show that the mismatch error of the square-core fiber is the main cause of the efficiency loss.The results can provide useful guidance for the fabrication of all-fiber coherent beam combiners.
基金Project(52175445)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2022JJ30743)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,China+1 种基金Project(2023GK2024)supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province,ChinaProject(2023ZZTS0391)supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China。
文摘Red-green-blue(RGB)beam combiners are widely used in scenarios such as augmented reality/virtual reality(AR/VR),laser projection,biochemical detection,and other fields.Optical waveguide combiners have attracted extensive attention due to their advantages of small size,high multiplexing efficiency,convenient mass production,and low cost.An RGB beam combiner based on directional couplers is designed,with a core-cladding relative refractive index difference of 0.75%.The RGB beam combiner is optimized from the perspective of parameter optimization.Using the beam propagation method(BPM),the relationship between the performance of the RGB beam combiner and individual parameters is studied,achieving preliminary optimization of the device’s performance.The key parameters of the RGB beam combiner are optimized using the entropy weight-technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution TOPSIS method,establishing the optimal parameter scheme and further improving the device’s performance indicators.The results show that after optimization,the multiplexing efficiencies for red,green,and blue lights,as well as the average multiplexing efficiency,reached 99.17%,99.76%,96.63%and 98.52%,respectively.The size of the RGB beam combiner is 4.768 mm×0.062 mm.
基金financially supported by the project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52322203)the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(2024GHZDXM-21)。
文摘The design of cost-effective and efficient metal-free carbon-based catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)is of great significance for increasing the production of clean hydrogen by the electrolysis of alkaline water.Precise control of the electronic structure by heteroatom doping has proven to be efficient for increasing catalytic activity.Nevertheless,both the structural characteristics and the underlying mechanism are not well understood,especially for doping with two different atoms,thus limiting the use of these catalysts.We report the production of phosphorus and nitrogen co-doped hollow carbon nanospheres(HCNs)by the copolymerization of pyrrole and aniline at a Triton X-100 micelle-interface,followed by doping with phytic acid and carbonization.The unique pore structure and defect-rich framework of the HCNs expose numerous active sites.Crucially,the combined effect of graphitic nitrogen and phosphorus-carbon bonds modulate the local electronic structure of adjacent C atoms and facilitates electron transfer.As a res-ult,the HCN carbonized at 1100°C exhibited superior HER activity and an outstanding stability(70 h at a current density of 10 mA cm^(−2))in alkaline water,because of the large number of graphitic nitrogen and phosphorus-carbon bonds.
基金supported by the National Science Foundation of China(No.82172726)the Youth Project of Science and Technology Department of Shanxi Province(No.202203021212105)the Research Project Supported by the Shanxi Scholarship Council of China(2021-156).
文摘Conventional therapies are primary cancer treatments that directly eliminate or inhibit the growth of tumor cells,reducing the overall tumor burden.Increasing evidence suggests that conventional therapies possess significant immunomodulatory properties in addition to their established direct tumoricidal effects.Emerging immunotherapies have revolutionized the clinical management of various cancer types.Conventional therapy and immunotherapy have demonstrated remarkable clinical efficacy,leading to numerous ongoing clinical investiga-tions exploring their potential synergistic effects.However,trials investigating the combination of conventional therapy and immunotherapy have shown limited synergistic therapeutic efficacy.This unsatisfactory clinical outcome may be attributed to the suboptimal design of the combination approach and the inadequate understanding of the mechanisms and impacts of radiotherapy,chemotherapy,targeted ther-apy regimens(including dosing,timing,and administration route),and surgery on both cancer cells and the host immune system.Here,we comprehensively review preclinical and clinical investigations exploring the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of conventional therapy alone or in combination with immunotherapy.We proposed that optimizing the dosing,timing,and route of administration of conventional therapies can enhance the synergistic efficacy of combination therapies,thus offering significant clinical advantages.
