There are several types of brain tumors but glioblastoma(GBM)is one of the highly malignant tumors.A primary concern with GBM is that the treatment is inadequate.Even after giving many multi-stacked combinations of th...There are several types of brain tumors but glioblastoma(GBM)is one of the highly malignant tumors.A primary concern with GBM is that the treatment is inadequate.Even after giving many multi-stacked combinations of therapies to patients,inclusive of chemotherapy,radiation,and surgery,the median survival rate remains poor.Due to its heterogeneous nature,the use of selective therapy for specific targeting of tumor cells is of particular importance.Although many treatment alternatives which include surgery with adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy are available,the prognosis of the disease is very poor.Combination therapy is becoming the foundation of modern antitumor therapy and it is continuously evolving and developing innovative drug regimens as evidenced by ongoing preclinical and clinical trials.In this review,we discuss the current treatment options and emerging therapeutic approaches for the treatment of GBM.The prospects for alternative glioblastoma therapy are also discussed.展开更多
Modeling of solute transport is a key issue in the area of soil physics and hydrogeology. The most common approach (the convection-dispersion equation) considers an average convection flow rate and Fickian-like disper...Modeling of solute transport is a key issue in the area of soil physics and hydrogeology. The most common approach (the convection-dispersion equation) considers an average convection flow rate and Fickian-like dispersion. Here,we propose a solute transport model in porous media of continuously expanding scale, according to the combinatorics principle. The model supposed actual porous media as a combinative body of many basic segments. First, we studied the solute transport process in each basic segment body, and then deduced the distribution of pore velocity in each basic segment body by difference approximation, finally assembled the solute transport process of each basic segment body into one of the combinative body. The simulation result coincided with the solute transport process observed in test. The model provides useful insight into the solute transport process of the non-Fickian dispersion in continuously expanding scale.展开更多
Based on bipolar dynamic logic (BDL) and bipolar quantum linear algebra (BQLA) this work introduces bipolar quantum logic gates and quantum cellular combinatorics with a logical interpretation to quantum entanglement....Based on bipolar dynamic logic (BDL) and bipolar quantum linear algebra (BQLA) this work introduces bipolar quantum logic gates and quantum cellular combinatorics with a logical interpretation to quantum entanglement. It is shown that: 1) BDL leads to logically definable causality and generic particle-antiparticle bipolar quantum entanglement;2) BQLA makes composite atom-atom bipolar quantum entanglement reachable. Certain logical equivalence is identified between the new interpretation and established ones. A logical reversibility theorem is presented for ubiquitous quantum computing. Physical reversibility is briefly discussed. It is shown that a bipolar matrix can be either a modular generalization of a quantum logic gate matrix or a cellular connectivity matrix. Based on this observation, a scalable graph theory of quantum cellular combinatorics is proposed. It is contended that this work constitutes an equilibrium-based logical extension to Bohr’s particle-wave complementarity principle, Bohm’s wave function and Bell’s theorem. In the meantime, it is suggested that the result may also serve as a resolution, rather than a falsification, to the EPR paradox and, therefore, a equilibrium-based logical unification of local realism and quantum non-locality.展开更多
Using the coherent state representation we derive some new operator identities and study some mathematical relations in comblnatorics. The technique of integral within an ordered product （IWOP） of operators plays an...Using the coherent state representation we derive some new operator identities and study some mathematical relations in comblnatorics. The technique of integral within an ordered product （IWOP） of operators plays an essential role in realizing our goal.展开更多
Partition-and-Recur (PAR) method is a simple and useful formal method. It can be used to design and testify algo-rithmic programs. In this paper, we propose that PAR method is an effective formal method on solving com...Partition-and-Recur (PAR) method is a simple and useful formal method. It can be used to design and testify algo-rithmic programs. In this paper, we propose that PAR method is an effective formal method on solving combinatorics problems. Furthermore, we formally derive combinatorics problems by PAR method, which cannot only simplify the process of algorithmic program's designing, but also improve its automatization, standardization and correctness. We develop algorithms for two typical combinatorics problems, the number of string scheme and the number of error per-mutation scheme. Lastly, we obtain accurate C++ programs which are transformed by automatic transforming system of PAR platform.展开更多
Multi-drug(or multi-element)combinations are often prescribed in the practice of clinical medicine and as foods for special medical purposes.The main motivations for these combinations are that most diseases contain m...Multi-drug(or multi-element)combinations are often prescribed in the practice of clinical medicine and as foods for special medical purposes.The main motivations for these combinations are that most diseases contain multiple related targets and an appropriate combination can maximize benefits while minimizing adverse reactions.As such,it is especially important to derive mathematical models for their quantitative calculation.In this paper,we introduce mathematical rules for the synergistic,additive,and antagonistic effects of multi-drug combinations developed in our laboratory.We have established a“onebelt,one-line”model and provide examples of the quantitative calculation of the synergistic,additive,and antagonistic effects of a combination of multiple components.We also explain how to scientifically and precisely determine the intensity of these synergies,additions and antagonisms,as well as their corresponding dose ranges,thereby laying a solid theoretical foundation for market listing combinatorial drugs and foods for special medical purposes.展开更多
In recent times,approaches to flood prevention and mitigation have changed a lot.These changes are to shift the focus from flood control to flood risk management,in which the assessment of vulnerability to floods caus...In recent times,approaches to flood prevention and mitigation have changed a lot.These changes are to shift the focus from flood control to flood risk management,in which the assessment of vulnerability to floods caused by each sector and field corresponding to each flood magnitude is typical.Current flood vulnerability assessment studies are basically holistic based on factors affected by floods or in aspects:economy,society and ecological environment,and aspects that are mentioned in all areas of social life.The content of the flood vulnerability assessment method usually considers 3 components:E(Exposure),S(Susceptibility),A(Adaptability-Recovery).Each component will contain many different variables belonging to different objects and different natural-economic-social characteristics in each area.Therefore,for each research area,the evaluation method needs to establish an appropriate set of indicators.A set of indicators used to assess flood vulnerability must:be scientific;be practical;simplify the investigation,collection and synthesis of data.This study has established a set of combinatorial indicators including 27 indicators for the T-BRB(Thach Han-Ben Hai River Basin)on the basis of analysis and synthesis from case studies.展开更多
Security weaknesses in web applications deployed in cloud architectures can seriously affect its data confidentiality and integrity.The construction of the procedure utilized in the static analysis tools of source cod...Security weaknesses in web applications deployed in cloud architectures can seriously affect its data confidentiality and integrity.The construction of the procedure utilized in the static analysis tools of source code security differs and therefore each tool finds a different number of each weakness type for which it is designed.To utilize the possible synergies different static analysis tools may process,this work uses a new method to combine several source codes aiming to investigate how to increase the performance of security weakness detection while reducing the number of false positives.Specifically,five static analysis tools will be combined with the designed method to study their behavior using an updated benchmark for OWASP Top Ten Security Weaknesses(OWASP TTSW).The method selects specific metrics to rank the tools for different criticality levels of web applications considering different weights in the ratios.The findings show that simply including more tools in a combination is not synonymous with better results;it depends on the specific tools included in the combination due to their different designs and techniques.展开更多
The n-way combination testing is a specification-based testing criterion, which requires that for a system consisted of a few parameters, every combination of valid values of arbitrary n(n >_2) parameters be covere...The n-way combination testing is a specification-based testing criterion, which requires that for a system consisted of a few parameters, every combination of valid values of arbitrary n(n >_2) parameters be covered by at least one test. This letter proposed two different test generation algorithms based on combinatorial design for the n-way coverage criterion. The automatic test generators are implemented and some valuable empirical results are obtained.展开更多
Multidrug resistance(MDR),the major mechanism by which various cancers develop specific resistance to therapeutic agents,has set up enormous obstacles to many forms of tumor chemotherapy.Traditional cocktail therapy a...Multidrug resistance(MDR),the major mechanism by which various cancers develop specific resistance to therapeutic agents,has set up enormous obstacles to many forms of tumor chemotherapy.Traditional cocktail therapy administration,based on the combination of multiple drugs for anti-MDR chemotherapy,often suffers from inconsistent in vivo pharmacokinetic behaviors that cannot act synchronously on the lesions,leading to limited pharmacodynamic outcomes.Despite the emergence of nanomedicines,which has improved chemotherapeutic drugs’bioavailability and therapeutic effect on clinical application,these monotherapy-based nano-formulations still show poor progression in overcoming MDR.Herein,a“one stone and three birds”nanococktail integrated by a cocrystal@protein-anchoring strategy was purposed for triple-payload delivery,which paclitaxel-disulfiram cocrystal-like nanorods(NRs)were anchored with the basic protein drug Cytochrome c(Cyt C),followed by hyaluronic-acid modification.In particular,NRs were utilized as carrier-like particles to synchronously deliver biomacromolecule Cyt C into tumor cells and then promote cell apoptosis.Of note,on A549/Taxol drug-resistant tumor-bearing mice,the system with extraordinarily high encapsulation efficiency demonstrated prolonged in vivo circulation and increased tumor-targeting accumulation,significantly reversing tumor drug resistance and improving therapeutic efficacy.Our mechanistic study indicated that the system induced the apoptosis of Taxol-resistant tumor cells through the signal axis P-glycoprotein/Cyt C/caspase 3.Collectively,this nanococktail strategy offers a promising approach to improve the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapeutic drugs and strengthen intractable drug-resistant oncotherapy.展开更多
This paper is contributed to the combinatorial properties of the MSS sequences, which are the periodic kneading words of quadratic maps defined on a interval. An explicit expression of adjacency relations on MSS seque...This paper is contributed to the combinatorial properties of the MSS sequences, which are the periodic kneading words of quadratic maps defined on a interval. An explicit expression of adjacency relations on MSS sequences of given lengths is established.展开更多
This paper is contributed to the combinatorial properties of the periodic kneading words of antisymmetric cubic maps defined on a interval. The least words of given lengths, the adjacency relations on the words of giv...This paper is contributed to the combinatorial properties of the periodic kneading words of antisymmetric cubic maps defined on a interval. The least words of given lengths, the adjacency relations on the words of given lengths and the parity-alternative property in some sets of such words are established.展开更多
The design of cost-effective and efficient metal-free carbon-based catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)is of great significance for increasing the production of clean hydrogen by the electrolysis of alka...The design of cost-effective and efficient metal-free carbon-based catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)is of great significance for increasing the production of clean hydrogen by the electrolysis of alkaline water.Precise control of the electronic structure by heteroatom doping has proven to be efficient for increasing catalytic activity.Nevertheless,both the structural characteristics and the underlying mechanism are not well understood,especially for doping with two different atoms,thus limiting the use of these catalysts.We report the production of phosphorus and nitrogen co-doped hollow carbon nanospheres(HCNs)by the copolymerization of pyrrole and aniline at a Triton X-100 micelle-interface,followed by doping with phytic acid and carbonization.The unique pore structure and defect-rich framework of the HCNs expose numerous active sites.Crucially,the combined effect of graphitic nitrogen and phosphorus-carbon bonds modulate the local electronic structure of adjacent C atoms and facilitates electron transfer.As a res-ult,the HCN carbonized at 1100°C exhibited superior HER activity and an outstanding stability(70 h at a current density of 10 mA cm^(−2))in alkaline water,because of the large number of graphitic nitrogen and phosphorus-carbon bonds.展开更多
我们考察组合优化中的若干基础问题,包括背包问题、子集和问题以及卷积问题。我们希望探索这些问题运行时间最优的算法,即在某些广为接受的复杂性假设下该算法的运行时间应当是(几乎)最优的。最近几年,利用加性组合对经典组合优化问题...我们考察组合优化中的若干基础问题,包括背包问题、子集和问题以及卷积问题。我们希望探索这些问题运行时间最优的算法,即在某些广为接受的复杂性假设下该算法的运行时间应当是(几乎)最优的。最近几年,利用加性组合对经典组合优化问题的算法研究取得了重要的进展,特别地,对背包与子集和问题的若干变种,研究者们得到了运行时间与复杂性下界几乎一致的伪多项式时间算法和多项式时间近似方案。本文将选择其中具有代表性的若干成果展开综述,旨在展示目前已经被研究者们所注意到的加性组合定理与离散优化问题间的联系。特别地,我们将探讨:(ⅰ)有限加和定理及其在背包问题与子集和问题中的应用;(ⅱ) S zemerédi-Vu和集定理及其在子集和问题中的应用;(ⅲ) Balog-Szemerédi-Gowers定理及其在有解单调卷积问题中的应用。展开更多
The prevalence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(ICC)is increasing globally.Despite advancements in comprehending this intricate malignancy and formulating novel therapeutic approaches over the past few decades,the p...The prevalence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(ICC)is increasing globally.Despite advancements in comprehending this intricate malignancy and formulating novel therapeutic approaches over the past few decades,the prognosis for ICC remains poor.Owing to the high degree of malignancy and insidious onset of ICC,numerous cases are detected at intermediate or advanced stages of the disease,hence eliminating the chance for surgical intervention.Moreover,because of the highly invasive characteristics of ICC,recurrence and metastasis postresection are prevalent,leading to a 5-year survival rate of only 20%-35%following surgery.In the past decade,different methods of treatment have been investigated,including transarterial chemoembolization,transarterial radioembolization,radiotherapy,systemic therapy,and combination therapies.For certain patients with advanced ICC,conversion treatment may be utilized to facilitate surgical resection and manage disease progression.This review summarizes the definition of downstaging conversion treatment and presents the clinical experience and evidence concerning conversion treatment for advanced ICC.展开更多
文摘There are several types of brain tumors but glioblastoma(GBM)is one of the highly malignant tumors.A primary concern with GBM is that the treatment is inadequate.Even after giving many multi-stacked combinations of therapies to patients,inclusive of chemotherapy,radiation,and surgery,the median survival rate remains poor.Due to its heterogeneous nature,the use of selective therapy for specific targeting of tumor cells is of particular importance.Although many treatment alternatives which include surgery with adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy are available,the prognosis of the disease is very poor.Combination therapy is becoming the foundation of modern antitumor therapy and it is continuously evolving and developing innovative drug regimens as evidenced by ongoing preclinical and clinical trials.In this review,we discuss the current treatment options and emerging therapeutic approaches for the treatment of GBM.The prospects for alternative glioblastoma therapy are also discussed.
文摘Modeling of solute transport is a key issue in the area of soil physics and hydrogeology. The most common approach (the convection-dispersion equation) considers an average convection flow rate and Fickian-like dispersion. Here,we propose a solute transport model in porous media of continuously expanding scale, according to the combinatorics principle. The model supposed actual porous media as a combinative body of many basic segments. First, we studied the solute transport process in each basic segment body, and then deduced the distribution of pore velocity in each basic segment body by difference approximation, finally assembled the solute transport process of each basic segment body into one of the combinative body. The simulation result coincided with the solute transport process observed in test. The model provides useful insight into the solute transport process of the non-Fickian dispersion in continuously expanding scale.
文摘Based on bipolar dynamic logic (BDL) and bipolar quantum linear algebra (BQLA) this work introduces bipolar quantum logic gates and quantum cellular combinatorics with a logical interpretation to quantum entanglement. It is shown that: 1) BDL leads to logically definable causality and generic particle-antiparticle bipolar quantum entanglement;2) BQLA makes composite atom-atom bipolar quantum entanglement reachable. Certain logical equivalence is identified between the new interpretation and established ones. A logical reversibility theorem is presented for ubiquitous quantum computing. Physical reversibility is briefly discussed. It is shown that a bipolar matrix can be either a modular generalization of a quantum logic gate matrix or a cellular connectivity matrix. Based on this observation, a scalable graph theory of quantum cellular combinatorics is proposed. It is contended that this work constitutes an equilibrium-based logical extension to Bohr’s particle-wave complementarity principle, Bohm’s wave function and Bell’s theorem. In the meantime, it is suggested that the result may also serve as a resolution, rather than a falsification, to the EPR paradox and, therefore, a equilibrium-based logical unification of local realism and quantum non-locality.
基金The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 10475056
文摘Using the coherent state representation we derive some new operator identities and study some mathematical relations in comblnatorics. The technique of integral within an ordered product （IWOP） of operators plays an essential role in realizing our goal.
文摘Partition-and-Recur (PAR) method is a simple and useful formal method. It can be used to design and testify algo-rithmic programs. In this paper, we propose that PAR method is an effective formal method on solving combinatorics problems. Furthermore, we formally derive combinatorics problems by PAR method, which cannot only simplify the process of algorithmic program's designing, but also improve its automatization, standardization and correctness. We develop algorithms for two typical combinatorics problems, the number of string scheme and the number of error per-mutation scheme. Lastly, we obtain accurate C++ programs which are transformed by automatic transforming system of PAR platform.
文摘Multi-drug(or multi-element)combinations are often prescribed in the practice of clinical medicine and as foods for special medical purposes.The main motivations for these combinations are that most diseases contain multiple related targets and an appropriate combination can maximize benefits while minimizing adverse reactions.As such,it is especially important to derive mathematical models for their quantitative calculation.In this paper,we introduce mathematical rules for the synergistic,additive,and antagonistic effects of multi-drug combinations developed in our laboratory.We have established a“onebelt,one-line”model and provide examples of the quantitative calculation of the synergistic,additive,and antagonistic effects of a combination of multiple components.We also explain how to scientifically and precisely determine the intensity of these synergies,additions and antagonisms,as well as their corresponding dose ranges,thereby laying a solid theoretical foundation for market listing combinatorial drugs and foods for special medical purposes.
文摘In recent times,approaches to flood prevention and mitigation have changed a lot.These changes are to shift the focus from flood control to flood risk management,in which the assessment of vulnerability to floods caused by each sector and field corresponding to each flood magnitude is typical.Current flood vulnerability assessment studies are basically holistic based on factors affected by floods or in aspects:economy,society and ecological environment,and aspects that are mentioned in all areas of social life.The content of the flood vulnerability assessment method usually considers 3 components:E(Exposure),S(Susceptibility),A(Adaptability-Recovery).Each component will contain many different variables belonging to different objects and different natural-economic-social characteristics in each area.Therefore,for each research area,the evaluation method needs to establish an appropriate set of indicators.A set of indicators used to assess flood vulnerability must:be scientific;be practical;simplify the investigation,collection and synthesis of data.This study has established a set of combinatorial indicators including 27 indicators for the T-BRB(Thach Han-Ben Hai River Basin)on the basis of analysis and synthesis from case studies.
文摘Security weaknesses in web applications deployed in cloud architectures can seriously affect its data confidentiality and integrity.The construction of the procedure utilized in the static analysis tools of source code security differs and therefore each tool finds a different number of each weakness type for which it is designed.To utilize the possible synergies different static analysis tools may process,this work uses a new method to combine several source codes aiming to investigate how to increase the performance of security weakness detection while reducing the number of false positives.Specifically,five static analysis tools will be combined with the designed method to study their behavior using an updated benchmark for OWASP Top Ten Security Weaknesses(OWASP TTSW).The method selects specific metrics to rank the tools for different criticality levels of web applications considering different weights in the ratios.The findings show that simply including more tools in a combination is not synonymous with better results;it depends on the specific tools included in the combination due to their different designs and techniques.
文摘The n-way combination testing is a specification-based testing criterion, which requires that for a system consisted of a few parameters, every combination of valid values of arbitrary n(n >_2) parameters be covered by at least one test. This letter proposed two different test generation algorithms based on combinatorial design for the n-way coverage criterion. The automatic test generators are implemented and some valuable empirical results are obtained.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82073782 and 82241002,China)the Shanghai Science and Technology Committee(No.19430741500,China)+1 种基金National Key Research and Development Program of China(2018YFA0902000,China)the Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine Preparation of Ministry of Education of Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine(zdsys-202103,China).
文摘Multidrug resistance(MDR),the major mechanism by which various cancers develop specific resistance to therapeutic agents,has set up enormous obstacles to many forms of tumor chemotherapy.Traditional cocktail therapy administration,based on the combination of multiple drugs for anti-MDR chemotherapy,often suffers from inconsistent in vivo pharmacokinetic behaviors that cannot act synchronously on the lesions,leading to limited pharmacodynamic outcomes.Despite the emergence of nanomedicines,which has improved chemotherapeutic drugs’bioavailability and therapeutic effect on clinical application,these monotherapy-based nano-formulations still show poor progression in overcoming MDR.Herein,a“one stone and three birds”nanococktail integrated by a cocrystal@protein-anchoring strategy was purposed for triple-payload delivery,which paclitaxel-disulfiram cocrystal-like nanorods(NRs)were anchored with the basic protein drug Cytochrome c(Cyt C),followed by hyaluronic-acid modification.In particular,NRs were utilized as carrier-like particles to synchronously deliver biomacromolecule Cyt C into tumor cells and then promote cell apoptosis.Of note,on A549/Taxol drug-resistant tumor-bearing mice,the system with extraordinarily high encapsulation efficiency demonstrated prolonged in vivo circulation and increased tumor-targeting accumulation,significantly reversing tumor drug resistance and improving therapeutic efficacy.Our mechanistic study indicated that the system induced the apoptosis of Taxol-resistant tumor cells through the signal axis P-glycoprotein/Cyt C/caspase 3.Collectively,this nanococktail strategy offers a promising approach to improve the sensitivity of tumor cells to chemotherapeutic drugs and strengthen intractable drug-resistant oncotherapy.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.10731040)
文摘This paper is contributed to the combinatorial properties of the MSS sequences, which are the periodic kneading words of quadratic maps defined on a interval. An explicit expression of adjacency relations on MSS sequences of given lengths is established.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.10731040)
文摘This paper is contributed to the combinatorial properties of the periodic kneading words of antisymmetric cubic maps defined on a interval. The least words of given lengths, the adjacency relations on the words of given lengths and the parity-alternative property in some sets of such words are established.
基金financially supported by the project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52322203)the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(2024GHZDXM-21)。
文摘The design of cost-effective and efficient metal-free carbon-based catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)is of great significance for increasing the production of clean hydrogen by the electrolysis of alkaline water.Precise control of the electronic structure by heteroatom doping has proven to be efficient for increasing catalytic activity.Nevertheless,both the structural characteristics and the underlying mechanism are not well understood,especially for doping with two different atoms,thus limiting the use of these catalysts.We report the production of phosphorus and nitrogen co-doped hollow carbon nanospheres(HCNs)by the copolymerization of pyrrole and aniline at a Triton X-100 micelle-interface,followed by doping with phytic acid and carbonization.The unique pore structure and defect-rich framework of the HCNs expose numerous active sites.Crucially,the combined effect of graphitic nitrogen and phosphorus-carbon bonds modulate the local electronic structure of adjacent C atoms and facilitates electron transfer.As a res-ult,the HCN carbonized at 1100°C exhibited superior HER activity and an outstanding stability(70 h at a current density of 10 mA cm^(−2))in alkaline water,because of the large number of graphitic nitrogen and phosphorus-carbon bonds.
文摘我们考察组合优化中的若干基础问题,包括背包问题、子集和问题以及卷积问题。我们希望探索这些问题运行时间最优的算法,即在某些广为接受的复杂性假设下该算法的运行时间应当是(几乎)最优的。最近几年,利用加性组合对经典组合优化问题的算法研究取得了重要的进展,特别地,对背包与子集和问题的若干变种,研究者们得到了运行时间与复杂性下界几乎一致的伪多项式时间算法和多项式时间近似方案。本文将选择其中具有代表性的若干成果展开综述,旨在展示目前已经被研究者们所注意到的加性组合定理与离散优化问题间的联系。特别地,我们将探讨:(ⅰ)有限加和定理及其在背包问题与子集和问题中的应用;(ⅱ) S zemerédi-Vu和集定理及其在子集和问题中的应用;(ⅲ) Balog-Szemerédi-Gowers定理及其在有解单调卷积问题中的应用。
文摘The prevalence of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(ICC)is increasing globally.Despite advancements in comprehending this intricate malignancy and formulating novel therapeutic approaches over the past few decades,the prognosis for ICC remains poor.Owing to the high degree of malignancy and insidious onset of ICC,numerous cases are detected at intermediate or advanced stages of the disease,hence eliminating the chance for surgical intervention.Moreover,because of the highly invasive characteristics of ICC,recurrence and metastasis postresection are prevalent,leading to a 5-year survival rate of only 20%-35%following surgery.In the past decade,different methods of treatment have been investigated,including transarterial chemoembolization,transarterial radioembolization,radiotherapy,systemic therapy,and combination therapies.For certain patients with advanced ICC,conversion treatment may be utilized to facilitate surgical resection and manage disease progression.This review summarizes the definition of downstaging conversion treatment and presents the clinical experience and evidence concerning conversion treatment for advanced ICC.
