In this report, the author found out that the materials on hand imposed undue cognitive load on students. In order to maximize learning, the author changed her instructional design, kept a close eye on the whole proce...In this report, the author found out that the materials on hand imposed undue cognitive load on students. In order to maximize learning, the author changed her instructional design, kept a close eye on the whole process, and ultimately discovered that reducing the cognitive load of the learning materials is beneficial for the increase of learners＇ interest and the liven-up of the classroom atmosphere, which can finally maximize learners＇ language learning.展开更多
Computer analysis of electrocardiograms(ECGs)was introduced more than 50 years ago,with the aim to improve efficiency and clinical workflow.[1,2]However,inaccuracies have been documented in the literature.[3,4]Researc...Computer analysis of electrocardiograms(ECGs)was introduced more than 50 years ago,with the aim to improve efficiency and clinical workflow.[1,2]However,inaccuracies have been documented in the literature.[3,4]Research indicates that emergency department(ED)clinician interruptions occur every 4-10 min,which is significantly more common than in other specialties.[5]This increases the cognitive load and error rates and impacts patient care and clinical effi ciency.[1,2,5]De-prioritization protocols have been introduced in certain centers in the United Kingdom(UK),removing the need for clinician ECG interpretation where ECGs have been interpreted as normal by the machine.展开更多
Based on metacognition theories we present a construct of metacognitive self(MCS)as self-awareness of biases.Contrary to counterintuitive idea metacognitive self fosters self-regulation in the area of goal’s attainme...Based on metacognition theories we present a construct of metacognitive self(MCS)as self-awareness of biases.Contrary to counterintuitive idea metacognitive self fosters self-regulation in the area of goal’s attainment.Study 1(N=118)showed that high metacognitive self individuals created more clear mental picture of their plans than low metacognitive self counter partners.Moreover participants high in metacognitive self undertook more actions to fulfill their goals then low MCS colleagues.Study 2(N=201)revealed that high metacognitive self individuals strive for autonomy and they work much better to attain their goals in the no load settings,while low metacognitive students work much better under supervision.展开更多
Generative design systems produce myriad design alternatives that comply with stated requirements.Since generative design systems yield the greatest benefits during conceptual design,requirements are often ambiguous a...Generative design systems produce myriad design alternatives that comply with stated requirements.Since generative design systems yield the greatest benefits during conceptual design,requirements are often ambiguous and are comprised of mixed variables(e.g.,categorical,continuous,etc.),which leads to a generative design solution space with a plethora of options for the user to review.With a plethora of design alternatives to choose from,many of which are similar,increased user workload leads to inefficient design selection processes.Subsequently,inefficient design selection processes could result in a negative user experience and improper design alternative selection,Therefore,it is imperative that generative design systems leverage parsing methods that methodologically reduce the quantity of design options that are presented to the user,while retaining novel designs from distinct solution space regions.Although parsing a solution space can yield smaller subsets of design alternatives,it is also imperative to consider how the subsets are presented to the user.A user study(N=49)was performed to evaluate user performance,workload,and experience during a generative design selection process,given manipulation of both the quantity and filtering of parsed subsets of alternatives.Subsets were filtered using cluster analysis using one of seven parameters,where participants experienced two filters across seven iterations each.Results show that cognitive workload is reduced when a design solution space consists of 50 to 100 design alternatives,with a clustering parsing method that considers all design alternative variables.Study findings can further be applied to other domains where a user is presented with a plethora of alternative options,requiring a method for improving the decision-making process.展开更多
Our healthcare delivery system has accumulated complexity of payment, regulation systems, expectations and requirements. Often these are not designed to align with clinical thinking process flow of patient care. As a ...Our healthcare delivery system has accumulated complexity of payment, regulation systems, expectations and requirements. Often these are not designed to align with clinical thinking process flow of patient care. As a result, clinicians are utilizing enormous mental (cognitive) resource to comply with these complexities, over and above the baseline mental effort required to give good care to the patient. Recent studies suggest a significant number of physicians, advanced practice providers and nurses no longer want to stay in healthcare due to difficult work expectations and conditions that have become unreasonable. Technology has benefitted healthcare delivery, but also is a conduit of many expectations that have been grafted upon clinician workloads, exceeding the resources provided to accomplish them. Cognitive load is a measure of mental effort and is divided into Intrinsic, Germane and Extraneous Cognitive Load. Extraneous Cognitive Load (ECL) is what is not necessary and can be removed by better design. High cognitive load is associated with increased risk of both medical error and clinician burnout. Chronic high level occupational stress occurs from dealing with this job/resource imbalance and is showing serious personal health impact upon clinicians and the quality of the work they can provide for patients. Since organizational systems have become more complex, leadership methods, clinician wellbeing and patient safety efforts need to adjust to adapt and succeed. Safety efforts have tended to predominantly follow methods of a few decades ago with predominant focus upon how things go wrong (Safety I) but are now being encouraged to include more of the study of how things go right (Safety II). Human Factors/Ergonomics (HFE) science has been used in many industries to preserve worker wellbeing and improve system performance. Patient safety is a product of good system performance. HFE science helps inform mechanisms behind Safety I and II approach. HFE concepts augment existing burnout and safety interventions by providing a conceptual roadmap to follow that can inform how to improve the multiple human/technology, human/system, and human/work environment interfaces that comprise healthcare delivery. Healthcare leaders, by their influence over culture, resource allocation, and implementation of requirements and workflows are uniquely poised to be effective mitigators of the conditions leading to clinician burnout and latent medical error. Basic knowledge of HFE science is a strategic advantage to leaders and individuals tasked with achieving quality of care, controlling costs, and improving the experiences of receiving and providing care.展开更多
Cognitive development theories differ on how young students can meaningfully process new information and retain that information for future knowledge-building through scaffolding within their zone of proximal developm...Cognitive development theories differ on how young students can meaningfully process new information and retain that information for future knowledge-building through scaffolding within their zone of proximal development.More traditional theories like the cognitive load theory adhere to the rote memorization approach by categorizing students as passive learners and the teachers as initiators who provide information in a structured,often rigid format,to be stored and retrieved for future application using their working memory.In contrast,the more progressive theories,like constructivism,are premised on the belief that students should proactively initiate their own learning while teachers act more as facilitators.The current trend in government policy under ESSA is to embrace the latter approach in the classroom,which is also more inclusive of all types of students,especially neurodiverse students.Moreover,teachers can utilize the wider range of assistive technology tools to accommodate and support their students’unique learning styles.展开更多
In order to compare the effects of visual and auditory instructions on the crew when guiding astronauts to complete the procedural tasks in the space station,in this study,subjects were recruited to complete the progr...In order to compare the effects of visual and auditory instructions on the crew when guiding astronauts to complete the procedural tasks in the space station,in this study,subjects were recruited to complete the programmed task of starting from the node module,locating the scientific cabinet and spectrometer,and finally operating the orbital replaceable unit on the spectrometer.Meanwhile,the task performance,eye movement parameters,and cognitive load induced by 2 kinds of instructions in the task were statistically analyzed.The results showed that there were highly significant differences in terms of task completion time,the NASA-TLX(Task Load Index)total score,and eye movement index between the 2 instructions(P<0.01).There were also significant differences in error rate and effort(P<0.05).This study proves that visual instruction interaction is better than auditory instruction.Our work provides important reference for the selection of human–computer interaction mode for procedural tasks on space stations.It also provides the experience and theoretical evidence missing so far and proves the benefits of augmented reality assistance in terms of task performance and human factors.展开更多
The relevant studies using a cross sectional view of speech organs supplemented with visuospatial cues and verbal text to explore EFL learners’learning effectiveness and behavior through mobile devices when learning ...The relevant studies using a cross sectional view of speech organs supplemented with visuospatial cues and verbal text to explore EFL learners’learning effectiveness and behavior through mobile devices when learning English phonetics are scarce.This study was attempted to investigate whether the presence of visuospatial cues can benefit EFL learners with different levels of prior knowledge in learning English phonetics through mobile devices.The present study investigated the interaction between the experimental condition and the learners’prior knowledge on their task performances and cognitive load ratings.Fifty-six English as a foreign language(EFL)learners recruited from two sections of a linguistics course participated in the experiment.First,their background knowledge concerning English phonetics was evaluated to determine their prior knowledge level.Then,they were randomly assigned into two experimental conditions-picture-plus-text and picture-plus-text-plus-cueing.After the experimental treatment,the participants were administered retention and transfer tests as well as cognitive load measurement.Experimental treatment and prior knowledge were the independent variables,while retention test,transfer test,study time,and number of clicks were the dependent variables.The results of the present study emphasized the importance of visuospatial cues on inducing deep cognitive processing as indicated by the learners’test performance and study patterns.展开更多
Built on a multi-variable exploratory experiment on technology-enhanced learning,this study was anempirical inqui ry into the variable of learning content and its resources. Informed by the empirical find-ings and con...Built on a multi-variable exploratory experiment on technology-enhanced learning,this study was anempirical inqui ry into the variable of learning content and its resources. Informed by the empirical find-ings and conclusions as well as relevant theoretical underpinnings,the article analyzed the m ode of rep-resentation of S-DIP deep learning resources, its c0rresponding representation methods and characteris-tics,and five development principles for deep learning resources.The analysis led to the construction ofa development model for CRF deep learning resources.The article was rounded off with a profound in-terpretation of the concept of deep learning resources and recommendation of application strategies.展开更多
The purpose of this quasi-experimental study is to examine whether attention cueing benefits learners of ancient Egyptian culture using mobile-assisted instrumentation.A self-regulatory,mobile phone based set of visua...The purpose of this quasi-experimental study is to examine whether attention cueing benefits learners of ancient Egyptian culture using mobile-assisted instrumentation.A self-regulatory,mobile phone based set of visualizations depicting ancient Egyptian culture served as the primary instrument.A total of 50 learners of English as a foreign language(EFL)from two sections of a reading course were randomly assigned to one of two groups.First,the participants were tested to assess their English reading level and prior knowledge of Egyptian culture.Next,they were randomly assigned to one of two modes:picture-plus-text or picture-plus-text-plus-signal.Immediately after experimental treatment,participants were administered tests of pictorial recall,matching,jigsaw puzzles,and retention as well as cognitive load measurement and attitude questionnaires.Experimental treatment was the independent variable,while the comprehension test,cognitive load questionnaire,and attitude questionnaire were the dependent variables.The results indicated that learners in the cueing condition outperform those in a non-cueing condition for matching and total score,but not for retention.The analysis of cognitive load revealed that learners in the cueing condition experience lower germane load than those in the non-cueing condition.However,the result of the questionnaires indicated that all the students felt mobile phones were convenient and useful in English learning regardless of the presence or not of attention cueing.The results stress the importance of presenting attention-capturing arrows in external representation as it can result in better learning efficiency.展开更多
文摘In this report, the author found out that the materials on hand imposed undue cognitive load on students. In order to maximize learning, the author changed her instructional design, kept a close eye on the whole process, and ultimately discovered that reducing the cognitive load of the learning materials is beneficial for the increase of learners＇ interest and the liven-up of the classroom atmosphere, which can finally maximize learners＇ language learning.
文摘Computer analysis of electrocardiograms(ECGs)was introduced more than 50 years ago,with the aim to improve efficiency and clinical workflow.[1,2]However,inaccuracies have been documented in the literature.[3,4]Research indicates that emergency department(ED)clinician interruptions occur every 4-10 min,which is significantly more common than in other specialties.[5]This increases the cognitive load and error rates and impacts patient care and clinical effi ciency.[1,2,5]De-prioritization protocols have been introduced in certain centers in the United Kingdom(UK),removing the need for clinician ECG interpretation where ECGs have been interpreted as normal by the machine.
文摘Based on metacognition theories we present a construct of metacognitive self(MCS)as self-awareness of biases.Contrary to counterintuitive idea metacognitive self fosters self-regulation in the area of goal’s attainment.Study 1(N=118)showed that high metacognitive self individuals created more clear mental picture of their plans than low metacognitive self counter partners.Moreover participants high in metacognitive self undertook more actions to fulfill their goals then low MCS colleagues.Study 2(N=201)revealed that high metacognitive self individuals strive for autonomy and they work much better to attain their goals in the no load settings,while low metacognitive students work much better under supervision.
文摘Generative design systems produce myriad design alternatives that comply with stated requirements.Since generative design systems yield the greatest benefits during conceptual design,requirements are often ambiguous and are comprised of mixed variables(e.g.,categorical,continuous,etc.),which leads to a generative design solution space with a plethora of options for the user to review.With a plethora of design alternatives to choose from,many of which are similar,increased user workload leads to inefficient design selection processes.Subsequently,inefficient design selection processes could result in a negative user experience and improper design alternative selection,Therefore,it is imperative that generative design systems leverage parsing methods that methodologically reduce the quantity of design options that are presented to the user,while retaining novel designs from distinct solution space regions.Although parsing a solution space can yield smaller subsets of design alternatives,it is also imperative to consider how the subsets are presented to the user.A user study(N=49)was performed to evaluate user performance,workload,and experience during a generative design selection process,given manipulation of both the quantity and filtering of parsed subsets of alternatives.Subsets were filtered using cluster analysis using one of seven parameters,where participants experienced two filters across seven iterations each.Results show that cognitive workload is reduced when a design solution space consists of 50 to 100 design alternatives,with a clustering parsing method that considers all design alternative variables.Study findings can further be applied to other domains where a user is presented with a plethora of alternative options,requiring a method for improving the decision-making process.
文摘Our healthcare delivery system has accumulated complexity of payment, regulation systems, expectations and requirements. Often these are not designed to align with clinical thinking process flow of patient care. As a result, clinicians are utilizing enormous mental (cognitive) resource to comply with these complexities, over and above the baseline mental effort required to give good care to the patient. Recent studies suggest a significant number of physicians, advanced practice providers and nurses no longer want to stay in healthcare due to difficult work expectations and conditions that have become unreasonable. Technology has benefitted healthcare delivery, but also is a conduit of many expectations that have been grafted upon clinician workloads, exceeding the resources provided to accomplish them. Cognitive load is a measure of mental effort and is divided into Intrinsic, Germane and Extraneous Cognitive Load. Extraneous Cognitive Load (ECL) is what is not necessary and can be removed by better design. High cognitive load is associated with increased risk of both medical error and clinician burnout. Chronic high level occupational stress occurs from dealing with this job/resource imbalance and is showing serious personal health impact upon clinicians and the quality of the work they can provide for patients. Since organizational systems have become more complex, leadership methods, clinician wellbeing and patient safety efforts need to adjust to adapt and succeed. Safety efforts have tended to predominantly follow methods of a few decades ago with predominant focus upon how things go wrong (Safety I) but are now being encouraged to include more of the study of how things go right (Safety II). Human Factors/Ergonomics (HFE) science has been used in many industries to preserve worker wellbeing and improve system performance. Patient safety is a product of good system performance. HFE science helps inform mechanisms behind Safety I and II approach. HFE concepts augment existing burnout and safety interventions by providing a conceptual roadmap to follow that can inform how to improve the multiple human/technology, human/system, and human/work environment interfaces that comprise healthcare delivery. Healthcare leaders, by their influence over culture, resource allocation, and implementation of requirements and workflows are uniquely poised to be effective mitigators of the conditions leading to clinician burnout and latent medical error. Basic knowledge of HFE science is a strategic advantage to leaders and individuals tasked with achieving quality of care, controlling costs, and improving the experiences of receiving and providing care.
文摘Cognitive development theories differ on how young students can meaningfully process new information and retain that information for future knowledge-building through scaffolding within their zone of proximal development.More traditional theories like the cognitive load theory adhere to the rote memorization approach by categorizing students as passive learners and the teachers as initiators who provide information in a structured,often rigid format,to be stored and retrieved for future application using their working memory.In contrast,the more progressive theories,like constructivism,are premised on the belief that students should proactively initiate their own learning while teachers act more as facilitators.The current trend in government policy under ESSA is to embrace the latter approach in the classroom,which is also more inclusive of all types of students,especially neurodiverse students.Moreover,teachers can utilize the wider range of assistive technology tools to accommodate and support their students’unique learning styles.
基金supported by the Foundation Strengthening Project(2021-JCJQ-JJ-1042)the Foundation of National Key Laboratory of Human Factors Engineering(6142222210301).
文摘In order to compare the effects of visual and auditory instructions on the crew when guiding astronauts to complete the procedural tasks in the space station,in this study,subjects were recruited to complete the programmed task of starting from the node module,locating the scientific cabinet and spectrometer,and finally operating the orbital replaceable unit on the spectrometer.Meanwhile,the task performance,eye movement parameters,and cognitive load induced by 2 kinds of instructions in the task were statistically analyzed.The results showed that there were highly significant differences in terms of task completion time,the NASA-TLX(Task Load Index)total score,and eye movement index between the 2 instructions(P<0.01).There were also significant differences in error rate and effort(P<0.05).This study proves that visual instruction interaction is better than auditory instruction.Our work provides important reference for the selection of human–computer interaction mode for procedural tasks on space stations.It also provides the experience and theoretical evidence missing so far and proves the benefits of augmented reality assistance in terms of task performance and human factors.
文摘The relevant studies using a cross sectional view of speech organs supplemented with visuospatial cues and verbal text to explore EFL learners’learning effectiveness and behavior through mobile devices when learning English phonetics are scarce.This study was attempted to investigate whether the presence of visuospatial cues can benefit EFL learners with different levels of prior knowledge in learning English phonetics through mobile devices.The present study investigated the interaction between the experimental condition and the learners’prior knowledge on their task performances and cognitive load ratings.Fifty-six English as a foreign language(EFL)learners recruited from two sections of a linguistics course participated in the experiment.First,their background knowledge concerning English phonetics was evaluated to determine their prior knowledge level.Then,they were randomly assigned into two experimental conditions-picture-plus-text and picture-plus-text-plus-cueing.After the experimental treatment,the participants were administered retention and transfer tests as well as cognitive load measurement.Experimental treatment and prior knowledge were the independent variables,while retention test,transfer test,study time,and number of clicks were the dependent variables.The results of the present study emphasized the importance of visuospatial cues on inducing deep cognitive processing as indicated by the learners’test performance and study patterns.
文摘Built on a multi-variable exploratory experiment on technology-enhanced learning,this study was anempirical inqui ry into the variable of learning content and its resources. Informed by the empirical find-ings and conclusions as well as relevant theoretical underpinnings,the article analyzed the m ode of rep-resentation of S-DIP deep learning resources, its c0rresponding representation methods and characteris-tics,and five development principles for deep learning resources.The analysis led to the construction ofa development model for CRF deep learning resources.The article was rounded off with a profound in-terpretation of the concept of deep learning resources and recommendation of application strategies.
文摘The purpose of this quasi-experimental study is to examine whether attention cueing benefits learners of ancient Egyptian culture using mobile-assisted instrumentation.A self-regulatory,mobile phone based set of visualizations depicting ancient Egyptian culture served as the primary instrument.A total of 50 learners of English as a foreign language(EFL)from two sections of a reading course were randomly assigned to one of two groups.First,the participants were tested to assess their English reading level and prior knowledge of Egyptian culture.Next,they were randomly assigned to one of two modes:picture-plus-text or picture-plus-text-plus-signal.Immediately after experimental treatment,participants were administered tests of pictorial recall,matching,jigsaw puzzles,and retention as well as cognitive load measurement and attitude questionnaires.Experimental treatment was the independent variable,while the comprehension test,cognitive load questionnaire,and attitude questionnaire were the dependent variables.The results indicated that learners in the cueing condition outperform those in a non-cueing condition for matching and total score,but not for retention.The analysis of cognitive load revealed that learners in the cueing condition experience lower germane load than those in the non-cueing condition.However,the result of the questionnaires indicated that all the students felt mobile phones were convenient and useful in English learning regardless of the presence or not of attention cueing.The results stress the importance of presenting attention-capturing arrows in external representation as it can result in better learning efficiency.
