The NCEP data were applied to analyze causes of 'late spring coldness' occurring twice in Dalian in late April and mid May of 2008.The results showed that the 500 hPa Baikal ridge of high pressure maintained o...The NCEP data were applied to analyze causes of 'late spring coldness' occurring twice in Dalian in late April and mid May of 2008.The results showed that the 500 hPa Baikal ridge of high pressure maintained or strengthened in a stable manner.The delivery of accumulated cold air toward southeast was along the northwest airstream before the ridge.Therefore,the ridge of high pressure over Lake Baikal provided access for the cold air southward so that the cold air could continue to decline,resulting in the appearance of low temperature in late April and formation of 'late spring coldness'.The Northeast cold vortex(NECV) occurred frequently in mid May.There was a high possibility for low temperature and pluvial damages over Dalian.Thus the phenomenon of 'late spring coldness' appeared again.展开更多
Purpose: NKCP®, a natto-derived dietary food supplement whose main component is bacillopeptidase F produced by Bacillus subtilis var. natto, has antithrombotic, fibrinolytic, and pressure-lowering effects, an...Purpose: NKCP®, a natto-derived dietary food supplement whose main component is bacillopeptidase F produced by Bacillus subtilis var. natto, has antithrombotic, fibrinolytic, and pressure-lowering effects, and also is suggested to improve peripheral coldness. However, existing data are based on subjective evaluations with no scientific basis about the effects on peripheral coldness. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of NKCP®for peripheral coldness by measuring changes in blood flow using a laser doppler rheometer and biochemical indices. Patients and Methods: This was a double-blind, randomized, controlled study of individuals aged 30 - 70 years who complained of subjective symptoms of cold hands and feet. They were randomly divided into the NKCP®group and the placebo group to receive NKCP®250 mg once daily and dextrin 250 mg as placebo once daily, respectively. The experiment lasted 8 weeks, with an intervention period of 4 weeks and a washout period of 4 weeks. Results: One-month intake of NKCP®significantly increased blood flow rate for 1 min between 4 and 5 minutes after the end of cold loading compared to that before feeding (p = 0.038). Also, analysis of the 5-minute blood flow rate before and after 4 weeks of feeding showed a significant improvement in the NKCP®group (p = 0.007), although there was no significant difference in the placebo group (p = 0.215). Furthermore, the 5-minute blood flow at 4 weeks after the end of feeding was significantly improved compared to that before feeding in the NKCP®group (p = 0.049). Therefore, the effect continued for at least 1 month after discontinuation of administration. Conclusions: It is possible that NKCP®intake effectively improves blood flow in subjects with peripheral coldness. Therefore, continuous intake of NKCP®is expected to reduce the symptoms of peripheral coldness. In the future, it needs to investigate whether the effect of increasing blood flow after ingestion of NKCP®is effective in improving the symptoms of peripheral coldness.展开更多
`Since the outbreak of COVID-19,various regions have introduced their own TCM prevention and treatment methods.However,there are two opposing views on the nature of cold and temperature.Since modern times,the thought ...`Since the outbreak of COVID-19,various regions have introduced their own TCM prevention and treatment methods.However,there are two opposing views on the nature of cold and temperature.Since modern times,the thought of the unification of cold and temperature has developed rapidly,and many doctors gradually realized the importance and practicability of the unification of cold and temperature,and began to advocate the unification of cold and temperature syndrome.The prevention and treatment of COVID-19 in Jiangxi was developed by Professor Wu Bingcai,a master of Chinese medicine,based on the unified idea of cold and temperature,according to the characteristics of humid climate in Jiangxi,and in combination with the characteristics of COVID-19,the anti-toxin prescription for dispelling cold and desiccating dampness and the anti-toxin prescription for clearing heat and dehumidifying,which achieved exact and satisfactory results in clinical application.展开更多
Tumor is defined as a kind of chronic diseases by the World Health Organization.The integrative traditional Chinese and western medicine works well on the treatment of tumors,even in advanced patients or patients with...Tumor is defined as a kind of chronic diseases by the World Health Organization.The integrative traditional Chinese and western medicine works well on the treatment of tumors,even in advanced patients or patients with recurring and metastatic tumor.However,the pathogenic mechanism of tumors is still unclear.Therefore,based on the 19 th pathogenesis in Yellow Emperor's Internal Class that"Diseases producing the liquid that is clear and chill all result from coldness",the paper explore s the etiology pathogenesis of malignant tumors,and the correlation between which and tumor recurrence and metastasis,and also discusses the rules for the treatment of tumors at various stages with great method of warming yang for dispelling cold.展开更多
In response to the actual demands of the energy storage type organic Rankine power generation cycle,this study proposes a new type of jacketed shell and tube heat exchanger with integrated cold storage and heat exchan...In response to the actual demands of the energy storage type organic Rankine power generation cycle,this study proposes a new type of jacketed shell and tube heat exchanger with integrated cold storage and heat exchange.N-tedecane is selected as the phase change material for cold storage,low-temperature water as the cold source,and R134a as the heat source.The phase change material for cold storage is filled inside the jacket tube of the heat exchanger.Cold fluid is introduced into the inner tube to cause the phase change material to condense and store cold.After the cold storage is completed,R134a flows in from the shell side and condenses through heat exchange with the solidified phase change material for energy storage.This study discusses the influence laws of different cold water mass flow rates and temperatures on the cold storage performance of this heat exchanger,and analyzes the condensation effect of R134a.The results show that when the mass flow rate is 0.5 kg/s and the cold water temperature is between 3 and 4℃,the average power of the energy storage heat exchanger in the condensation experiment is 80W,and the average convective heat transfer coefficient is 110.73 W/(m^(2)⋅K).This research provides an experimental basis for the development of energy storage organic Rankine power generation cycles.展开更多
As a specific spoilage organism of seafood under refrigerated temperature conditions,Shewanella spp.tend to form biofilms that exacerbate the occurrence of seafood spoilage.Biofilm-promoting factor A(BpfA)has been rep...As a specific spoilage organism of seafood under refrigerated temperature conditions,Shewanella spp.tend to form biofilms that exacerbate the occurrence of seafood spoilage.Biofilm-promoting factor A(BpfA)has been reported to promote the adhesion and biofilm formation of Shewanella spp.,but its role in adhesion and biofilm formation of S.putrefaciens under cold stress needs to be further investigated.To better comprehend the effect of BpfA on adhesion and biofilm formation of S.putrefaciens under cold stress(4℃),bacterial adhesion and biofilm phenotype of S.putrefaciens CN32 WT andΔbpfA at 4℃were analyzed and performed transcriptomics.The results showed that the deletion of bpfA had almost no effect on the growth of S.putrefaciens CN32 at 4℃,but weakened the unicellular adhesion capacity of S.putrefaciens CN32 and destabilized the stability of the multicellular adhesion layer.In addition,the biomass of the mature biofilm formed byΔbpfA was merely around 50%of that observed in the mature biofilm of S.putrefaciens CN32 WT,the average thickness and volume of the biofilm decreased by 18%and 27%,respectively,and the composition of the biofilm changed.Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that the deletion of bpfA led to differential expression of genes involved in metabolic pathways such as bacterial chemotaxis,two-component system,tyrosine metabolism,drug metabolism-other enzymes and biofilm formation-Vibrio cholerae,which in turn influenced bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation.Those results advance our acknowledgment of the character of BpfA on adhesion and biofilm formation of S.putrefaciens CN32,which contributes to understanding bacterial adhesion and the control of biofilm formation.展开更多
In this study,multilayer lamination welding was employed to prepare graphene/copper(Gr/Cu)composite billets from graphene-coated copper foils,followed by multi-pass cold drawing to produce Φ1 mm Gr/Cu composite wires...In this study,multilayer lamination welding was employed to prepare graphene/copper(Gr/Cu)composite billets from graphene-coated copper foils,followed by multi-pass cold drawing to produce Φ1 mm Gr/Cu composite wires.Microstructure and property analyses in both the cold-drawn and annealed states show that the incorporation of graphene significantly improves the ductility and electrical conductivity of the copper wire.After annealing at 350℃ for 30 minutes,the composite wire demonstrates a tensile strength of 270 MPa and an electrical conductivity of 102.74%IACS,both superior to those of pure copper wire under identical conditions.At 150℃,the electrical conductivity of the annealed composite wire reaches 72.60%IACS,notably higher than the 68.19%IACS of pure copper.The results suggest that graphene is uniformly distributed within the composite wire,with minimal impact on conductivity,while effectively refining the copper grain structure to enhance ductility.Moreover,graphene suppresses copper lattice vibrations at elevated temperatures,reducing the rate of conductivity degradation.展开更多
Using high-resolution observations,mesoscale simulations,and idealized experiments,this study investigates the mechanisms governing an episode of orographic convection initiation(CI)during the North China Heavy Rainfa...Using high-resolution observations,mesoscale simulations,and idealized experiments,this study investigates the mechanisms governing an episode of orographic convection initiation(CI)during the North China Heavy Rainfall Experiment.On 4 August 2024,repeated CI occurred over the eastern slopes of the Taihang Mountains in the late afternoon,subsequently enhancing an upstream downhill convective storm.Wind profiler radar data and dense automatic weather stations reveal that CI was supported by strengthening southeasterly upslope winds.These winds primarily resulted from the migration of the mountain-plain solenoid and the mountainward-propagating outflow from a convective cold pool over the plain,with sensitivity experiments showing the latter contributed roughly 22%of the wind strength.The upslope flows gradually transported unstable air from the plain to the slope,fostering CI.Mesoscale simulations further highlight the key role of orographic waves near the mountain ridge,which generated strong downslope winds.The near-surface convergence between downslope and upslope flows,combined with wave-induced divergence aloft,produced deep ascent over the slope.Removing mountain ridges weakened wave strength and reduced downslope wind speeds by~8 m s^(-1).Without orographic heating in the idealized simulation(i.e.,no mountain-plain solenoid),only strong wave descent occurred below 2km,inhibiting CI.These findings underscore the critical interplay among plain convection,orographic waves,and the mountain-plain solenoid,offering new insight into the processes controlling orographic CI in North China.展开更多
This study presents a comprehensive analysis of 132 tornadic events in northeastern China from 2004 to 2023,utilizing radar and ERA5 reanalysis data to investigate the climatology,environmental drivers,and synoptic li...This study presents a comprehensive analysis of 132 tornadic events in northeastern China from 2004 to 2023,utilizing radar and ERA5 reanalysis data to investigate the climatology,environmental drivers,and synoptic linkages with Northeast China cold vortices(NCCVs)of tornadic storms under different convective modes.Results reveal that discrete storms account for 70%of events,with clustered cells(CC)being the most frequent mode,while significant tornadoes(EF2+)are primarily associated with isolated cells(IC)and broken lines(BL).The storm mode distribution in northeastern China resembles that of the central United States but with a higher proportion of CC and lower IC.In contrast,southern China exhibits a higher frequency of quasi-linear(QL)modes(>50%),similar to European patterns.Although no single parameter clearly differentiates between all tornado modes,distinct morphological characteristics emerge through specific parameter combinations:NL modes are characterized by high 0-1 km storm-relative helicity(SRH1)and humidity but low 0-6 km shear(SR6),whereas IC modes display contrasting features with low SRH1 and high CAPE.Notably,83%of tornadoes are associated with NCCVs,preferentially forming in southeastern/southwestern quadrants.Strong tornadoes favor southeastern quadrants,while NCCV intensity correlates with tornadic distance from vortex centers.Three characteristic synoptic configurations emerge:(T1)strong deep vortices with vertically aligned cold troughs,generating southeast-dominant tornado clusters characterized by a high proportion of BL and QL modes;(T2)weaker vortices featuring sub-synoptic troughs,with southern-distributed events dominated by a predominance of the CC mode;(T3)transverse-trough systems exhibiting CAPE-SRH decoupling and reduced tornadic activity.This study enhances our understanding of tornadoes in northeastern China,informing future research on formation mechanisms,prediction methods,and disaster prevention strategies.展开更多
The cold chain environment is an important route for the long⁃distance transmission of pathogenic micro⁃organisms.In this study,we explored the mechanisms of secondary propagation through surface contact on cold surfa...The cold chain environment is an important route for the long⁃distance transmission of pathogenic micro⁃organisms.In this study,we explored the mechanisms of secondary propagation through surface contact on cold surfaces.A quantitative statistical experimental method was adopted to study the surface⁃contact transmission of micro⁃organisms,wherein the transfer rate of surface contact was the dependent variable and Escherichia coli was used as the indicator bacterium.The effects of contact pressure(0.44,0.86,1.55,2.25,and 2.94 N/cm^(2)),contact time(0,15,30,45,and 60 s),contact angle(15°and 25°),and surface materials(rubber and cotton gloves)were measured at two storage temperatures:cold storage(5℃)and freezing(-18℃).The results showed that as temperature decreases,the transfer of micro⁃organisms through surface contact becomes less probable.The contact time did not significantly influence the transfer rate of micro⁃organisms when items were handled at cold⁃storage temperatures.Based on these results,we recommend placing items as flat as possible to minimize the tilt angle when handling them at cold⁃storage temperatures.Additionally,if the tilt angle cannot be avoided,rubber gloves should be used when handling items stored at large tilt angles,whereas cotton gloves may be used for items placed at smaller angles.展开更多
As a large family of RNA helicases,DEAD-box(DDX)RNA helicases play crucial roles in almost all cellular RNA processing activities.However,the role of the DDX gene family in cold tolerance of mei(Prunus mume)remains un...As a large family of RNA helicases,DEAD-box(DDX)RNA helicases play crucial roles in almost all cellular RNA processing activities.However,the role of the DDX gene family in cold tolerance of mei(Prunus mume)remains unclear.In this study,we identified 45 DDX genes through whole-genome analysis unevenly distributed across eight chromosomes and scaffolds of mei.Based on the phylogenetic tree and gene structure analysis,the DDX genes were classified into nine subfamilies based on their motif compositions and intron-exon structures.The results of synteny analysis showed that segmental duplication was considered a major factor contributing to the amplification of the PmDDX family.RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR results revealed differential expression of PmDDX genes under cold stress.Among these,PmDDX39 was significantly up-regulated under cold stress,suggesting its positive role in modulating mei cold tolerance.We found that silenced PmDDX39 under cold stress led to greater damage than the wild seedlings via virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS).Conversely,overexpression of PmDDX39 in Arabidopsis enhanced cold stress tolerance.Moreover,dual luciferase and yeast one-hybrid(Y1H)demonstrated that PmDDX39 directly activates the expression of the C-repeat binding factor(PmCBFf)by binding to its promoters.This study provides new insights into the structure,evolution,and functional role of the PmDDX gene family in mei responses to cold stress.展开更多
Accurate prediction of xylem phenology is essential for evaluating the long-term impacts of climate change on carbon sequestration,forest productivity,and ecosystem resilience.However,the environmental controls on xyl...Accurate prediction of xylem phenology is essential for evaluating the long-term impacts of climate change on carbon sequestration,forest productivity,and ecosystem resilience.However,the environmental controls on xylem phenology remain poorly clarified in terms of quantification,particularly for broadleaf species and the process of growth cessation.In this study,we monitored the onset and cessation of wood formation in 19 temperate tree species over periods of up to six years(2019–2024,with observation length varying among species)to assess the impact of environmental changes on the timing of wood formation.Linear mixed-effects models were used to evaluate and quantify the relative importance of photoperiod,forcing,chilling,precipitation,SPEI(standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index),cold degree days,and MAT(mean annual temperature)to the onset and cessation of wood formation.Photoperiod and forcing temperature were identified as the key drivers of wood formation onset,while photoperiod was the primary factor regulating its cessation.Wood formation onset was less sensitive to photoperiod compared with cessation,but exhibited greater sensitivity to temperature.Conifers were more responsive to changes in day length at onset than broadleaf species,while broadleaf species appeared to rely solely on photoperiod to regulate the cessation,with conifers showing additional modulation by temperature.Moreover,ring-porous species exhibited stronger photoperiodic control of both onset and cessation than diffuse-porous species.These findings highlight the critical role of photoperiod,temperature,or their interactions in regulating xylem phenology,providing insights for improving process-based models that predict xylem growth dynamics.展开更多
The fabrication of 304L stainless welding wires with a diameter 1.6 mm by using electrochemical cold drawing(ECD)of bars with a diameter of 5.6 mm was investigated,as well as that via traditional cold drawing(TCD)for ...The fabrication of 304L stainless welding wires with a diameter 1.6 mm by using electrochemical cold drawing(ECD)of bars with a diameter of 5.6 mm was investigated,as well as that via traditional cold drawing(TCD)for comparison.The results indicated that the dilute H_(2)SO_(4)aqueous solution was an appropriate electrolyte for ECD,and increasing the H_(2)SO_(4)concentration and current density within a range improved the corrosion rate and uniformity,leading to an easier and more coordinated deformation through uniformly distributing geometrically necessary dislocations and curved large-angle grain boundaries,and decreasing their density,and thus,an enhanced electrochemical plasticization(EP).Under the optimized electrochemical parameters(0.5 mol L^(-1)H_(2)SO_(4)electrolyte and current density of 12.2 mA cm^(-2)),the average cumulative reduction rate required for annealing was up to~34%,obviously higher than~20%of TCD due to the decreased work-hardening from the EP,so that the number of annealing was significantly reduced from 10 of TCD to 5,when the drawing pass was 23.In addition,the surface of the ECD wire was distinctly smoother and brighter than that of the TCD one.These findings confirm the large potential in engineering applications of the ECD technology based on the EP effect.展开更多
The cold sintering process(CSP)is a green and innovative method of material densification at low temperatures(<350°C).The traditional CSP entails the addition of liquid phases as a solvent to achieve material ...The cold sintering process(CSP)is a green and innovative method of material densification at low temperatures(<350°C).The traditional CSP entails the addition of liquid phases as a solvent to achieve material densification through the dissolution-precipitation mechanism.However,it is difficult to realize for materials with low solubility.To address this challenge,a universal cold sintering method without the addition of liquid phases has been proposed in this work.The addition of a special polyester-polymer assisted the densification of insoluble ceramics,and hydroxyapatite(HA)and Al_(2)O_(3)were successfully sintered below 100°C,achieving 95-100%densities in a short time(5-20 min).This achievement can be attributed to the low glass transition temperature and the abundance of active sites(C=O)of the polyester-polymer.The denser ceramics exhibited enhanced mechanical properties,with the compression strength of polymer-assisted CSP HA increasing by 147.3%compared to the nanoparticles.Additionally,serving as an advanced bone substitute material,HA underwent quantitative analysis using the CCK-8 method and assessed the impact of polymer presence on cell proliferation and cytotoxicity.Meanwhile,a tight bonding between the polymer and ceramic materials was achieved during CSP,providing a generalized method for designing multifunctional ceramic-polymer.展开更多
Low heat input welding is widely used in the industry.The microstructure and toughness of the welded joints under low heat input conditions have received less attention than those under high heat input.The impact toug...Low heat input welding is widely used in the industry.The microstructure and toughness of the welded joints under low heat input conditions have received less attention than those under high heat input.The impact toughness,microstructure and failure mechanisms of the coarse-grain heat-affected zone(CGHAZ)in a micro-alloyed steel were investigated by welding thermal simulation with the heat input ranging from 15 to 65 kJ/cm.The impact toughness of CGHAZ is highly sensitive to variations in low heat input.The failure mechanisms were discussed from the viewpoints of micro-voids formation and micro-cracks propagation.The micro-voids are preferred to be formed and grow at soft phase of grain boundary ferrite(GBF).At the heat inputs no more than 22 kJ/cm,martensite was dominantly formed,and the micro-cracks initiated from the GBF were propagated into the grain interiors,leading to the brittle fracture and low toughness.When the heat input was increased to 31.2 kJ/cm,granular bainite became the dominant constitute,causing cracks to deflect away from GBF and propagate into prior austenite grains.The high density high-angle and low-angle grain boundaries and the presence of retained austenite,effectively restricted the crack propagation,resulting in ductile fracture behavior and enhanced toughness.High heat input(62.3 kJ/cm)promoted coarse GBF formation,providing continuous paths for microcrack propagation.This direct intergranular crack progression caused brittle fracture and low toughness.Industrial cold cracking in the CGHAZ can thus be controlled by heat input optimization to maximize toughness.展开更多
A clear goal in cold tumor research is to identify strategies for converting them into immunologically‘hot’tumors with enhanced immune cell infiltration and activity,thereby improving their responsiveness to immunot...A clear goal in cold tumor research is to identify strategies for converting them into immunologically‘hot’tumors with enhanced immune cell infiltration and activity,thereby improving their responsiveness to immunotherapy.The genesis of cold tumors is exceedingly intricate.In recent times,as the analysis of this phenomenon has been pursued with greater depth,a suite of advanced diagnostic and therapeutic technologies has surfaced.These novel approaches and tactics are anticipated to modulate the tumor immune microenvironment across various dimensions,thereby facilitating the advancement of personalized and precise treatment modalities for cold tumors.The present article addresses the challenge of diminished therapeutic responsiveness to“cold tumors”within clinical settings.It systematically elucidates the multi-faceted regulatory mechanisms underlying immune evasion in cold tumors and offers a detailed analysis of advanced therapeutic strategies that incorporate nanotechnology,gene editing,and artificial intelligence methodologies.Furthermore,the future development trends of immunotherapy were explored in greater depth.It was posited that the convergence of artificial intelligence,multidimensional genomics,and emerging biotechnologies has presented positive prospects for the treatment of cold tumors,and has offered a theoretical foundation and technical framework for the transformation of cold tumors into“hot tumors”.展开更多
Riparian dunes in deserts exhibit unique geographic features due to aeolian-fluvial interactions.In this study,we collected 510 surface sediment samples from eight drainage basins and conducted a systematic analysis t...Riparian dunes in deserts exhibit unique geographic features due to aeolian-fluvial interactions.In this study,we collected 510 surface sediment samples from eight drainage basins and conducted a systematic analysis to examine the grain size characteristics of major riparian dunes in the typical cold and arid deserts of China.The results indicate that major riparian dunes of deserts in study area can be classified into three types based on their grain size characteristics.The Bartlett test of sphericity and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin(KMO)test were also performed,and their significance values were found to be 0.000 and 0.584,respectively.The results of the principal component analysis revealed that the cumulative contribution rate of the total variance reached 85.9%for the two principal components with characteristic roots greater than 1.0.The primary principal component included medium sand,whereas the secondary principal component included fine sand.We conducted a cluster analysis and classified the samples into three major types.Type I rivers include the Keriya River,Langqu River,Tora River and Heihe River,which are characterized by by fine particle size,and well-sorted.Type II includes Mu Bulag River,Kuye River,and the Xar Moron River,Compared with type I,it has a relatively coarser mean grain size and relatively poor sorting for this type.Type III includes the Maquan River,which is characterized mainly by fine sand and medium sand,accounting for more than 90%,and the sorting coefficient(0.52)suggests relatively well sorting in this pattern.Moreover,principal component analysis was applied to determine the particle sizes of samples from different watersheds.Moreover,these sediments exhibit both hydromorphic and aeolian features.At the drainage basin scale,the mode and intensity of aeolian-fluvial interactions depend on climatic conditions.In arid and semi-arid climate regions,wind is the dominant force,and the grain size exhibits significant aeolian features.Conversely,in the semi-humid region,flowing water is the dominant force,and riparian dunes in this region are formed by aeolian-fluvial interaction.The angle between the wind direction and flow direction in different reaches influences both the supply of sediment sources and the development of riparian dunes.This study will provide a new perspective for evaluating aeolian-fluvial interactions on riparian dunes in the deserts of China’s cold and arid regions.展开更多
Cold stress represents a critical constraint on crop productivity,particularly in temperate climates.Despite the established role of abscisic acid(ABA)in cold stress responses,the precise mechanisms through which tran...Cold stress represents a critical constraint on crop productivity,particularly in temperate climates.Despite the established role of abscisic acid(ABA)in cold stress responses,the precise mechanisms through which transcription factors mediate ABAdependent cold tolerance remain elusive.Here,we identify VaMYB4a,a MYB transcription factor from Vitis amurensis Rupr.(Amur grape),as a key regulator of cold tolerance.It integrates ABA signaling with the CBF(C-repeat binding factors)-COR(cold-regulated)pathway to orchestrate cold stress adaptation.Through a combination of overexpression and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout lines in Arabidopsis thaliana,grape callus,and Vitis vinifera L.seedlings,we demonstrate that VaMYB4a enhances freezing tolerance by promoting osmotic regulation,reactive oxygen species(ROS)scavenging,and stomatal closure.VaMYB4a functions as a homo-dimer,with its C-terminal domain being essential for transcriptional activation.Mechanistically,VaMYB4a directly upregulates CBF and COR genes while fine-tuning ABA signaling components such as ABI1 and ABF4.Notably,ABA exhibits a dual role:enhancing VaMYB4a-mediated freezing tolerance under short-term stress but attenuating its effects during prolonged cold exposure,revealing an intricate regulatory crosstalk between cold and hormonal pathways.Our work not only advances the molecular understanding of cold adaptation but also provides a promising genetic target for developing stress-resilient grape varieties to mitigate the impacts of climate change.展开更多
China’s winter sports boom is expanding beyond its traditional northern heartlands,fueling a dynamic ice-snow economy and culture nationwide.This seasonal surge is driven by sustained investment and innovative develo...China’s winter sports boom is expanding beyond its traditional northern heartlands,fueling a dynamic ice-snow economy and culture nationwide.This seasonal surge is driven by sustained investment and innovative development models that are turning cold climates into hot economic opportunities.展开更多
Based on the conventional observation data,daily reanalysis data from NCAR/NCEP,and TBB data derived from FY-2G infrared cloud images in April 2018,a heavy snowfall weather process in central Inner Mongolia from April...Based on the conventional observation data,daily reanalysis data from NCAR/NCEP,and TBB data derived from FY-2G infrared cloud images in April 2018,a heavy snowfall weather process in central Inner Mongolia from April 4 to 6 in 2018 was analyzed.The results show that the low trough at 500 hPa,the southerly wind jet stream at 700 hPa,and the inverted trough on the ground were the main influencing systems causing this blizzard.The transportation of warm and humid air by the southerly wind jet stream at 700 hPa and intense water vapor convergence provided sufficient water vapor conditions for the blizzard,and the moist layer in the blizzard area was deep.The low-level MPV in the blizzard area was<0,and the atmosphere was in a conditional symmetric instability state.The coupling of the upper and lower-level jets induced strong ascending motion.With the invasion of cold air,a low-level cold pad was formed,so that the warm and humid air tilted upward.The secondary circulation updraft triggered by the wet Q vector system released the conditional symmetric instability energy,so that the sloping motion was more intense,and the heavy snowfall appeared.Meanwhile,there was a good correspondence relationship between the blizzard area and the large-value area of low-level wet Q vector divergence.The mesoscale cloud clusters continuously generating,merging,and moving eastward in Hetao area were the direct cause of this blizzard,and the TBB of the cloud clusters was≤-56℃.The blizzard happened in the the edge gradient and large-value area of TBB.展开更多
文摘The NCEP data were applied to analyze causes of 'late spring coldness' occurring twice in Dalian in late April and mid May of 2008.The results showed that the 500 hPa Baikal ridge of high pressure maintained or strengthened in a stable manner.The delivery of accumulated cold air toward southeast was along the northwest airstream before the ridge.Therefore,the ridge of high pressure over Lake Baikal provided access for the cold air southward so that the cold air could continue to decline,resulting in the appearance of low temperature in late April and formation of 'late spring coldness'.The Northeast cold vortex(NECV) occurred frequently in mid May.There was a high possibility for low temperature and pluvial damages over Dalian.Thus the phenomenon of 'late spring coldness' appeared again.
文摘Purpose: NKCP®, a natto-derived dietary food supplement whose main component is bacillopeptidase F produced by Bacillus subtilis var. natto, has antithrombotic, fibrinolytic, and pressure-lowering effects, and also is suggested to improve peripheral coldness. However, existing data are based on subjective evaluations with no scientific basis about the effects on peripheral coldness. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of NKCP®for peripheral coldness by measuring changes in blood flow using a laser doppler rheometer and biochemical indices. Patients and Methods: This was a double-blind, randomized, controlled study of individuals aged 30 - 70 years who complained of subjective symptoms of cold hands and feet. They were randomly divided into the NKCP®group and the placebo group to receive NKCP®250 mg once daily and dextrin 250 mg as placebo once daily, respectively. The experiment lasted 8 weeks, with an intervention period of 4 weeks and a washout period of 4 weeks. Results: One-month intake of NKCP®significantly increased blood flow rate for 1 min between 4 and 5 minutes after the end of cold loading compared to that before feeding (p = 0.038). Also, analysis of the 5-minute blood flow rate before and after 4 weeks of feeding showed a significant improvement in the NKCP®group (p = 0.007), although there was no significant difference in the placebo group (p = 0.215). Furthermore, the 5-minute blood flow at 4 weeks after the end of feeding was significantly improved compared to that before feeding in the NKCP®group (p = 0.049). Therefore, the effect continued for at least 1 month after discontinuation of administration. Conclusions: It is possible that NKCP®intake effectively improves blood flow in subjects with peripheral coldness. Therefore, continuous intake of NKCP®is expected to reduce the symptoms of peripheral coldness. In the future, it needs to investigate whether the effect of increasing blood flow after ingestion of NKCP®is effective in improving the symptoms of peripheral coldness.
基金Science and Technology Research Project of Jiangxi Provincial Department of Science and Technology(No.S2020ZPYFG0006)"National Innovative Backbone Talents of Traditional Chinese Medicine"Training Program(National Letter of Education of Traditional Chinese Medicine Personnel[2019]No.128)
文摘`Since the outbreak of COVID-19,various regions have introduced their own TCM prevention and treatment methods.However,there are two opposing views on the nature of cold and temperature.Since modern times,the thought of the unification of cold and temperature has developed rapidly,and many doctors gradually realized the importance and practicability of the unification of cold and temperature,and began to advocate the unification of cold and temperature syndrome.The prevention and treatment of COVID-19 in Jiangxi was developed by Professor Wu Bingcai,a master of Chinese medicine,based on the unified idea of cold and temperature,according to the characteristics of humid climate in Jiangxi,and in combination with the characteristics of COVID-19,the anti-toxin prescription for dispelling cold and desiccating dampness and the anti-toxin prescription for clearing heat and dehumidifying,which achieved exact and satisfactory results in clinical application.
文摘Tumor is defined as a kind of chronic diseases by the World Health Organization.The integrative traditional Chinese and western medicine works well on the treatment of tumors,even in advanced patients or patients with recurring and metastatic tumor.However,the pathogenic mechanism of tumors is still unclear.Therefore,based on the 19 th pathogenesis in Yellow Emperor's Internal Class that"Diseases producing the liquid that is clear and chill all result from coldness",the paper explore s the etiology pathogenesis of malignant tumors,and the correlation between which and tumor recurrence and metastasis,and also discusses the rules for the treatment of tumors at various stages with great method of warming yang for dispelling cold.
基金the the basic scientific research Funds project of Heilongjiang Universities[grant numbers 2024-KYYWF-0554].
文摘In response to the actual demands of the energy storage type organic Rankine power generation cycle,this study proposes a new type of jacketed shell and tube heat exchanger with integrated cold storage and heat exchange.N-tedecane is selected as the phase change material for cold storage,low-temperature water as the cold source,and R134a as the heat source.The phase change material for cold storage is filled inside the jacket tube of the heat exchanger.Cold fluid is introduced into the inner tube to cause the phase change material to condense and store cold.After the cold storage is completed,R134a flows in from the shell side and condenses through heat exchange with the solidified phase change material for energy storage.This study discusses the influence laws of different cold water mass flow rates and temperatures on the cold storage performance of this heat exchanger,and analyzes the condensation effect of R134a.The results show that when the mass flow rate is 0.5 kg/s and the cold water temperature is between 3 and 4℃,the average power of the energy storage heat exchanger in the condensation experiment is 80W,and the average convective heat transfer coefficient is 110.73 W/(m^(2)⋅K).This research provides an experimental basis for the development of energy storage organic Rankine power generation cycles.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32472401).
文摘As a specific spoilage organism of seafood under refrigerated temperature conditions,Shewanella spp.tend to form biofilms that exacerbate the occurrence of seafood spoilage.Biofilm-promoting factor A(BpfA)has been reported to promote the adhesion and biofilm formation of Shewanella spp.,but its role in adhesion and biofilm formation of S.putrefaciens under cold stress needs to be further investigated.To better comprehend the effect of BpfA on adhesion and biofilm formation of S.putrefaciens under cold stress(4℃),bacterial adhesion and biofilm phenotype of S.putrefaciens CN32 WT andΔbpfA at 4℃were analyzed and performed transcriptomics.The results showed that the deletion of bpfA had almost no effect on the growth of S.putrefaciens CN32 at 4℃,but weakened the unicellular adhesion capacity of S.putrefaciens CN32 and destabilized the stability of the multicellular adhesion layer.In addition,the biomass of the mature biofilm formed byΔbpfA was merely around 50%of that observed in the mature biofilm of S.putrefaciens CN32 WT,the average thickness and volume of the biofilm decreased by 18%and 27%,respectively,and the composition of the biofilm changed.Transcriptome analysis demonstrated that the deletion of bpfA led to differential expression of genes involved in metabolic pathways such as bacterial chemotaxis,two-component system,tyrosine metabolism,drug metabolism-other enzymes and biofilm formation-Vibrio cholerae,which in turn influenced bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation.Those results advance our acknowledgment of the character of BpfA on adhesion and biofilm formation of S.putrefaciens CN32,which contributes to understanding bacterial adhesion and the control of biofilm formation.
基金Funded by Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.2023JJ40074)Hunan Provincial Education Department Excellent Youth Project(No.21B0757)Hunan Provincial Engineering Technology Center(No.2022TP2036)。
文摘In this study,multilayer lamination welding was employed to prepare graphene/copper(Gr/Cu)composite billets from graphene-coated copper foils,followed by multi-pass cold drawing to produce Φ1 mm Gr/Cu composite wires.Microstructure and property analyses in both the cold-drawn and annealed states show that the incorporation of graphene significantly improves the ductility and electrical conductivity of the copper wire.After annealing at 350℃ for 30 minutes,the composite wire demonstrates a tensile strength of 270 MPa and an electrical conductivity of 102.74%IACS,both superior to those of pure copper wire under identical conditions.At 150℃,the electrical conductivity of the annealed composite wire reaches 72.60%IACS,notably higher than the 68.19%IACS of pure copper.The results suggest that graphene is uniformly distributed within the composite wire,with minimal impact on conductivity,while effectively refining the copper grain structure to enhance ductility.Moreover,graphene suppresses copper lattice vibrations at elevated temperatures,reducing the rate of conductivity degradation.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2024YFC3013003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.424B2033 and 42475002)+3 种基金projects supported by the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory(Zhuhai)(Grant Nos.SML2024SP035,SML2024SP012,311024001)the Guangdong Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research(Grant Nos.2024A1515510005 and2025A1515011974)the Key Innovation Team of the China Meteorological Administration(Grant No.CMA2023ZD08)the State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather Meteorological Science and Technology(Grant No.2025QZA10)。
文摘Using high-resolution observations,mesoscale simulations,and idealized experiments,this study investigates the mechanisms governing an episode of orographic convection initiation(CI)during the North China Heavy Rainfall Experiment.On 4 August 2024,repeated CI occurred over the eastern slopes of the Taihang Mountains in the late afternoon,subsequently enhancing an upstream downhill convective storm.Wind profiler radar data and dense automatic weather stations reveal that CI was supported by strengthening southeasterly upslope winds.These winds primarily resulted from the migration of the mountain-plain solenoid and the mountainward-propagating outflow from a convective cold pool over the plain,with sensitivity experiments showing the latter contributed roughly 22%of the wind strength.The upslope flows gradually transported unstable air from the plain to the slope,fostering CI.Mesoscale simulations further highlight the key role of orographic waves near the mountain ridge,which generated strong downslope winds.The near-surface convergence between downslope and upslope flows,combined with wave-induced divergence aloft,produced deep ascent over the slope.Removing mountain ridges weakened wave strength and reduced downslope wind speeds by~8 m s^(-1).Without orographic heating in the idealized simulation(i.e.,no mountain-plain solenoid),only strong wave descent occurred below 2km,inhibiting CI.These findings underscore the critical interplay among plain convection,orographic waves,and the mountain-plain solenoid,offering new insight into the processes controlling orographic CI in North China.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42305013)Joint Research Project for Meteorological Capacity Improvement(Grant Nos.23NLTSQ002 and 24NLTSQ001)+2 种基金China Meteorological Administration Tornado Key Laboratory(Grant No.TKL202307)the China Meteorological Administration Youth Innovation Team Fund(Grant No.CMA2024QN05)a research project of the Chinese Academy of Meteorological Science(Grant No.2023Z019)。
文摘This study presents a comprehensive analysis of 132 tornadic events in northeastern China from 2004 to 2023,utilizing radar and ERA5 reanalysis data to investigate the climatology,environmental drivers,and synoptic linkages with Northeast China cold vortices(NCCVs)of tornadic storms under different convective modes.Results reveal that discrete storms account for 70%of events,with clustered cells(CC)being the most frequent mode,while significant tornadoes(EF2+)are primarily associated with isolated cells(IC)and broken lines(BL).The storm mode distribution in northeastern China resembles that of the central United States but with a higher proportion of CC and lower IC.In contrast,southern China exhibits a higher frequency of quasi-linear(QL)modes(>50%),similar to European patterns.Although no single parameter clearly differentiates between all tornado modes,distinct morphological characteristics emerge through specific parameter combinations:NL modes are characterized by high 0-1 km storm-relative helicity(SRH1)and humidity but low 0-6 km shear(SR6),whereas IC modes display contrasting features with low SRH1 and high CAPE.Notably,83%of tornadoes are associated with NCCVs,preferentially forming in southeastern/southwestern quadrants.Strong tornadoes favor southeastern quadrants,while NCCV intensity correlates with tornadic distance from vortex centers.Three characteristic synoptic configurations emerge:(T1)strong deep vortices with vertically aligned cold troughs,generating southeast-dominant tornado clusters characterized by a high proportion of BL and QL modes;(T2)weaker vortices featuring sub-synoptic troughs,with southern-distributed events dominated by a predominance of the CC mode;(T3)transverse-trough systems exhibiting CAPE-SRH decoupling and reduced tornadic activity.This study enhances our understanding of tornadoes in northeastern China,informing future research on formation mechanisms,prediction methods,and disaster prevention strategies.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52278121).
文摘The cold chain environment is an important route for the long⁃distance transmission of pathogenic micro⁃organisms.In this study,we explored the mechanisms of secondary propagation through surface contact on cold surfaces.A quantitative statistical experimental method was adopted to study the surface⁃contact transmission of micro⁃organisms,wherein the transfer rate of surface contact was the dependent variable and Escherichia coli was used as the indicator bacterium.The effects of contact pressure(0.44,0.86,1.55,2.25,and 2.94 N/cm^(2)),contact time(0,15,30,45,and 60 s),contact angle(15°and 25°),and surface materials(rubber and cotton gloves)were measured at two storage temperatures:cold storage(5℃)and freezing(-18℃).The results showed that as temperature decreases,the transfer of micro⁃organisms through surface contact becomes less probable.The contact time did not significantly influence the transfer rate of micro⁃organisms when items were handled at cold⁃storage temperatures.Based on these results,we recommend placing items as flat as possible to minimize the tilt angle when handling them at cold⁃storage temperatures.Additionally,if the tilt angle cannot be avoided,rubber gloves should be used when handling items stored at large tilt angles,whereas cotton gloves may be used for items placed at smaller angles.
基金supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.QNTD202503)Forestry and Grassland Science and Technology Innovation Youth Top Talent Project of China(Grant No.2020132608)Beijing High-Precision Discipline Project,Discipline of Ecological Environment of Urban and Rural Human Settlements.
文摘As a large family of RNA helicases,DEAD-box(DDX)RNA helicases play crucial roles in almost all cellular RNA processing activities.However,the role of the DDX gene family in cold tolerance of mei(Prunus mume)remains unclear.In this study,we identified 45 DDX genes through whole-genome analysis unevenly distributed across eight chromosomes and scaffolds of mei.Based on the phylogenetic tree and gene structure analysis,the DDX genes were classified into nine subfamilies based on their motif compositions and intron-exon structures.The results of synteny analysis showed that segmental duplication was considered a major factor contributing to the amplification of the PmDDX family.RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR results revealed differential expression of PmDDX genes under cold stress.Among these,PmDDX39 was significantly up-regulated under cold stress,suggesting its positive role in modulating mei cold tolerance.We found that silenced PmDDX39 under cold stress led to greater damage than the wild seedlings via virus-induced gene silencing(VIGS).Conversely,overexpression of PmDDX39 in Arabidopsis enhanced cold stress tolerance.Moreover,dual luciferase and yeast one-hybrid(Y1H)demonstrated that PmDDX39 directly activates the expression of the C-repeat binding factor(PmCBFf)by binding to its promoters.This study provides new insights into the structure,evolution,and functional role of the PmDDX gene family in mei responses to cold stress.
基金supported by the Ministry of Science and Technology(No:2019FY101602),China。
文摘Accurate prediction of xylem phenology is essential for evaluating the long-term impacts of climate change on carbon sequestration,forest productivity,and ecosystem resilience.However,the environmental controls on xylem phenology remain poorly clarified in terms of quantification,particularly for broadleaf species and the process of growth cessation.In this study,we monitored the onset and cessation of wood formation in 19 temperate tree species over periods of up to six years(2019–2024,with observation length varying among species)to assess the impact of environmental changes on the timing of wood formation.Linear mixed-effects models were used to evaluate and quantify the relative importance of photoperiod,forcing,chilling,precipitation,SPEI(standardized precipitation-evapotranspiration index),cold degree days,and MAT(mean annual temperature)to the onset and cessation of wood formation.Photoperiod and forcing temperature were identified as the key drivers of wood formation onset,while photoperiod was the primary factor regulating its cessation.Wood formation onset was less sensitive to photoperiod compared with cessation,but exhibited greater sensitivity to temperature.Conifers were more responsive to changes in day length at onset than broadleaf species,while broadleaf species appeared to rely solely on photoperiod to regulate the cessation,with conifers showing additional modulation by temperature.Moreover,ring-porous species exhibited stronger photoperiodic control of both onset and cessation than diffuse-porous species.These findings highlight the critical role of photoperiod,temperature,or their interactions in regulating xylem phenology,providing insights for improving process-based models that predict xylem growth dynamics.
基金supported by Major Science and Technology Project of Gansu Province(Grant No.23ZDGA010)National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51971105).
文摘The fabrication of 304L stainless welding wires with a diameter 1.6 mm by using electrochemical cold drawing(ECD)of bars with a diameter of 5.6 mm was investigated,as well as that via traditional cold drawing(TCD)for comparison.The results indicated that the dilute H_(2)SO_(4)aqueous solution was an appropriate electrolyte for ECD,and increasing the H_(2)SO_(4)concentration and current density within a range improved the corrosion rate and uniformity,leading to an easier and more coordinated deformation through uniformly distributing geometrically necessary dislocations and curved large-angle grain boundaries,and decreasing their density,and thus,an enhanced electrochemical plasticization(EP).Under the optimized electrochemical parameters(0.5 mol L^(-1)H_(2)SO_(4)electrolyte and current density of 12.2 mA cm^(-2)),the average cumulative reduction rate required for annealing was up to~34%,obviously higher than~20%of TCD due to the decreased work-hardening from the EP,so that the number of annealing was significantly reduced from 10 of TCD to 5,when the drawing pass was 23.In addition,the surface of the ECD wire was distinctly smoother and brighter than that of the TCD one.These findings confirm the large potential in engineering applications of the ECD technology based on the EP effect.
基金supported by the Jilin Provincial Natural Science Foundation(No.20240101118JC)the funds of Medical+X cross innovation team granted by medical department of Jilin University(No.2022JBGS07)+1 种基金the Jilin Province Science and Technology development project(No.20210101437JC)the WU JIEPING Medical Foundation(No.320.6750.2023-3-20 to TGM)。
文摘The cold sintering process(CSP)is a green and innovative method of material densification at low temperatures(<350°C).The traditional CSP entails the addition of liquid phases as a solvent to achieve material densification through the dissolution-precipitation mechanism.However,it is difficult to realize for materials with low solubility.To address this challenge,a universal cold sintering method without the addition of liquid phases has been proposed in this work.The addition of a special polyester-polymer assisted the densification of insoluble ceramics,and hydroxyapatite(HA)and Al_(2)O_(3)were successfully sintered below 100°C,achieving 95-100%densities in a short time(5-20 min).This achievement can be attributed to the low glass transition temperature and the abundance of active sites(C=O)of the polyester-polymer.The denser ceramics exhibited enhanced mechanical properties,with the compression strength of polymer-assisted CSP HA increasing by 147.3%compared to the nanoparticles.Additionally,serving as an advanced bone substitute material,HA underwent quantitative analysis using the CCK-8 method and assessed the impact of polymer presence on cell proliferation and cytotoxicity.Meanwhile,a tight bonding between the polymer and ceramic materials was achieved during CSP,providing a generalized method for designing multifunctional ceramic-polymer.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51804232)Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation(No.2212041)+1 种基金supported by the Interdisciplinary Research Project for Young Teachers of USTB(Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities)(FRF-IDRY-20-020)GIMRT Program of the Institute for Materials Research,Tohoku University(202303-RDKGE-0518).
文摘Low heat input welding is widely used in the industry.The microstructure and toughness of the welded joints under low heat input conditions have received less attention than those under high heat input.The impact toughness,microstructure and failure mechanisms of the coarse-grain heat-affected zone(CGHAZ)in a micro-alloyed steel were investigated by welding thermal simulation with the heat input ranging from 15 to 65 kJ/cm.The impact toughness of CGHAZ is highly sensitive to variations in low heat input.The failure mechanisms were discussed from the viewpoints of micro-voids formation and micro-cracks propagation.The micro-voids are preferred to be formed and grow at soft phase of grain boundary ferrite(GBF).At the heat inputs no more than 22 kJ/cm,martensite was dominantly formed,and the micro-cracks initiated from the GBF were propagated into the grain interiors,leading to the brittle fracture and low toughness.When the heat input was increased to 31.2 kJ/cm,granular bainite became the dominant constitute,causing cracks to deflect away from GBF and propagate into prior austenite grains.The high density high-angle and low-angle grain boundaries and the presence of retained austenite,effectively restricted the crack propagation,resulting in ductile fracture behavior and enhanced toughness.High heat input(62.3 kJ/cm)promoted coarse GBF formation,providing continuous paths for microcrack propagation.This direct intergranular crack progression caused brittle fracture and low toughness.Industrial cold cracking in the CGHAZ can thus be controlled by heat input optimization to maximize toughness.
文摘A clear goal in cold tumor research is to identify strategies for converting them into immunologically‘hot’tumors with enhanced immune cell infiltration and activity,thereby improving their responsiveness to immunotherapy.The genesis of cold tumors is exceedingly intricate.In recent times,as the analysis of this phenomenon has been pursued with greater depth,a suite of advanced diagnostic and therapeutic technologies has surfaced.These novel approaches and tactics are anticipated to modulate the tumor immune microenvironment across various dimensions,thereby facilitating the advancement of personalized and precise treatment modalities for cold tumors.The present article addresses the challenge of diminished therapeutic responsiveness to“cold tumors”within clinical settings.It systematically elucidates the multi-faceted regulatory mechanisms underlying immune evasion in cold tumors and offers a detailed analysis of advanced therapeutic strategies that incorporate nanotechnology,gene editing,and artificial intelligence methodologies.Furthermore,the future development trends of immunotherapy were explored in greater depth.It was posited that the convergence of artificial intelligence,multidimensional genomics,and emerging biotechnologies has presented positive prospects for the treatment of cold tumors,and has offered a theoretical foundation and technical framework for the transformation of cold tumors into“hot tumors”.
基金Under the auspices of the General Project of Science and Technology Department of Shaanxi Province(No.2023-JCYB-264)General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41801004,42371008,42471012)。
文摘Riparian dunes in deserts exhibit unique geographic features due to aeolian-fluvial interactions.In this study,we collected 510 surface sediment samples from eight drainage basins and conducted a systematic analysis to examine the grain size characteristics of major riparian dunes in the typical cold and arid deserts of China.The results indicate that major riparian dunes of deserts in study area can be classified into three types based on their grain size characteristics.The Bartlett test of sphericity and the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin(KMO)test were also performed,and their significance values were found to be 0.000 and 0.584,respectively.The results of the principal component analysis revealed that the cumulative contribution rate of the total variance reached 85.9%for the two principal components with characteristic roots greater than 1.0.The primary principal component included medium sand,whereas the secondary principal component included fine sand.We conducted a cluster analysis and classified the samples into three major types.Type I rivers include the Keriya River,Langqu River,Tora River and Heihe River,which are characterized by by fine particle size,and well-sorted.Type II includes Mu Bulag River,Kuye River,and the Xar Moron River,Compared with type I,it has a relatively coarser mean grain size and relatively poor sorting for this type.Type III includes the Maquan River,which is characterized mainly by fine sand and medium sand,accounting for more than 90%,and the sorting coefficient(0.52)suggests relatively well sorting in this pattern.Moreover,principal component analysis was applied to determine the particle sizes of samples from different watersheds.Moreover,these sediments exhibit both hydromorphic and aeolian features.At the drainage basin scale,the mode and intensity of aeolian-fluvial interactions depend on climatic conditions.In arid and semi-arid climate regions,wind is the dominant force,and the grain size exhibits significant aeolian features.Conversely,in the semi-humid region,flowing water is the dominant force,and riparian dunes in this region are formed by aeolian-fluvial interaction.The angle between the wind direction and flow direction in different reaches influences both the supply of sediment sources and the development of riparian dunes.This study will provide a new perspective for evaluating aeolian-fluvial interactions on riparian dunes in the deserts of China’s cold and arid regions.
基金supported by the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region Key R&D Program,China(2023BCF01003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32472711 and 32060672)the Agricultural Breeding Project of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,China(NXNYYZ202101)。
文摘Cold stress represents a critical constraint on crop productivity,particularly in temperate climates.Despite the established role of abscisic acid(ABA)in cold stress responses,the precise mechanisms through which transcription factors mediate ABAdependent cold tolerance remain elusive.Here,we identify VaMYB4a,a MYB transcription factor from Vitis amurensis Rupr.(Amur grape),as a key regulator of cold tolerance.It integrates ABA signaling with the CBF(C-repeat binding factors)-COR(cold-regulated)pathway to orchestrate cold stress adaptation.Through a combination of overexpression and CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout lines in Arabidopsis thaliana,grape callus,and Vitis vinifera L.seedlings,we demonstrate that VaMYB4a enhances freezing tolerance by promoting osmotic regulation,reactive oxygen species(ROS)scavenging,and stomatal closure.VaMYB4a functions as a homo-dimer,with its C-terminal domain being essential for transcriptional activation.Mechanistically,VaMYB4a directly upregulates CBF and COR genes while fine-tuning ABA signaling components such as ABI1 and ABF4.Notably,ABA exhibits a dual role:enhancing VaMYB4a-mediated freezing tolerance under short-term stress but attenuating its effects during prolonged cold exposure,revealing an intricate regulatory crosstalk between cold and hormonal pathways.Our work not only advances the molecular understanding of cold adaptation but also provides a promising genetic target for developing stress-resilient grape varieties to mitigate the impacts of climate change.
文摘China’s winter sports boom is expanding beyond its traditional northern heartlands,fueling a dynamic ice-snow economy and culture nationwide.This seasonal surge is driven by sustained investment and innovative development models that are turning cold climates into hot economic opportunities.
基金Supported by the Meteorological Science and Technology Innovation Project of North China(HBXM202415)Research Project of the Meteorological Bureau of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region(nmqxkjcx202311).
文摘Based on the conventional observation data,daily reanalysis data from NCAR/NCEP,and TBB data derived from FY-2G infrared cloud images in April 2018,a heavy snowfall weather process in central Inner Mongolia from April 4 to 6 in 2018 was analyzed.The results show that the low trough at 500 hPa,the southerly wind jet stream at 700 hPa,and the inverted trough on the ground were the main influencing systems causing this blizzard.The transportation of warm and humid air by the southerly wind jet stream at 700 hPa and intense water vapor convergence provided sufficient water vapor conditions for the blizzard,and the moist layer in the blizzard area was deep.The low-level MPV in the blizzard area was<0,and the atmosphere was in a conditional symmetric instability state.The coupling of the upper and lower-level jets induced strong ascending motion.With the invasion of cold air,a low-level cold pad was formed,so that the warm and humid air tilted upward.The secondary circulation updraft triggered by the wet Q vector system released the conditional symmetric instability energy,so that the sloping motion was more intense,and the heavy snowfall appeared.Meanwhile,there was a good correspondence relationship between the blizzard area and the large-value area of low-level wet Q vector divergence.The mesoscale cloud clusters continuously generating,merging,and moving eastward in Hetao area were the direct cause of this blizzard,and the TBB of the cloud clusters was≤-56℃.The blizzard happened in the the edge gradient and large-value area of TBB.
