The ability to speak two languages in the non-English-speaking countries is a remarkable achievement. There is a good reason to believe that bilingualism is the norm for the majority of people in the world, because 70...The ability to speak two languages in the non-English-speaking countries is a remarkable achievement. There is a good reason to believe that bilingualism is the norm for the majority of people in the world, because 70% of the earth＇s population are supposed to be bilingual or multilingual. Our purpose of the study was to determine the participants＇ awareness of using true and false cognate words of L 1 （the first language） ＆ L2 （the second language） in learning English. Three hundred and eighty-five selected people from 3,789 statistical population participated in 2014--2015 at three levels of A.D., B.A., and M.A. of Islamic Azad University as well as teachers of English in English educational institutions in Zanjan （Iran）. Each educational level was considered as one category with the total sample calculated by using Kokran Formula, and the amount of each category was determined by using appropriate proportion and randomized categorical sampling method. The participants＇ age was between from 18 to 52, with a mean age of 29 years. The materials were 45 words of true and false cognate＇s words from 500 words by doing CVR （content validity ratio） and CVI （content validity index） （Lawshe＇s table with the index of 88% and 82% respectively） for being reliable and valid. ANOVA （Analysis of variance） was used for studying the effect of educational level on the rate of awareness. In other words, the awareness level has been compared in different educational levels. The results of Dankan test show that： There is no significant difference between the awareness of A.D., B.A., and M.A. levels, but there is a significant difference between the level of awareness of teachers group and the other groups （in true cognate words） and for false cognate words, there is no significant difference between the level of awareness of the four groups in this regard.展开更多
Cognates constitute an essential aspect of lexical processing,and numerous scholars have made significant contributions to studying their processing patterns,influential variables,and theoretical models.However,there ...Cognates constitute an essential aspect of lexical processing,and numerous scholars have made significant contributions to studying their processing patterns,influential variables,and theoretical models.However,there has been a lack of systematic reviews that comprehensively examine the body of research on cognates,including their primary research topics,theories,findings,and future directions.The present study conducted a bibliometric analysis of the 726 recordings from 2001 to 2021 retrieved from the Web of Science database.The results revealed that:(1)studies on cognates were mainly conducted in countries using alphabetic languages;(2)cognate processing remains as the focus in the research domain;(3)cognate effect are modulated by factors at word,task,and participant level;(4)BIA+model is widely used to account for cognate processing.The limitations and potential implications for future cognate research are discussed.展开更多
The current study investigated how language context and word frequency influenced vowel perception of Chinese-Japanese cognates among Chinese learners of Japanese.Focusing on orthographic cognates,participants perform...The current study investigated how language context and word frequency influenced vowel perception of Chinese-Japanese cognates among Chinese learners of Japanese.Focusing on orthographic cognates,participants performed a vowel detection task on cognates,manipulating language context and target language(Chinese vs.Japanese),as well as word frequency(high vs.low).We measured reaction times,perceptual sensitivity,and response criterion.For high-frequency words,consistent language contexts facilitated faster vowel detection in both languages.However,in low-frequency conditions,participants showed higher perceptual sensitivity to Chinese targets and more conservative response criteria for Japanese targets,regardless of context.These findings revealed the complex interplay between word frequency,language dominance,and context in cross-language processing.Our study contributed to the understanding of vowel perception in languages with shared orthography but distinct phonological systems,offering insights for models of cross-language cognition and second language education.Furthermore,it highlighted the importance of considering both word frequency and language-specific features in cross-language studies.展开更多
Various investigations have shown that the native language impacts foreign word recognition and this influence is adapted by the dexterity in the normative language. Cognates, words which area like beyond two or addit...Various investigations have shown that the native language impacts foreign word recognition and this influence is adapted by the dexterity in the normative language. Cognates, words which area like beyond two or additional languages in some fields signify an attention-grabbing, illuminating, and crucial facet of foreign or second language learning and research. Forty-five （males and females） participants have been randomly chosen and participated in the experiment in Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran, in 2014-2015 school year. The participants＇ age was between from 18 to 28, with a mean age of 21.5 years. The materials were divided into two groups which include 30 true cognates and 30 false cognates words from 300 words by doing CVR （content validity ratio） and CVI （content validity index） （Lawshe＇s table with index of 88% and 82% respectively） for being reliable and valid. These words have been taught to them, after a week, a test has been prepared about those words. According to the results of T-test for comparing the average marks of learning in every two groups can be said that there is a meaningful difference between the scores. The results show that the students learned true cognate words better than the false cognate words. The results of this investigation conjointly make sure the expectations that cognate-based instruction can absolutely impact in second language acquisition.展开更多
This paper investigates one aspect of the processing perspective in L2 （the second language） learning： the processing of new words. The article does not try to offer a comprehensive overview of language acquisition...This paper investigates one aspect of the processing perspective in L2 （the second language） learning： the processing of new words. The article does not try to offer a comprehensive overview of language acquisition mechanisms, but rather it intends to review more narrowly how our conceptual systems, governed by intricately linked networks of neural connections in the brain, make language development possible, at the same time creating some L2 processing problems. Vocabulary acquisition and application has been one of the main issues in English as a Second Language （ESL）/English as a Foreign Language （EFL） learning and teaching research. EFL instructors in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in particular, are coping with the effective vocabulary teaching approaches. The current paper will examine three principles based on cognitive linguistics （CL）, namely the study of categorization, prototype, and metaphor, and applications of these principles in formal vocabulary instruction in a Bosnian context of English learning in Bosnia and Herzegovina.展开更多
Spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury is a stress injury to the spinal cord. Our previous studies using differential proteomics identified 21 differentially expressed proteins （n 〉 2） in rabbits with spinal cord ...Spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury is a stress injury to the spinal cord. Our previous studies using differential proteomics identified 21 differentially expressed proteins （n 〉 2） in rabbits with spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury. Of these proteins, stress-related proteins included protein disulfide isomerase A3, stress-induced-phosphoprotein 1 and heat shock cognate protein 70. In this study, we established New Zealand rabbit models of spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury by abdominal aorta occlusion. Results demonstrated that hind limb function initially improved after spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury, but then deteriorated. The pathological morphology of the spinal cord became aggravated, but lessened 24 hours after reperfusion. However, the numbers of motor neurons and interneurons in the spinal cord gradually decreased. The expression of protein disulfide isomerase A3, stress-induced-phosphoprotein 1 and heat shock cognate protein 70 was induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury. The expression of these proteins increased within 12 hours after reperfusion, and then decreased, reached a minimum at 24 hours, but subsequently increased again to similar levels seen at 6-12 hours, showing a characterization of induction-inhibition-induc- tion. These three proteins were expressed only in cytoplasm but not in the nuclei. Moreover, the expression was higher in interneurons than in motor neurons, and the survival rate of interneurons was greater than that of motor neurons. It is assumed that the expression of stress-related proteins exhibited a protective effect on neurons.展开更多
The heat shock cognate protein 70 (Hsc70) is a member of a 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) family that functions as molecular chaperones.In this study,a novel Hsc70 gene from Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus ...The heat shock cognate protein 70 (Hsc70) is a member of a 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) family that functions as molecular chaperones.In this study,a novel Hsc70 gene from Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) (tHsc70) was identified.The tHsc70 full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) is 2 272 bp long with a 1 941-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 646 amino acids.Three characteristic signature regions of the HSP70 family,two major domains of an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)/guanosine triphosphate (GTP) binding domain (ABD),and a substrate-binding domain (SBD) were present in the predicted tHsc70 amino acid sequence.The tHsc70 gene was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 and the expression product reacted with the anti-Hsc70 mouse monoclonal antibody by Western blotting.Homology analysis revealed that tHsc70 shared identity from 53.9% to 87.7% at the nucleotide level,and 49.1% to 99.5% at the amino acid level with the known Hsc70s.Phylogenetic analysis showed that tHsc70 was clustered together with the Hsc70 gene of another reptile species (Alligator mississippiensis).The tHsc70 was expressed in the liver,lung,heart,and skeletal muscle.The expression patterns of tHsc70 messenger RNA (mRNA) differed among different tissues under different durations of heat stress at 40 °C.Adaptation at 25 °C for 1 h after heat stress was also different among tissues and length of heat stress.Irrespective of different profiles of expression under heat stress,tHsc70 may play roles in protecting turtles from thermal stress.展开更多
This paper aims at producing and analyzing substantial linguistic data to point up differences between Argobba and Amharic. The paper argues against prior studies (Bender, 1976; Bender and Fulas, 1978; Zelealem, 1994;...This paper aims at producing and analyzing substantial linguistic data to point up differences between Argobba and Amharic. The paper argues against prior studies (Bender, 1976; Bender and Fulas, 1978; Zelealem, 1994; Leslau, 1997) which consider Argobba as a dialect of Amharic. There are also a few works which suggest that Argobba is an independent language of its own (Waldron, 1984; Wetter, 2006).These works, however,have not produced concrete linguistic evidence to substantiate their claim. This brings about the relation between Amharic and Argobba not to be comprehensible. This study,thus, intends to make this hazy issue to come to an end by providing comparable grammatical facts from both languages. The paper also provides counter examples which challenge the claims in Hudson (1997). The paper presents concrete linguistic facts that clearly show that Argobba and Amharic are not dialects of one another, but independent sister languages. It is strongly believed that this will finish off the problem about the relation between the two languages and brings the full picture of Argobba as an independent language in Ethio-Semitic subfamily.展开更多
X-ray structures of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) bound to the whole ribosome do not fully explain the mechanism of translation. The cause of the failure seems to come mainly from a high Mg2+ ion concentration compared to tha...X-ray structures of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) bound to the whole ribosome do not fully explain the mechanism of translation. The cause of the failure seems to come mainly from a high Mg2+ ion concentration compared to that in the living cells. There exists a wide range of nucleotide sequence conservation in tRNA and ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) of small and large subunits as well as sequence complementarities, that seems to explain how high accuracy in translation can be achieved at the decoding site. Conformational transition between U33-folded and U33-extended forms of anticodon loops of tRNAs and G-C pair formation and disruption between C1399 and G1504 of 16S rRNA, etc. play the central role in explaining why E-site tRNA can automatically be expelled when an aminoacyl-tRNA at the A site turns out to be cognate.展开更多
Character derivation means that if a graph represents several meanings, a new graph based on the original one will be created to bear one or two of the meanings, which is a natural law in Chinese writing system. The o...Character derivation means that if a graph represents several meanings, a new graph based on the original one will be created to bear one or two of the meanings, which is a natural law in Chinese writing system. The old graph is called original character, and the new generated one is called derived character. Two kinds of phenomena-derivation of cognate words （同詞孳乳） and differentiation of unidentical words （異詞別異）-promote the derivation of Chinese characters. In return, derived characters not only bear meaning of the original one, but also serve as a symbol of an independent word and consolidate the graph-meaning relationship. It deserves much attention to the law of the process of character derivation.展开更多
Crop varieties with broad-spectrum resistance(BSR)are highly beneficial,as they provide resistance against the majority of races within the same species of pathogen or even across multiple pathogen species(Li et al.,2...Crop varieties with broad-spectrum resistance(BSR)are highly beneficial,as they provide resistance against the majority of races within the same species of pathogen or even across multiple pathogen species(Li et al.,2020).Plant breeders usually introduce dominant resistance(R)genes in their breeding programs.However,these genes often recognize cognate avirulence effectors,resulting in race-specific resistance against a single or few pathogen strains(Li et al.,2019,2020).Recent studies have suggested that disabling some susceptibility(S)genes in elite cultivars could significantly enhance quantitative resistance,but the level of resistance is much less than qualitative resistance(van Schie and Takken,2014;Tao et al.,2021;Gao et al.,2024).Therefore,combining R gene stacks with S genes editing may represent an excellent strategy for achieving BSR and durable resistance(Deng et al.,2020;Jones et al.,2024).展开更多
Three types of 4-bar linkages can trace the same coupler curve according to the cognate mechanism law. Based on the investigation of the relationship between dimensions of a linkage and the harmonic component characte...Three types of 4-bar linkages can trace the same coupler curve according to the cognate mechanism law. Based on the investigation of the relationship between dimensions of a linkage and the harmonic component characteristic parameters of the coupler curve of the linkage, it was found that six types of linkages are related to the same coupler curve, and they belong to two groups of cognate mechanisms, in which the coupler curves have the same shape and are symmetric. The relationships among the dimensional types of these six mechanisms are presented. The corresponding examples have also proved these conclusions. This work enriches the cognate mechanism law, and can result in more candidate mechanisms for mechanism dimensional synthesis.展开更多
文摘The ability to speak two languages in the non-English-speaking countries is a remarkable achievement. There is a good reason to believe that bilingualism is the norm for the majority of people in the world, because 70% of the earth＇s population are supposed to be bilingual or multilingual. Our purpose of the study was to determine the participants＇ awareness of using true and false cognate words of L 1 （the first language） ＆ L2 （the second language） in learning English. Three hundred and eighty-five selected people from 3,789 statistical population participated in 2014--2015 at three levels of A.D., B.A., and M.A. of Islamic Azad University as well as teachers of English in English educational institutions in Zanjan （Iran）. Each educational level was considered as one category with the total sample calculated by using Kokran Formula, and the amount of each category was determined by using appropriate proportion and randomized categorical sampling method. The participants＇ age was between from 18 to 52, with a mean age of 29 years. The materials were 45 words of true and false cognate＇s words from 500 words by doing CVR （content validity ratio） and CVI （content validity index） （Lawshe＇s table with the index of 88% and 82% respectively） for being reliable and valid. ANOVA （Analysis of variance） was used for studying the effect of educational level on the rate of awareness. In other words, the awareness level has been compared in different educational levels. The results of Dankan test show that： There is no significant difference between the awareness of A.D., B.A., and M.A. levels, but there is a significant difference between the level of awareness of teachers group and the other groups （in true cognate words） and for false cognate words, there is no significant difference between the level of awareness of the four groups in this regard.
基金supported by the First-Class Disciplines Project of Beijing Foreign Studies University(2022SYLZD008).
文摘Cognates constitute an essential aspect of lexical processing,and numerous scholars have made significant contributions to studying their processing patterns,influential variables,and theoretical models.However,there has been a lack of systematic reviews that comprehensively examine the body of research on cognates,including their primary research topics,theories,findings,and future directions.The present study conducted a bibliometric analysis of the 726 recordings from 2001 to 2021 retrieved from the Web of Science database.The results revealed that:(1)studies on cognates were mainly conducted in countries using alphabetic languages;(2)cognate processing remains as the focus in the research domain;(3)cognate effect are modulated by factors at word,task,and participant level;(4)BIA+model is widely used to account for cognate processing.The limitations and potential implications for future cognate research are discussed.
文摘The current study investigated how language context and word frequency influenced vowel perception of Chinese-Japanese cognates among Chinese learners of Japanese.Focusing on orthographic cognates,participants performed a vowel detection task on cognates,manipulating language context and target language(Chinese vs.Japanese),as well as word frequency(high vs.low).We measured reaction times,perceptual sensitivity,and response criterion.For high-frequency words,consistent language contexts facilitated faster vowel detection in both languages.However,in low-frequency conditions,participants showed higher perceptual sensitivity to Chinese targets and more conservative response criteria for Japanese targets,regardless of context.These findings revealed the complex interplay between word frequency,language dominance,and context in cross-language processing.Our study contributed to the understanding of vowel perception in languages with shared orthography but distinct phonological systems,offering insights for models of cross-language cognition and second language education.Furthermore,it highlighted the importance of considering both word frequency and language-specific features in cross-language studies.
文摘Various investigations have shown that the native language impacts foreign word recognition and this influence is adapted by the dexterity in the normative language. Cognates, words which area like beyond two or additional languages in some fields signify an attention-grabbing, illuminating, and crucial facet of foreign or second language learning and research. Forty-five （males and females） participants have been randomly chosen and participated in the experiment in Islamic Azad University, Zanjan, Iran, in 2014-2015 school year. The participants＇ age was between from 18 to 28, with a mean age of 21.5 years. The materials were divided into two groups which include 30 true cognates and 30 false cognates words from 300 words by doing CVR （content validity ratio） and CVI （content validity index） （Lawshe＇s table with index of 88% and 82% respectively） for being reliable and valid. These words have been taught to them, after a week, a test has been prepared about those words. According to the results of T-test for comparing the average marks of learning in every two groups can be said that there is a meaningful difference between the scores. The results show that the students learned true cognate words better than the false cognate words. The results of this investigation conjointly make sure the expectations that cognate-based instruction can absolutely impact in second language acquisition.
文摘This paper investigates one aspect of the processing perspective in L2 （the second language） learning： the processing of new words. The article does not try to offer a comprehensive overview of language acquisition mechanisms, but rather it intends to review more narrowly how our conceptual systems, governed by intricately linked networks of neural connections in the brain, make language development possible, at the same time creating some L2 processing problems. Vocabulary acquisition and application has been one of the main issues in English as a Second Language （ESL）/English as a Foreign Language （EFL） learning and teaching research. EFL instructors in Bosnia and Herzegovina, in particular, are coping with the effective vocabulary teaching approaches. The current paper will examine three principles based on cognitive linguistics （CL）, namely the study of categorization, prototype, and metaphor, and applications of these principles in formal vocabulary instruction in a Bosnian context of English learning in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, No. 30872609
文摘Spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury is a stress injury to the spinal cord. Our previous studies using differential proteomics identified 21 differentially expressed proteins （n 〉 2） in rabbits with spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury. Of these proteins, stress-related proteins included protein disulfide isomerase A3, stress-induced-phosphoprotein 1 and heat shock cognate protein 70. In this study, we established New Zealand rabbit models of spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury by abdominal aorta occlusion. Results demonstrated that hind limb function initially improved after spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury, but then deteriorated. The pathological morphology of the spinal cord became aggravated, but lessened 24 hours after reperfusion. However, the numbers of motor neurons and interneurons in the spinal cord gradually decreased. The expression of protein disulfide isomerase A3, stress-induced-phosphoprotein 1 and heat shock cognate protein 70 was induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury. The expression of these proteins increased within 12 hours after reperfusion, and then decreased, reached a minimum at 24 hours, but subsequently increased again to similar levels seen at 6-12 hours, showing a characterization of induction-inhibition-induc- tion. These three proteins were expressed only in cytoplasm but not in the nuclei. Moreover, the expression was higher in interneurons than in motor neurons, and the survival rate of interneurons was greater than that of motor neurons. It is assumed that the expression of stress-related proteins exhibited a protective effect on neurons.
基金Project (No.20082332Y03) supported by the Science and Technology Department of Hangzhou City,China
文摘The heat shock cognate protein 70 (Hsc70) is a member of a 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) family that functions as molecular chaperones.In this study,a novel Hsc70 gene from Chinese soft-shelled turtle (Pelodiscus sinensis) (tHsc70) was identified.The tHsc70 full-length complementary DNA (cDNA) is 2 272 bp long with a 1 941-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 646 amino acids.Three characteristic signature regions of the HSP70 family,two major domains of an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)/guanosine triphosphate (GTP) binding domain (ABD),and a substrate-binding domain (SBD) were present in the predicted tHsc70 amino acid sequence.The tHsc70 gene was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 and the expression product reacted with the anti-Hsc70 mouse monoclonal antibody by Western blotting.Homology analysis revealed that tHsc70 shared identity from 53.9% to 87.7% at the nucleotide level,and 49.1% to 99.5% at the amino acid level with the known Hsc70s.Phylogenetic analysis showed that tHsc70 was clustered together with the Hsc70 gene of another reptile species (Alligator mississippiensis).The tHsc70 was expressed in the liver,lung,heart,and skeletal muscle.The expression patterns of tHsc70 messenger RNA (mRNA) differed among different tissues under different durations of heat stress at 40 °C.Adaptation at 25 °C for 1 h after heat stress was also different among tissues and length of heat stress.Irrespective of different profiles of expression under heat stress,tHsc70 may play roles in protecting turtles from thermal stress.
文摘This paper aims at producing and analyzing substantial linguistic data to point up differences between Argobba and Amharic. The paper argues against prior studies (Bender, 1976; Bender and Fulas, 1978; Zelealem, 1994; Leslau, 1997) which consider Argobba as a dialect of Amharic. There are also a few works which suggest that Argobba is an independent language of its own (Waldron, 1984; Wetter, 2006).These works, however,have not produced concrete linguistic evidence to substantiate their claim. This brings about the relation between Amharic and Argobba not to be comprehensible. This study,thus, intends to make this hazy issue to come to an end by providing comparable grammatical facts from both languages. The paper also provides counter examples which challenge the claims in Hudson (1997). The paper presents concrete linguistic facts that clearly show that Argobba and Amharic are not dialects of one another, but independent sister languages. It is strongly believed that this will finish off the problem about the relation between the two languages and brings the full picture of Argobba as an independent language in Ethio-Semitic subfamily.
文摘X-ray structures of transfer RNAs (tRNAs) bound to the whole ribosome do not fully explain the mechanism of translation. The cause of the failure seems to come mainly from a high Mg2+ ion concentration compared to that in the living cells. There exists a wide range of nucleotide sequence conservation in tRNA and ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) of small and large subunits as well as sequence complementarities, that seems to explain how high accuracy in translation can be achieved at the decoding site. Conformational transition between U33-folded and U33-extended forms of anticodon loops of tRNAs and G-C pair formation and disruption between C1399 and G1504 of 16S rRNA, etc. play the central role in explaining why E-site tRNA can automatically be expelled when an aminoacyl-tRNA at the A site turns out to be cognate.
文摘Character derivation means that if a graph represents several meanings, a new graph based on the original one will be created to bear one or two of the meanings, which is a natural law in Chinese writing system. The old graph is called original character, and the new generated one is called derived character. Two kinds of phenomena-derivation of cognate words （同詞孳乳） and differentiation of unidentical words （異詞別異）-promote the derivation of Chinese characters. In return, derived characters not only bear meaning of the original one, but also serve as a symbol of an independent word and consolidate the graph-meaning relationship. It deserves much attention to the law of the process of character derivation.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1401400)National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272505 and 32161143009)+2 种基金Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences(CAAS-CSCB-202301)to Y.Nthe National Natural Science Foundation of China(U24A20388)to A.Lthe China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M733827)to H.T.
文摘Crop varieties with broad-spectrum resistance(BSR)are highly beneficial,as they provide resistance against the majority of races within the same species of pathogen or even across multiple pathogen species(Li et al.,2020).Plant breeders usually introduce dominant resistance(R)genes in their breeding programs.However,these genes often recognize cognate avirulence effectors,resulting in race-specific resistance against a single or few pathogen strains(Li et al.,2019,2020).Recent studies have suggested that disabling some susceptibility(S)genes in elite cultivars could significantly enhance quantitative resistance,but the level of resistance is much less than qualitative resistance(van Schie and Takken,2014;Tao et al.,2021;Gao et al.,2024).Therefore,combining R gene stacks with S genes editing may represent an excellent strategy for achieving BSR and durable resistance(Deng et al.,2020;Jones et al.,2024).
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.50135040) the Natural Science Fund of Shaanxi Province.
文摘Three types of 4-bar linkages can trace the same coupler curve according to the cognate mechanism law. Based on the investigation of the relationship between dimensions of a linkage and the harmonic component characteristic parameters of the coupler curve of the linkage, it was found that six types of linkages are related to the same coupler curve, and they belong to two groups of cognate mechanisms, in which the coupler curves have the same shape and are symmetric. The relationships among the dimensional types of these six mechanisms are presented. The corresponding examples have also proved these conclusions. This work enriches the cognate mechanism law, and can result in more candidate mechanisms for mechanism dimensional synthesis.
