《La Grande Guerre》 a été le basculement de l’Humanité toute entière d’une dimension vers une autre, jusque-là inconnue. Des armes d’extermination massive apparurent et s’ enclencha la ma...《La Grande Guerre》 a été le basculement de l’Humanité toute entière d’une dimension vers une autre, jusque-là inconnue. Des armes d’extermination massive apparurent et s’ enclencha la marche des peuples vers la mort. Ainsi débuta le siècle des grandes découvertes. Les historiens ont relaté les faits, les écrivains aussi, les rescapés et les invalides ont raconté leurs supplices à ceux qui ont consenti à les écouter. Cependant les passions demeurent aussi inébranlables que fut grand le désastre d’une 《 Guerre 》 déclenchée 《Pour venger la mort d’un archiduc et d’une duchesse assassinés des mains d’un étudiant fou…. 》. C’est ainsi que Lakhdar, Belaid, Amadou, Saidou…, indigènes des colonies des puissances, moururent pour de mauvaises humeurs royales. Les auteurs de ce siècle en parlent toujours avec le même ressentiment que celui suscité chez leurs prédécesseurs, dépeignant des personnages aussi variés que furent diverses leurs origines et leurs douleurs, livrant une guerre à des peuples qu’ils n’ont jamais connus pour les hair. Qui sont ces apatrides ? Pour quelle cause ont-ils mené cette guerre ? Auraient-ils été en quête d’une Patrie ou d’un honneur abusé ? Cette quête a-t-elle abouti ? N’aurait-elle pas été léguée à leur postérité ? Quelle a été leur influence dans cette 《 Grande Guerre 》, sur l’autre et quelle a été la sienne sur eux ? Sont-ils quelque part héros ? Ont-ils plut?t servi de cobayes dans des laboratoires à ciel ouvert, dans un siècle de grandes expérimentations scientifiques ? Nous tenterons de répondre à ces interrogations à travers Le Mensonge de dieu de Mohamed Benchicou.展开更多
Sandplain soils on the south coast of Western Australia have low inherent fertility, which is mainly due to poor nutrient retention caused by insufficient clay and organic colloidal material. Previous research has sho...Sandplain soils on the south coast of Western Australia have low inherent fertility, which is mainly due to poor nutrient retention caused by insufficient clay and organic colloidal material. Previous research has shown the benefits in nutrient levels and retention from adding clay to sandplain soils; however, there is almost no information on the addition of organic amendments. A field experiment was established at the Esperance Downs Research Station, Western Australian, in May 2010, to assess the effects of wheat straw(WS) and chicken manure(CM) biochars and compost with and without phosphorus(P) addition on soil properties and crop production over five growing seasons. The five seasons alternated between winter and summer crops. The CM and WS biochar and compost treatments significantly increased crop yields and P uptake in 3, 2 and 1 of the five seasons, respectively. The yield increases(P < 0.05) were no more than 8%. By the end of the third season, no differences in crop yields were found that could be attributed to the organic amendments. The addition of P increased crop yields in each winter cropping season. Phosphorus addition explained more than 30%of the variation in crop yields. Despite marginal P levels and summer drought conditions, arbuscular mycorrhizal root colonisation was not affected by the organic amendments. There were no significant interactions between the organic amendments and P addition in terms of crop yields, P uptake or P uptake efficiency. We conclude that much of the effect of the organic amendments was due to direct nutrient addition which dissipated over time.展开更多
Biochars are known for their heterogeneity, especially in pore and surface structure associated with pyrolysis processes and sources of feedstocks. The surface area of biochar is likely to be an important determinant ...Biochars are known for their heterogeneity, especially in pore and surface structure associated with pyrolysis processes and sources of feedstocks. The surface area of biochar is likely to be an important determinant of the extent of soil microbial attachment, whereas the porous structure of biochar is expected to provide protection for soil microorganisms. Potential interactions between biochars from different sources and with different particle sizes were investigated in relation to soil microbial properties in a short-term incubation study. Three particle size （sieved） fractions （0.5-1.0, 1.0-2.0 and 2.0-4.0 mm） from three woody biochars produced from jarrah wood, jarrah and wandoo wood and Australian wattle branches, respectively, were incubated in soil at 25 ℃ for 56 d. Observation by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and characterisation of pore and surface area showed that all three woody biochars provided potential habitats for soil microorganisms due to their high porosity and surface areas. The biochars were structurally heterogeneous, varying in porosity and surface structure both within and between the biochar sources. After the 56-d incubation, hyphal colonisation was observed on biochar surfaces and in larger biochar pores. Soil clumping occurred on biochar particles, cementing and covering exposed biochar pores. This may have altered surface area and pore availability for microbial colonisation. Transient changes in soil microbial biomass, without a consistent trend, were observed among biochars during the 56-d incubation.展开更多
The Sami people who are the natives of Scandinavia are not a homogeneous group. They consist of different groups of Sami populations of which the South Sami population are one small group. For the South Sami this mean...The Sami people who are the natives of Scandinavia are not a homogeneous group. They consist of different groups of Sami populations of which the South Sami population are one small group. For the South Sami this means a problem;they have to struggle against a general ignorance about the Sami people and culture, which also may affect received home nursing care. The aim of this study is to describe individual South Sami experiences of being old and receiving home nursing care. A sample of 10 older persons with South Sami background was chosen for this study. Narrative interviews were conducted and qualitative content analysis was used to identify and categorize primary patterns in data. The experience of being an old person with South Sami background who receives home nursing care was understood through the use of the following four themes developed from the informants’ own narratives: “Experience of losses in life”;“Feelings of being less valued”;“Feelings of gratitude”;and “Experience of meaning in daily life as old”. The main finding is that the South Sami population still is exposed to an ongoing subtle colonisation. Therefore, it is important to prepare and teach nurses who work in the South Sami area in cultural care, traditional values and beliefs specific to the South Sami population.展开更多
Previous lichenometric dating of young geomorphological forms in the Tatra Mountains has been hindered by differences in the determination of initial colonisation of fresh rock surfaces by the Rhizocarpon geographicum...Previous lichenometric dating of young geomorphological forms in the Tatra Mountains has been hindered by differences in the determination of initial colonisation of fresh rock surfaces by the Rhizocarpon geographicum lichen.In order to determine precisely the time needed for the first thalli to appear on newly exposed rock surfaces,two experimental sites were created in 2013.The results from these sites were compared with the measurements taken on boulders in debris formed by a 2013 debris flow.In 2018,the largest thalli measured within the experimental sites and the debris flow area reached a size of approximately 2 mm.Based on this,the time of initial colonisation of rock surfaces was determined to be 5±1 years,which is about half the period previously described in the literature.展开更多
This research aimed to combine 3 cell and tissue culture technologies to obtain mechanistic insights of cells in porous scaffolds. When cultivated on 2D （2-dimensional） surfaces, HDFs （human dermal fibroblasts） be...This research aimed to combine 3 cell and tissue culture technologies to obtain mechanistic insights of cells in porous scaffolds. When cultivated on 2D （2-dimensional） surfaces, HDFs （human dermal fibroblasts） behaved individually and had no strict requirement on seeding density for proliferation; while HaCat cells relied heavily on initial densities for proliferation and colony formation, which was facilitated when co-cultured with HDFs. Experiments using a 3D CCIS （3-dimensional cell culture and imaging system） indicated that HDFs colonised openpores of varying sizes （125-420 ~tm） on modular substrates via bridge structures; while HaCat cells formed aperture structures and only colonised small pores （125 txm）. When co-cultured, HDFs not only facilitated HaCat attachment on the substrates, but also coordinated with HaCat cells to colonise open pores of varying sizes via bridge and aperture structures. Based on these observations, a 2-stage strategy for the culture of HDFs and HaCat cells on porous scaffolds was proposed and applied successfully on a cellulosic scaffold. This research demonstrated that cell colonisation in scaffolds was dependent on multiple factors; while the integrated 2D＆3D culture technologies and the 3D CCIS was an effective and efficient approach to obtain mechanistic insights of their influences on tissue regeneration.展开更多
As part of efforts to restore fishery resources and recover damaged coastal ecosystems,artificial reefs are often anchored on the seafloor in coastal zones,to provide new habitats for marine organisms.The aim of the s...As part of efforts to restore fishery resources and recover damaged coastal ecosystems,artificial reefs are often anchored on the seafloor in coastal zones,to provide new habitats for marine organisms.The aim of the study was to describe the structure of a community of benthic invertebrates colonising a niche-type artificial reef(AATN in Spanish).Nine structures were anchored at depths of 16±1.5 m for 99 weeks(22 months)in the Area of Benthic Resource Management and Exploitation(AMERB)in coastal waters of the Region of Bio Bio,Chile.The results showed that,at 3 months from submersion of the NTAR,much of the artificial substrate remained bare and there were only low levels of specimens of Balanus sp.barnacles,showing mean coverage of 11.26%,and even lower proportions of Rhodophyta,with mean coverage of 0.34%.At 6 months,the presence of hydrozoans was seen,decreasing the coverage of the barnacles,which was aided further at 8 months with the arrival of barnacle predatory invertebrates.At 8 months,new benthic invertebrates appeared and competed for the substrate.These included sponges and algae.At 99 weeks,the hydrozoans dominated the substrate,followed by barnacles and Rhodophyta,the first colonising organisms,leading to colonisation by motile macro-invertebrates,mainly consisting of crustaceans,echinoderms and molluscs.The AATN artificial system provides an ideal substrate for the development of early ecological succession and the use of this technology should be feasible in the recovery process of habitat damaged by anthropogenic actions and climate change.展开更多
Background In children, surveys on Staphylococcus aureus have focused on specific infections, situations or strains but no study has so far given an overview on S. aureus isolation without any selection. Here, we desc...Background In children, surveys on Staphylococcus aureus have focused on specific infections, situations or strains but no study has so far given an overview on S. aureus isolation without any selection. Here, we describe the overall bacteriologi-cal and clinical characteristics of S. aureus isolation in children, with a special focus on isolates harbouringtst,sea, and/or luk-PV genes, respectively, encoding the three clinically relevant toxins: toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, enterotoxin A and Panton–Valentine leukocidin. Methods Data associated with S. aureus isolation were reviewed: isolation site, infection status,tst,sea andluk-PV genes, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern,agr typing. Results Three hundred and seventy-seven isolates retrieved from 328 children during S. aureus infection (55.2%) or colo-nisation (44.8%) were included.tst,sea and luk-PV genes were amplified in 14.3, 9.5 and 5.8% of the isolates, respectively. These isolates were significantly more frequently retrieved during infection (69.1%) than colonisation but differences were observed according to isolation site. Methicillin-resistance was found in 7.2% of the isolates, 78% of which harboured ≥ 1 of the targeted toxin-encoding genes. Conclusions This first comprehensive study of S. aureus in children showed S. aureus to be mainly retrieved during infection and a high rate of colonisation, not limited to the nasopharynx. Predominant infections were skin and soft tissue infections wheretst was most frequently detected.luk-PV was most commonly detected during bone and joint infections. Isolates harbouring targeted toxin-encoding genes were significantly associated with infections but a quarter of children were asymp-tomatic carriers representing a reservoir for dissemination of isolates with virulence potency.展开更多
The importance of maritime silk route which connects the ancient Persian Gulf waterways to the Indian Ocean and leads towards the Pacific has made this fluidity of trade and missionary movements reach the southern Phi...The importance of maritime silk route which connects the ancient Persian Gulf waterways to the Indian Ocean and leads towards the Pacific has made this fluidity of trade and missionary movements reach the southern Philippine shores.This early century interaction offered an opportunity to synthesise and acculturate Persian and Arab ideas and cultural values and practices into the construction of the pre-colonial Filipino identity,culture and traditions as expressed in religious,commercial,linguistic and sociocultural dynamics which until the present time have still remained visible yet‘underappreciated’in Philippine society.This article will look at how colonisation and decolonisation theories shape modern Filipino identity by marginalising pre-colonial foreign influences of Persians,Arabs and Indians including other early indigenous values in favour of‘superior values’as introduced by colonisers:the Spaniards and the Americans.In advancing the arguments,the article explains how‘imagined community’as an alternative discourse aided in constructing modern Filipino culture and identity today.To give emphasis on the formation of the Philippine-Iran relations,this paper also focuses on the historical and contemporary variables that help shape the cordial bilateral relations,along with a presentation of issues,challenges and opportunities on how the two countries-the Philippines and Iran-could advance more in their relations.Finally,the research suggests that constant but salient variables presented in the relations such as the presence of new generation of Iranian-Filipinos living both in the Philippines and Iran,Iranian businessmen,and the larger pool of Iranian students in the Philippines could be utilised by both governments to help in advancing Philippine-Iran relations in various fronts including but not limited to cultural and community engagements but also in educational cooperation,trade transactions and political engagements.展开更多
This paper seeks to analyse Italian Colonialism in Libya from 1911-1922 against the backdrop of the anti-colonial Sanusi Order.Part A sets the colonial context and the ambitions of the European powers in North Africa(...This paper seeks to analyse Italian Colonialism in Libya from 1911-1922 against the backdrop of the anti-colonial Sanusi Order.Part A sets the colonial context and the ambitions of the European powers in North Africa(and the Maghrib).Part B outlines the emergence of the Sanusi resistance as well as the origins and evolution of the Order from the mid-1800’s to a religious-politico organisation by 1911.Part C investigates the Turco-Italian War(1911-12)whereby Italy officially occupied Libya,examines the role of the Sanusi resistance during the first colonial war,subsequent conflicts and the years of the Accords(when a semblance of peace appeared to be on the horizon),and concludes briefly on the impact of the Sanusi Order.展开更多
The prevailing narrative instructs us that humane treatment of captured enemy fighters is down to white knights from the western parts of the European continent with their codes of chivalry, or alternatively, the Swis...The prevailing narrative instructs us that humane treatment of captured enemy fighters is down to white knights from the western parts of the European continent with their codes of chivalry, or alternatively, the Swiss businessman Henri Dunant. This contribution challenges that narrative for overlooking, or being ignorant of, the way that societies around the world have approached the matter of the captured enemy fighter. Traces of some of the critical principles about humane treatment that we see in our present law can actually be found in much older societies from outside of Europe. A more accurate and representative way of understanding humanitarianism in the treatment of captured enemy fighters can and must be crafted, with the prevailing Euro-centric account balanced with practices, cultures and faiths from elsewhere. The quest to achieve more humane treatment in armed conflict is first and foremost a battle of the intellect. Narratives and conceptualisations that are more inclusive, recognising and appreciating of the ways of the rest of the world are likely to be more effective in communicating humanitarian ideals. This work adopts a new method of approaching the richness and diversity of the treatment of captured enemy fighters over time and space. This new framework of analysis uses six cross-cutting themes to facilitate a broader international and comparative perspective, and develop a more sophisticated level of understanding. The first theme is how older and indigenous societies approached the matter of captured enemy fighters. The second focuses on religions of the world, and what they teach or require. The third section examines the matter of martial practices and codes of ethics for combatants in certain societies. The fourth category engages with colonisation and decolonisation, and regulation （or non-regulation） of the treatment of captives of war. Fifth is the issue of modernisation and the impact it has had on armed forces and fighters, including on the treatment of captives. The final issue is the shift towards formalised agreements, beginning with the first bilateral agreements and then the multilateral codification exercise that began in the mid-19th century and continues to this day. This framework for analysis leads into a final chapter, presenting a fresh and holistic view on the evolution of prisoner of war protections in the international order. It provides a different way of looking at International Humanitarian Law, starting with this effort at a global understanding of the treatment of captured enemy fighters.展开更多
文摘《La Grande Guerre》 a été le basculement de l’Humanité toute entière d’une dimension vers une autre, jusque-là inconnue. Des armes d’extermination massive apparurent et s’ enclencha la marche des peuples vers la mort. Ainsi débuta le siècle des grandes découvertes. Les historiens ont relaté les faits, les écrivains aussi, les rescapés et les invalides ont raconté leurs supplices à ceux qui ont consenti à les écouter. Cependant les passions demeurent aussi inébranlables que fut grand le désastre d’une 《 Guerre 》 déclenchée 《Pour venger la mort d’un archiduc et d’une duchesse assassinés des mains d’un étudiant fou…. 》. C’est ainsi que Lakhdar, Belaid, Amadou, Saidou…, indigènes des colonies des puissances, moururent pour de mauvaises humeurs royales. Les auteurs de ce siècle en parlent toujours avec le même ressentiment que celui suscité chez leurs prédécesseurs, dépeignant des personnages aussi variés que furent diverses leurs origines et leurs douleurs, livrant une guerre à des peuples qu’ils n’ont jamais connus pour les hair. Qui sont ces apatrides ? Pour quelle cause ont-ils mené cette guerre ? Auraient-ils été en quête d’une Patrie ou d’un honneur abusé ? Cette quête a-t-elle abouti ? N’aurait-elle pas été léguée à leur postérité ? Quelle a été leur influence dans cette 《 Grande Guerre 》, sur l’autre et quelle a été la sienne sur eux ? Sont-ils quelque part héros ? Ont-ils plut?t servi de cobayes dans des laboratoires à ciel ouvert, dans un siècle de grandes expérimentations scientifiques ? Nous tenterons de répondre à ces interrogations à travers Le Mensonge de dieu de Mohamed Benchicou.
基金supported by the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) Project (No.SMCN 2007/109)
文摘Sandplain soils on the south coast of Western Australia have low inherent fertility, which is mainly due to poor nutrient retention caused by insufficient clay and organic colloidal material. Previous research has shown the benefits in nutrient levels and retention from adding clay to sandplain soils; however, there is almost no information on the addition of organic amendments. A field experiment was established at the Esperance Downs Research Station, Western Australian, in May 2010, to assess the effects of wheat straw(WS) and chicken manure(CM) biochars and compost with and without phosphorus(P) addition on soil properties and crop production over five growing seasons. The five seasons alternated between winter and summer crops. The CM and WS biochar and compost treatments significantly increased crop yields and P uptake in 3, 2 and 1 of the five seasons, respectively. The yield increases(P < 0.05) were no more than 8%. By the end of the third season, no differences in crop yields were found that could be attributed to the organic amendments. The addition of P increased crop yields in each winter cropping season. Phosphorus addition explained more than 30%of the variation in crop yields. Despite marginal P levels and summer drought conditions, arbuscular mycorrhizal root colonisation was not affected by the organic amendments. There were no significant interactions between the organic amendments and P addition in terms of crop yields, P uptake or P uptake efficiency. We conclude that much of the effect of the organic amendments was due to direct nutrient addition which dissipated over time.
文摘Biochars are known for their heterogeneity, especially in pore and surface structure associated with pyrolysis processes and sources of feedstocks. The surface area of biochar is likely to be an important determinant of the extent of soil microbial attachment, whereas the porous structure of biochar is expected to provide protection for soil microorganisms. Potential interactions between biochars from different sources and with different particle sizes were investigated in relation to soil microbial properties in a short-term incubation study. Three particle size （sieved） fractions （0.5-1.0, 1.0-2.0 and 2.0-4.0 mm） from three woody biochars produced from jarrah wood, jarrah and wandoo wood and Australian wattle branches, respectively, were incubated in soil at 25 ℃ for 56 d. Observation by scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and characterisation of pore and surface area showed that all three woody biochars provided potential habitats for soil microorganisms due to their high porosity and surface areas. The biochars were structurally heterogeneous, varying in porosity and surface structure both within and between the biochar sources. After the 56-d incubation, hyphal colonisation was observed on biochar surfaces and in larger biochar pores. Soil clumping occurred on biochar particles, cementing and covering exposed biochar pores. This may have altered surface area and pore availability for microbial colonisation. Transient changes in soil microbial biomass, without a consistent trend, were observed among biochars during the 56-d incubation.
文摘The Sami people who are the natives of Scandinavia are not a homogeneous group. They consist of different groups of Sami populations of which the South Sami population are one small group. For the South Sami this means a problem;they have to struggle against a general ignorance about the Sami people and culture, which also may affect received home nursing care. The aim of this study is to describe individual South Sami experiences of being old and receiving home nursing care. A sample of 10 older persons with South Sami background was chosen for this study. Narrative interviews were conducted and qualitative content analysis was used to identify and categorize primary patterns in data. The experience of being an old person with South Sami background who receives home nursing care was understood through the use of the following four themes developed from the informants’ own narratives: “Experience of losses in life”;“Feelings of being less valued”;“Feelings of gratitude”;and “Experience of meaning in daily life as old”. The main finding is that the South Sami population still is exposed to an ongoing subtle colonisation. Therefore, it is important to prepare and teach nurses who work in the South Sami area in cultural care, traditional values and beliefs specific to the South Sami population.
文摘Previous lichenometric dating of young geomorphological forms in the Tatra Mountains has been hindered by differences in the determination of initial colonisation of fresh rock surfaces by the Rhizocarpon geographicum lichen.In order to determine precisely the time needed for the first thalli to appear on newly exposed rock surfaces,two experimental sites were created in 2013.The results from these sites were compared with the measurements taken on boulders in debris formed by a 2013 debris flow.In 2018,the largest thalli measured within the experimental sites and the debris flow area reached a size of approximately 2 mm.Based on this,the time of initial colonisation of rock surfaces was determined to be 5±1 years,which is about half the period previously described in the literature.
文摘This research aimed to combine 3 cell and tissue culture technologies to obtain mechanistic insights of cells in porous scaffolds. When cultivated on 2D （2-dimensional） surfaces, HDFs （human dermal fibroblasts） behaved individually and had no strict requirement on seeding density for proliferation; while HaCat cells relied heavily on initial densities for proliferation and colony formation, which was facilitated when co-cultured with HDFs. Experiments using a 3D CCIS （3-dimensional cell culture and imaging system） indicated that HDFs colonised openpores of varying sizes （125-420 ~tm） on modular substrates via bridge structures; while HaCat cells formed aperture structures and only colonised small pores （125 txm）. When co-cultured, HDFs not only facilitated HaCat attachment on the substrates, but also coordinated with HaCat cells to colonise open pores of varying sizes via bridge and aperture structures. Based on these observations, a 2-stage strategy for the culture of HDFs and HaCat cells on porous scaffolds was proposed and applied successfully on a cellulosic scaffold. This research demonstrated that cell colonisation in scaffolds was dependent on multiple factors; while the integrated 2D＆3D culture technologies and the 3D CCIS was an effective and efficient approach to obtain mechanistic insights of their influences on tissue regeneration.
基金Funding of this project was obtained from Regional FONDEF Program-National Scientific Technological Commission-CONICYT(Comisión Nacional Científico y Tecnológica).Currently:Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo-ANID,Chile.
文摘As part of efforts to restore fishery resources and recover damaged coastal ecosystems,artificial reefs are often anchored on the seafloor in coastal zones,to provide new habitats for marine organisms.The aim of the study was to describe the structure of a community of benthic invertebrates colonising a niche-type artificial reef(AATN in Spanish).Nine structures were anchored at depths of 16±1.5 m for 99 weeks(22 months)in the Area of Benthic Resource Management and Exploitation(AMERB)in coastal waters of the Region of Bio Bio,Chile.The results showed that,at 3 months from submersion of the NTAR,much of the artificial substrate remained bare and there were only low levels of specimens of Balanus sp.barnacles,showing mean coverage of 11.26%,and even lower proportions of Rhodophyta,with mean coverage of 0.34%.At 6 months,the presence of hydrozoans was seen,decreasing the coverage of the barnacles,which was aided further at 8 months with the arrival of barnacle predatory invertebrates.At 8 months,new benthic invertebrates appeared and competed for the substrate.These included sponges and algae.At 99 weeks,the hydrozoans dominated the substrate,followed by barnacles and Rhodophyta,the first colonising organisms,leading to colonisation by motile macro-invertebrates,mainly consisting of crustaceans,echinoderms and molluscs.The AATN artificial system provides an ideal substrate for the development of early ecological succession and the use of this technology should be feasible in the recovery process of habitat damaged by anthropogenic actions and climate change.
文摘Background In children, surveys on Staphylococcus aureus have focused on specific infections, situations or strains but no study has so far given an overview on S. aureus isolation without any selection. Here, we describe the overall bacteriologi-cal and clinical characteristics of S. aureus isolation in children, with a special focus on isolates harbouringtst,sea, and/or luk-PV genes, respectively, encoding the three clinically relevant toxins: toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, enterotoxin A and Panton–Valentine leukocidin. Methods Data associated with S. aureus isolation were reviewed: isolation site, infection status,tst,sea andluk-PV genes, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern,agr typing. Results Three hundred and seventy-seven isolates retrieved from 328 children during S. aureus infection (55.2%) or colo-nisation (44.8%) were included.tst,sea and luk-PV genes were amplified in 14.3, 9.5 and 5.8% of the isolates, respectively. These isolates were significantly more frequently retrieved during infection (69.1%) than colonisation but differences were observed according to isolation site. Methicillin-resistance was found in 7.2% of the isolates, 78% of which harboured ≥ 1 of the targeted toxin-encoding genes. Conclusions This first comprehensive study of S. aureus in children showed S. aureus to be mainly retrieved during infection and a high rate of colonisation, not limited to the nasopharynx. Predominant infections were skin and soft tissue infections wheretst was most frequently detected.luk-PV was most commonly detected during bone and joint infections. Isolates harbouring targeted toxin-encoding genes were significantly associated with infections but a quarter of children were asymp-tomatic carriers representing a reservoir for dissemination of isolates with virulence potency.
文摘The importance of maritime silk route which connects the ancient Persian Gulf waterways to the Indian Ocean and leads towards the Pacific has made this fluidity of trade and missionary movements reach the southern Philippine shores.This early century interaction offered an opportunity to synthesise and acculturate Persian and Arab ideas and cultural values and practices into the construction of the pre-colonial Filipino identity,culture and traditions as expressed in religious,commercial,linguistic and sociocultural dynamics which until the present time have still remained visible yet‘underappreciated’in Philippine society.This article will look at how colonisation and decolonisation theories shape modern Filipino identity by marginalising pre-colonial foreign influences of Persians,Arabs and Indians including other early indigenous values in favour of‘superior values’as introduced by colonisers:the Spaniards and the Americans.In advancing the arguments,the article explains how‘imagined community’as an alternative discourse aided in constructing modern Filipino culture and identity today.To give emphasis on the formation of the Philippine-Iran relations,this paper also focuses on the historical and contemporary variables that help shape the cordial bilateral relations,along with a presentation of issues,challenges and opportunities on how the two countries-the Philippines and Iran-could advance more in their relations.Finally,the research suggests that constant but salient variables presented in the relations such as the presence of new generation of Iranian-Filipinos living both in the Philippines and Iran,Iranian businessmen,and the larger pool of Iranian students in the Philippines could be utilised by both governments to help in advancing Philippine-Iran relations in various fronts including but not limited to cultural and community engagements but also in educational cooperation,trade transactions and political engagements.
文摘This paper seeks to analyse Italian Colonialism in Libya from 1911-1922 against the backdrop of the anti-colonial Sanusi Order.Part A sets the colonial context and the ambitions of the European powers in North Africa(and the Maghrib).Part B outlines the emergence of the Sanusi resistance as well as the origins and evolution of the Order from the mid-1800’s to a religious-politico organisation by 1911.Part C investigates the Turco-Italian War(1911-12)whereby Italy officially occupied Libya,examines the role of the Sanusi resistance during the first colonial war,subsequent conflicts and the years of the Accords(when a semblance of peace appeared to be on the horizon),and concludes briefly on the impact of the Sanusi Order.
文摘The prevailing narrative instructs us that humane treatment of captured enemy fighters is down to white knights from the western parts of the European continent with their codes of chivalry, or alternatively, the Swiss businessman Henri Dunant. This contribution challenges that narrative for overlooking, or being ignorant of, the way that societies around the world have approached the matter of the captured enemy fighter. Traces of some of the critical principles about humane treatment that we see in our present law can actually be found in much older societies from outside of Europe. A more accurate and representative way of understanding humanitarianism in the treatment of captured enemy fighters can and must be crafted, with the prevailing Euro-centric account balanced with practices, cultures and faiths from elsewhere. The quest to achieve more humane treatment in armed conflict is first and foremost a battle of the intellect. Narratives and conceptualisations that are more inclusive, recognising and appreciating of the ways of the rest of the world are likely to be more effective in communicating humanitarian ideals. This work adopts a new method of approaching the richness and diversity of the treatment of captured enemy fighters over time and space. This new framework of analysis uses six cross-cutting themes to facilitate a broader international and comparative perspective, and develop a more sophisticated level of understanding. The first theme is how older and indigenous societies approached the matter of captured enemy fighters. The second focuses on religions of the world, and what they teach or require. The third section examines the matter of martial practices and codes of ethics for combatants in certain societies. The fourth category engages with colonisation and decolonisation, and regulation （or non-regulation） of the treatment of captives of war. Fifth is the issue of modernisation and the impact it has had on armed forces and fighters, including on the treatment of captives. The final issue is the shift towards formalised agreements, beginning with the first bilateral agreements and then the multilateral codification exercise that began in the mid-19th century and continues to this day. This framework for analysis leads into a final chapter, presenting a fresh and holistic view on the evolution of prisoner of war protections in the international order. It provides a different way of looking at International Humanitarian Law, starting with this effort at a global understanding of the treatment of captured enemy fighters.
