Fountain codes are considered to be a promising coding technique in underwater acoustic communication（UAC） which is challenged with the unique propagation features of the underwater acoustic channel and the harsh ma...Fountain codes are considered to be a promising coding technique in underwater acoustic communication（UAC） which is challenged with the unique propagation features of the underwater acoustic channel and the harsh marine environment. And Luby transform（LT） codes are the first codes fully realizing the digital fountain concept. However, in conventional LT encoding/decoding algorithms, due to the imperfect coverage（IC） of input symbols and short cycles in the generator matrix, stopping sets would occur and terminate the decoding. Thus, the recovery probability is reduced,high coding overhead is required and decoding delay is increased.These issues would be disadvantages while applying LT codes in underwater acoustic communication. Aimed at solving those issues, novel encoding/decoding algorithms are proposed. First,a doping and non-uniform selecting（DNS） encoding algorithm is proposed to solve the IC and the generation of short cycles problems. And this can reduce the probability of stopping sets occur during decoding. Second, a hybrid on the fly Gaussian elimination and belief propagation（OFG-BP） decoding algorithm is designed to reduce the decoding delay and efficiently utilize the information of stopping sets. Comparisons via Monte Carlo simulation confirm that the proposed schemes could achieve better overall decoding performances in comparison with conventional schemes.展开更多
Tea has a history of thousands of years in China and it plays an important role in the working-life and daily life of people.Tea culture rich in connotation is an important part of Chinese traditional culture,and its ...Tea has a history of thousands of years in China and it plays an important role in the working-life and daily life of people.Tea culture rich in connotation is an important part of Chinese traditional culture,and its existence and development are also of great significance to the diversified development of world culture.Based on Stuart Hall’s encoding/decoding theory,this paper analyzes the problems in the spreading of Chinese tea in and out of the country and provides solutions from the perspective of encoding,communication,and decoding.It is expected to provide a reference for the domestic and international dissemination of Chinese tea culture.展开更多
The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal carries a wealth of Chinese cultural symbols,showing the lifestyle and wisdom of working people through ages.The preservation and inheritance of its intangible cultural heritage can he...The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal carries a wealth of Chinese cultural symbols,showing the lifestyle and wisdom of working people through ages.The preservation and inheritance of its intangible cultural heritage can help to evoke cultural memories and cultural identification of the Canal and build cultural confidence.This paper applies Stuart Hall’s encoding/decoding theory to analyze the dissemination of intangible heritage tourism culture.On the basis of a practical study of the villages along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal,this paper analyses the problems in the transmission of its intangible cultural heritage and proposes specific methods to solve them in four processes,encoding,decoding,communication,and secondary encoding,in order to propose references for the transmission of intangible heritage culture at home and abroad.展开更多
Aiming at the problem that the bit error rate(BER)of asymmetrically clipped optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(ACO-OFDM)space optical communication system is significantly affected by different turbule...Aiming at the problem that the bit error rate(BER)of asymmetrically clipped optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(ACO-OFDM)space optical communication system is significantly affected by different turbulence intensities,the deep learning technique is proposed to the polarization code decoding in ACO-OFDM space optical communication system.Moreover,this system realizes the polarization code decoding and signal demodulation without frequency conduction with superior performance and robustness compared with the performance of traditional decoder.Simulations under different turbulence intensities as well as different mapping orders show that the convolutional neural network(CNN)decoder trained under weak-medium-strong turbulence atmospheric channels achieves a performance improvement of about 10^(2)compared to the conventional decoder at 4-quadrature amplitude modulation(4QAM),and the BERs for both 16QAM and 64QAM are in between those of the conventional decoder.展开更多
Space laser communication(SLC)is an emerging technology to support high-throughput data transmissions in space networks.In this paper,to guarantee the reliability of high-speed SLC links,we aim at practical implementa...Space laser communication(SLC)is an emerging technology to support high-throughput data transmissions in space networks.In this paper,to guarantee the reliability of high-speed SLC links,we aim at practical implementation of low-density paritycheck(LDPC)decoding under resource-restricted space platforms.Particularly,due to the supply restriction and cost issues of high-speed on-board devices such as analog-to-digital converters(ADCs),the input of LDPC decoding will be usually constrained by hard-decision channel output.To tackle this challenge,density-evolution-based theoretical analysis is firstly performed to identify the cause of performance degradation in the conventional binaryinitialized iterative decoding(BIID)algorithm.Then,a computation-efficient decoding algorithm named multiary-initialized iterative decoding with early termination(MIID-ET)is proposed,which improves the error-correcting performance and computation efficiency by using a reliability-based initialization method and a threshold-based decoding termination rule.Finally,numerical simulations are conducted on example codes of rates 7/8 and 1/2 to evaluate the performance of different LDPC decoding algorithms,where the proposed MIID-ET outperforms the BIID with a coding gain of 0.38 dB and variable node calculation saving of 37%.With this advantage,the proposed MIID-ET can notably reduce LDPC decoder’s hardware implementation complexity under the same bit error rate performance,which successfully doubles the total throughput to 10 Gbps on a single-chip FPGA.展开更多
Constituted by BCH component codes and its ordered statistics decoding(OSD),the successive cancellation list(SCL)decoding of U-UV structural codes can provide competent error-correction performance in the short-to-med...Constituted by BCH component codes and its ordered statistics decoding(OSD),the successive cancellation list(SCL)decoding of U-UV structural codes can provide competent error-correction performance in the short-to-medium length regime.However,this list decoding complexity becomes formidable as the decoding output list size increases.This is primarily incurred by the OSD.Addressing this challenge,this paper proposes the low complexity SCL decoding through reducing the complexity of component code decoding,and pruning the redundant SCL decoding paths.For the former,an efficient skipping rule is introduced for the OSD so that the higher order decoding can be skipped when they are not possible to provide a more likely codeword candidate.It is further extended to the OSD variant,the box-andmatch algorithm(BMA),in facilitating the component code decoding.Moreover,through estimating the correlation distance lower bounds(CDLBs)of the component code decoding outputs,a path pruning(PP)-SCL decoding is proposed to further facilitate the decoding of U-UV codes.In particular,its integration with the improved OSD and BMA is discussed.Simulation results show that significant complexity reduction can be achieved.Consequently,the U-UV codes can outperform the cyclic redundancy check(CRC)-polar codes with a similar decoding complexity.展开更多
To improve the decoding performance of quantum error-correcting codes in asymmetric noise channels,a neural network-based decoding algorithm for bias-tailored quantum codes is proposed.The algorithm consists of a bias...To improve the decoding performance of quantum error-correcting codes in asymmetric noise channels,a neural network-based decoding algorithm for bias-tailored quantum codes is proposed.The algorithm consists of a biased noise model,a neural belief propagation decoder,a convolutional optimization layer,and a multi-objective loss function.The biased noise model simulates asymmetric error generation,providing a training dataset for decoding.The neural network,leveraging dynamic weight learning and a multi-objective loss function,mitigates error degeneracy.Additionally,the convolutional optimization layer enhances early-stage convergence efficiency.Numerical results show that for bias-tailored quantum codes,our decoder performs much better than the belief propagation(BP)with ordered statistics decoding(BP+OSD).Our decoder achieves an order of magnitude improvement in the error suppression compared to higher-order BP+OSD.Furthermore,the decoding threshold of our decoder for surface codes reaches a high threshold of 20%.展开更多
Quantum error correction is a technique that enhances a system’s ability to combat noise by encoding logical information into additional quantum bits,which plays a key role in building practical quantum computers.The...Quantum error correction is a technique that enhances a system’s ability to combat noise by encoding logical information into additional quantum bits,which plays a key role in building practical quantum computers.The XZZX surface code,with only one stabilizer generator on each face,demonstrates significant application potential under biased noise.However,the existing minimum weight perfect matching(MWPM)algorithm has high computational complexity and lacks flexibility in large-scale systems.Therefore,this paper proposes a decoding method that combines graph neural networks(GNN)with multi-classifiers,the syndrome is transformed into an undirected graph,and the features are aggregated by convolutional layers,providing a more efficient and accurate decoding strategy.In the experiments,we evaluated the performance of the XZZX code under different biased noise conditions(bias=1,20,200)and different code distances(d=3,5,7,9,11).The experimental results show that under low bias noise(bias=1),the GNN decoder achieves a threshold of 0.18386,an improvement of approximately 19.12%compared to the MWPM decoder.Under high bias noise(bias=200),the GNN decoder reaches a threshold of 0.40542,improving by approximately 20.76%,overcoming the limitations of the conventional decoder.They demonstrate that the GNN decoding method exhibits superior performance and has broad application potential in the error correction of XZZX code.展开更多
Polar coding are the first class of provable capacity-achieving coding techniques for a wide range of channels.With an ideal recursive structure and many elegant mathematical properties,polar codes are inherently impl...Polar coding are the first class of provable capacity-achieving coding techniques for a wide range of channels.With an ideal recursive structure and many elegant mathematical properties,polar codes are inherently implemented with low complexity encoding and decoding algorithms.Since the block length of the original polar construction is limited to powers of two,rate-compatible polar codes(RCPC)are presented to meet the flexible length/rate transmission requirements in practice.The RCPC codes are well-conditioned to combine with the hybrid automatic repeat request(HARQ)system,providing high throughput efficiency and such RCPC-HAPQ scheme is commonly used in delay-insensitive communication system.This paper first gives a survey of both the classical and state-of-the-art encoding/decoding algorithms for polar codes.Then the RCPC construction methods are discussed,including the puncturing,shortening,multi-kernel construction,etc.Finally,we investigate several RCPC-HARQ jointly design systems and discuss their encoding gain and re-transmission diversity gain.展开更多
This paper proposes a modification of the soft output Viterbi decoding algorithm (SOVA) which combines convolution code with Huffman coding. The idea is to extract the bit probability information from the Huffman codi...This paper proposes a modification of the soft output Viterbi decoding algorithm (SOVA) which combines convolution code with Huffman coding. The idea is to extract the bit probability information from the Huffman coding and use it to compute the a priori source information which can be used when the channel environment is bad. The suggested scheme does not require changes on the transmitter side. Compared with separate decoding systems, the gain in signal to noise ratio is about 0 5-1.0 dB with a limi...展开更多
Linear programming(LP)decoding is a classic decoding method for linear block codes,and has attracted recent researches because its potential in joint channel processing.However,for polar codes,LP decoders has long bee...Linear programming(LP)decoding is a classic decoding method for linear block codes,and has attracted recent researches because its potential in joint channel processing.However,for polar codes,LP decoders has long been outperformed by CRCaided successive cancellation list(CA-SCL)decoders.To increase the competitiveness of 5G NR LP polar decoding,it is possible to gain performance improvements by exploiting the cyclic redundancy check(CRC)setup.In this paper,we propose a combined scheme of reduced sparsified factor graph-sparsified CRC(RSFG-SCRC)and augmented generator matrix-CRC(AGM-CRC),for polytope generation in adaptive linear programming(ALP)decoder for 5G polar codes.Augmented generator matrix(AGM)polytope and improved maximum cycle strategy-auxiliary node pairs 4(MCS-ANP-4)algorithm are proposed,to make efficient use of CRC constraints and minimize the constraint size for the decoder.Numerical simulations show that adaptive linear programming decoders with our proposed RSFG-SCRC and AGM-CRC polytopes can achieve significantly better block error rate(BLER)performance than a benchmark CA-SCL-8 decoder especially in harsh low-to-medium SNR regions.展开更多
Polar codes represent one of the major breakthroughs in 5G standard,and have been proven to be able to achieve the symmetric capacity of binary-input discrete memoryless channels using the successive cancellation list...Polar codes represent one of the major breakthroughs in 5G standard,and have been proven to be able to achieve the symmetric capacity of binary-input discrete memoryless channels using the successive cancellation list(SCL)decoding algorithm.However,the SCL algorithm suffers from a large amount of memory overhead.This paper proposes an adaptive simplified decoding algorithm for multiple cyclic redundancy check(CRC)polar codes.Simulation results show that the proposed method can reduce the decoding complexity and memory space.It can also acquire the performance gain in the low signal to noise ratio region.展开更多
Soft-decision decoding of BCH code in the global navigation satellite system( GNSS) is investigated in order to improve the performance of traditional hard-decision decoding. Using the nice structural properties of BC...Soft-decision decoding of BCH code in the global navigation satellite system( GNSS) is investigated in order to improve the performance of traditional hard-decision decoding. Using the nice structural properties of BCH code,a soft-decision decoding scheme is proposed. It is theoretically shown that the proposed scheme exactly performs maximum-likelihood( ML) decoding,which means the decoding performance is optimal. Moreover,an efficient implementation method of the proposed scheme is designed based on Viterbi algorithm. Simulation results show that the performance of the proposed soft-decision ML decoding scheme is significantly improved compared with the traditional hard-decision decoding method at the expense of moderate complexity increase.展开更多
Low-density parity-check(LDPC)codes are widely used due to their significant errorcorrection capability and linear decoding complexity.However,it is not sufficient for LDPC codes to satisfy the ultra low bit error rat...Low-density parity-check(LDPC)codes are widely used due to their significant errorcorrection capability and linear decoding complexity.However,it is not sufficient for LDPC codes to satisfy the ultra low bit error rate(BER)requirement of next-generation ultra-high-speed communications due to the error floor phenomenon.According to the residual error characteristics of LDPC codes,we consider using the high rate Reed-Solomon(RS)codes as the outer codes to construct LDPC-RS product codes to eliminate the error floor and propose the hybrid error-erasure-correction decoding algorithm for the outer code to exploit erasure-correction capability effectively.Furthermore,the overall performance of product codes is improved using iteration between outer and inner codes.Simulation results validate that BER of the product code with the proposed hybrid algorithm is lower than that of the product code with no erasure correction.Compared with other product codes using LDPC codes,the proposed LDPC-RS product code with the same code rate has much better performance and smaller rate loss attributed to the maximum distance separable(MDS)property and significant erasure-correction capability of RS codes.展开更多
Neural machine translation(NMT)has advanced with deep learning and large-scale multilingual models,yet translating lowresource languages often lacks sufficient training data and leads to hallucinations.This often resu...Neural machine translation(NMT)has advanced with deep learning and large-scale multilingual models,yet translating lowresource languages often lacks sufficient training data and leads to hallucinations.This often results in translated content that diverges significantly from the source text.This research proposes a refined Contrastive Decoding(CD)algorithm that dynamically adjusts weights of log probabilities from strong expert and weak amateur models to mitigate hallucinations in lowresource NMT and improve translation quality.Advanced large language NMT models,including ChatGLM and LLaMA,are fine-tuned and implemented for their superior contextual understanding and cross-lingual capabilities.The refined CD algorithm evaluates multiple candidate translations using BLEU score,semantic similarity,and Named Entity Recognition accuracy.Extensive experimental results show substantial improvements in translation quality and a significant reduction in hallucination rates.Fine-tuned models achieve higher evaluation metrics compared to baseline models and state-of-the-art models.An ablation study confirms the contributions of each methodological component and highlights the effectiveness of the refined CD algorithm and advanced models in mitigating hallucinations.Notably,the refined methodology increased the BLEU score by approximately 30%compared to baseline models.展开更多
In this paper, a new kind of simple-encoding irregular systematic LDPC codes suitable for one-relay coded cooperation is designed, where the proposed joint iterative decoding is effectively performed in the destinatio...In this paper, a new kind of simple-encoding irregular systematic LDPC codes suitable for one-relay coded cooperation is designed, where the proposed joint iterative decoding is effectively performed in the destination which is in accordance with the corresponding joint Tanner graph characterizing two different component LDPC codes used by the source and relay in ideal and non-ideal relay cooperations. The theoretical analysis and simulations show that the coded cooperation scheme obviously outperforms the coded non-cooperation one under the same code rate and decoding complex. The significant performance improvement can be virtually credited to the additional mutual exchange of the extrinsic information resulted by the LDPC code employed by the source and its counterpart used by the relay in both ideal and non-ideal cooperations.展开更多
Abstract： The layered decoding algorithm has been widely used in the implementation of Low Density Parity Check （LDPC） decoders, due to its high convergence speed. However, the pipeline operation of the layered dec...Abstract： The layered decoding algorithm has been widely used in the implementation of Low Density Parity Check （LDPC） decoders, due to its high convergence speed. However, the pipeline operation of the layered decoder may introduce memory access conflicts, which heavily deteriorates the decoder throughput. To essentially deal with the issue of memory access conflicts,展开更多
A novel low-complexity weighted symbol-flipping algorithm with flipping patterns to decode nonbinary low-density parity-check codes is proposed. The proposed decoding procedure updates the hard-decision received symbo...A novel low-complexity weighted symbol-flipping algorithm with flipping patterns to decode nonbinary low-density parity-check codes is proposed. The proposed decoding procedure updates the hard-decision received symbol vector iteratively in search of a valid codeword in the symbol vector space. Only one symbol is flipped in each iteration, and symbol flipping function, which is employed as the symbol flipping metric, combines the number of failed checks and the reliabilities of the received bits and calculated symbols. A scheme to avoid infinite loops and select one symbol to flip in high order Galois field search is also proposed. The design of flipping pattern＇s order and depth, which is dependent of the computational requirement and error performance, is also proposed and exemplified. Simulation results show that the algorithm achieves an appealing tradeoff between performance and computational requirement over relatively low Galois field for short to medium code length.展开更多
Transfer RNAs(tRNAs)adopt a stable L-shaped tertiary structure crucial for their involvement in protein translation.Among various divalent metal ions,magnesium ions play a pivotal role in preserving the tertiary struc...Transfer RNAs(tRNAs)adopt a stable L-shaped tertiary structure crucial for their involvement in protein translation.Among various divalent metal ions,magnesium ions play a pivotal role in preserving the tertiary structure of tRNA.However,the precise location of the Mg^(2+)binding pocket in human tRNA remains elusive.In this investigation,we identified the Mg^(2+)binding site within human tRNAGln using suppressor tRNA^(Gln).This variant of tRNA recognizes premature stop codons(specificlly UAG)and facilitates the expression of fll-length proteis.By mutating sites 8 and C72 in supprssr tRNAcl,we assessed the decoding efficiency of the resulting mutant suppressor tRNAs,which serves as a measure of tRNA's ability to decode genetic information.Our analysis revealed that the U8C mutant suppressor tRNA exhibited a significantly lower Mg^(2+)content compared to the C72U mutant.Furthermore,we observed a notable reduction in decoding efficiency in the U8-mutated suppressor tRNA,as evidenced by GFP fluorescence and Western blotting analysis.Conversely,mutations at the C72 site had a comparatively minor impact on decoding efficiency.These findings underscored the tight binding of Mg^(2+)to the U8 site of human tRNAGln,crucial for maintaining the stability of tRNA tertiary structure and translation efficacy.Additionally,our investigation delved into the influence of glutamine availability on tRNA decoding efficiency at the cellular level.The results indicated that both the concentration of amino acids and the codon context of TAG could modulate tRNA decoding efficiency.This study provided valuable insights into the structure and function of tRNA,laying the groundwork for further exploration in this field.展开更多
In this paper,Wuzhou City of Guangxi was taken as the research object.Through the design of a climatic data warehousing system,the decoding methods of surface meteorological data and their application in the managemen...In this paper,Wuzhou City of Guangxi was taken as the research object.Through the design of a climatic data warehousing system,the decoding methods of surface meteorological data and their application in the management of climatic data were explored.Based on the parsing technology of the monthly report of surface meteorological records(A-file),the design of Wuzhou climatic data warehousing system was realized,completing the precise extraction and database construction of observational elements such as regional temperature,wind direction,and weather phenomena.Based on this system,the meteorological data in 2024 were analyzed,and the probabilistic characteristics of dominant wind direction in Wuzhou(northeast wind accounting for the largest proportion),the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of extreme temperatures(annual extreme high temperature of 37.1℃in August and extreme low temperature of 1.9℃in January),and the general climatic overview of Wuzhou City(annual precipitation 3.2%higher than the standard value)were revealed.The research shows that climate change has a significant impact on agricultural production and economic development in Wuzhou City,and the construction of a reasonable climatic data database is of great significance for enhancing professional meteorological service capabilities in the context of climate change.This study not only provides a scientific basis for the economic development of Wuzhou region,but also offers reference ideas for other regions to cope with regional climate adaptation planning.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61371099)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China(HEUCF150812/150810)
文摘Fountain codes are considered to be a promising coding technique in underwater acoustic communication（UAC） which is challenged with the unique propagation features of the underwater acoustic channel and the harsh marine environment. And Luby transform（LT） codes are the first codes fully realizing the digital fountain concept. However, in conventional LT encoding/decoding algorithms, due to the imperfect coverage（IC） of input symbols and short cycles in the generator matrix, stopping sets would occur and terminate the decoding. Thus, the recovery probability is reduced,high coding overhead is required and decoding delay is increased.These issues would be disadvantages while applying LT codes in underwater acoustic communication. Aimed at solving those issues, novel encoding/decoding algorithms are proposed. First,a doping and non-uniform selecting（DNS） encoding algorithm is proposed to solve the IC and the generation of short cycles problems. And this can reduce the probability of stopping sets occur during decoding. Second, a hybrid on the fly Gaussian elimination and belief propagation（OFG-BP） decoding algorithm is designed to reduce the decoding delay and efficiently utilize the information of stopping sets. Comparisons via Monte Carlo simulation confirm that the proposed schemes could achieve better overall decoding performances in comparison with conventional schemes.
文摘Tea has a history of thousands of years in China and it plays an important role in the working-life and daily life of people.Tea culture rich in connotation is an important part of Chinese traditional culture,and its existence and development are also of great significance to the diversified development of world culture.Based on Stuart Hall’s encoding/decoding theory,this paper analyzes the problems in the spreading of Chinese tea in and out of the country and provides solutions from the perspective of encoding,communication,and decoding.It is expected to provide a reference for the domestic and international dissemination of Chinese tea culture.
基金supported by the National Social Science Fund Project (No.20BH151).
文摘The Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal carries a wealth of Chinese cultural symbols,showing the lifestyle and wisdom of working people through ages.The preservation and inheritance of its intangible cultural heritage can help to evoke cultural memories and cultural identification of the Canal and build cultural confidence.This paper applies Stuart Hall’s encoding/decoding theory to analyze the dissemination of intangible heritage tourism culture.On the basis of a practical study of the villages along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal,this paper analyses the problems in the transmission of its intangible cultural heritage and proposes specific methods to solve them in four processes,encoding,decoding,communication,and secondary encoding,in order to propose references for the transmission of intangible heritage culture at home and abroad.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.12104141).
文摘Aiming at the problem that the bit error rate(BER)of asymmetrically clipped optical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(ACO-OFDM)space optical communication system is significantly affected by different turbulence intensities,the deep learning technique is proposed to the polarization code decoding in ACO-OFDM space optical communication system.Moreover,this system realizes the polarization code decoding and signal demodulation without frequency conduction with superior performance and robustness compared with the performance of traditional decoder.Simulations under different turbulence intensities as well as different mapping orders show that the convolutional neural network(CNN)decoder trained under weak-medium-strong turbulence atmospheric channels achieves a performance improvement of about 10^(2)compared to the conventional decoder at 4-quadrature amplitude modulation(4QAM),and the BERs for both 16QAM and 64QAM are in between those of the conventional decoder.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFA1005000)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.62101308 and 62025110).
文摘Space laser communication(SLC)is an emerging technology to support high-throughput data transmissions in space networks.In this paper,to guarantee the reliability of high-speed SLC links,we aim at practical implementation of low-density paritycheck(LDPC)decoding under resource-restricted space platforms.Particularly,due to the supply restriction and cost issues of high-speed on-board devices such as analog-to-digital converters(ADCs),the input of LDPC decoding will be usually constrained by hard-decision channel output.To tackle this challenge,density-evolution-based theoretical analysis is firstly performed to identify the cause of performance degradation in the conventional binaryinitialized iterative decoding(BIID)algorithm.Then,a computation-efficient decoding algorithm named multiary-initialized iterative decoding with early termination(MIID-ET)is proposed,which improves the error-correcting performance and computation efficiency by using a reliability-based initialization method and a threshold-based decoding termination rule.Finally,numerical simulations are conducted on example codes of rates 7/8 and 1/2 to evaluate the performance of different LDPC decoding algorithms,where the proposed MIID-ET outperforms the BIID with a coding gain of 0.38 dB and variable node calculation saving of 37%.With this advantage,the proposed MIID-ET can notably reduce LDPC decoder’s hardware implementation complexity under the same bit error rate performance,which successfully doubles the total throughput to 10 Gbps on a single-chip FPGA.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(NSFC)with project ID 62071498the Guangdong National Science Foundation(GDNSF)with project ID 2024A1515010213.
文摘Constituted by BCH component codes and its ordered statistics decoding(OSD),the successive cancellation list(SCL)decoding of U-UV structural codes can provide competent error-correction performance in the short-to-medium length regime.However,this list decoding complexity becomes formidable as the decoding output list size increases.This is primarily incurred by the OSD.Addressing this challenge,this paper proposes the low complexity SCL decoding through reducing the complexity of component code decoding,and pruning the redundant SCL decoding paths.For the former,an efficient skipping rule is introduced for the OSD so that the higher order decoding can be skipped when they are not possible to provide a more likely codeword candidate.It is further extended to the OSD variant,the box-andmatch algorithm(BMA),in facilitating the component code decoding.Moreover,through estimating the correlation distance lower bounds(CDLBs)of the component code decoding outputs,a path pruning(PP)-SCL decoding is proposed to further facilitate the decoding of U-UV codes.In particular,its integration with the improved OSD and BMA is discussed.Simulation results show that significant complexity reduction can be achieved.Consequently,the U-UV codes can outperform the cyclic redundancy check(CRC)-polar codes with a similar decoding complexity.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62371240,61802175,62401266,and 12201300)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFB3103800)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BK20241452)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(Grant No.30923011014)the fund of Laboratory for Advanced Computing and Intelligence Engineering(Grant No.2023-LYJJ-01-009)。
文摘To improve the decoding performance of quantum error-correcting codes in asymmetric noise channels,a neural network-based decoding algorithm for bias-tailored quantum codes is proposed.The algorithm consists of a biased noise model,a neural belief propagation decoder,a convolutional optimization layer,and a multi-objective loss function.The biased noise model simulates asymmetric error generation,providing a training dataset for decoding.The neural network,leveraging dynamic weight learning and a multi-objective loss function,mitigates error degeneracy.Additionally,the convolutional optimization layer enhances early-stage convergence efficiency.Numerical results show that for bias-tailored quantum codes,our decoder performs much better than the belief propagation(BP)with ordered statistics decoding(BP+OSD).Our decoder achieves an order of magnitude improvement in the error suppression compared to higher-order BP+OSD.Furthermore,the decoding threshold of our decoder for surface codes reaches a high threshold of 20%.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China(Grant No.ZR2021MF049)the Joint Fund of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province,China(Grant Nos.ZR2022LL.Z012 and ZR2021LLZ001)the Key Research and Development Program of Shandong Province,China(Grant No.2023CXGC010901).
文摘Quantum error correction is a technique that enhances a system’s ability to combat noise by encoding logical information into additional quantum bits,which plays a key role in building practical quantum computers.The XZZX surface code,with only one stabilizer generator on each face,demonstrates significant application potential under biased noise.However,the existing minimum weight perfect matching(MWPM)algorithm has high computational complexity and lacks flexibility in large-scale systems.Therefore,this paper proposes a decoding method that combines graph neural networks(GNN)with multi-classifiers,the syndrome is transformed into an undirected graph,and the features are aggregated by convolutional layers,providing a more efficient and accurate decoding strategy.In the experiments,we evaluated the performance of the XZZX code under different biased noise conditions(bias=1,20,200)and different code distances(d=3,5,7,9,11).The experimental results show that under low bias noise(bias=1),the GNN decoder achieves a threshold of 0.18386,an improvement of approximately 19.12%compared to the MWPM decoder.Under high bias noise(bias=200),the GNN decoder reaches a threshold of 0.40542,improving by approximately 20.76%,overcoming the limitations of the conventional decoder.They demonstrate that the GNN decoding method exhibits superior performance and has broad application potential in the error correction of XZZX code.
文摘Polar coding are the first class of provable capacity-achieving coding techniques for a wide range of channels.With an ideal recursive structure and many elegant mathematical properties,polar codes are inherently implemented with low complexity encoding and decoding algorithms.Since the block length of the original polar construction is limited to powers of two,rate-compatible polar codes(RCPC)are presented to meet the flexible length/rate transmission requirements in practice.The RCPC codes are well-conditioned to combine with the hybrid automatic repeat request(HARQ)system,providing high throughput efficiency and such RCPC-HAPQ scheme is commonly used in delay-insensitive communication system.This paper first gives a survey of both the classical and state-of-the-art encoding/decoding algorithms for polar codes.Then the RCPC construction methods are discussed,including the puncturing,shortening,multi-kernel construction,etc.Finally,we investigate several RCPC-HARQ jointly design systems and discuss their encoding gain and re-transmission diversity gain.
文摘This paper proposes a modification of the soft output Viterbi decoding algorithm (SOVA) which combines convolution code with Huffman coding. The idea is to extract the bit probability information from the Huffman coding and use it to compute the a priori source information which can be used when the channel environment is bad. The suggested scheme does not require changes on the transmitter side. Compared with separate decoding systems, the gain in signal to noise ratio is about 0 5-1.0 dB with a limi...
基金supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2020M670469)National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2019YFB1803303,No.2020YFB1806702).
文摘Linear programming(LP)decoding is a classic decoding method for linear block codes,and has attracted recent researches because its potential in joint channel processing.However,for polar codes,LP decoders has long been outperformed by CRCaided successive cancellation list(CA-SCL)decoders.To increase the competitiveness of 5G NR LP polar decoding,it is possible to gain performance improvements by exploiting the cyclic redundancy check(CRC)setup.In this paper,we propose a combined scheme of reduced sparsified factor graph-sparsified CRC(RSFG-SCRC)and augmented generator matrix-CRC(AGM-CRC),for polytope generation in adaptive linear programming(ALP)decoder for 5G polar codes.Augmented generator matrix(AGM)polytope and improved maximum cycle strategy-auxiliary node pairs 4(MCS-ANP-4)algorithm are proposed,to make efficient use of CRC constraints and minimize the constraint size for the decoder.Numerical simulations show that adaptive linear programming decoders with our proposed RSFG-SCRC and AGM-CRC polytopes can achieve significantly better block error rate(BLER)performance than a benchmark CA-SCL-8 decoder especially in harsh low-to-medium SNR regions.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2018YFB2101300)the National Science Foundation of China(61973056)
文摘Polar codes represent one of the major breakthroughs in 5G standard,and have been proven to be able to achieve the symmetric capacity of binary-input discrete memoryless channels using the successive cancellation list(SCL)decoding algorithm.However,the SCL algorithm suffers from a large amount of memory overhead.This paper proposes an adaptive simplified decoding algorithm for multiple cyclic redundancy check(CRC)polar codes.Simulation results show that the proposed method can reduce the decoding complexity and memory space.It can also acquire the performance gain in the low signal to noise ratio region.
基金Sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.61271423)
文摘Soft-decision decoding of BCH code in the global navigation satellite system( GNSS) is investigated in order to improve the performance of traditional hard-decision decoding. Using the nice structural properties of BCH code,a soft-decision decoding scheme is proposed. It is theoretically shown that the proposed scheme exactly performs maximum-likelihood( ML) decoding,which means the decoding performance is optimal. Moreover,an efficient implementation method of the proposed scheme is designed based on Viterbi algorithm. Simulation results show that the performance of the proposed soft-decision ML decoding scheme is significantly improved compared with the traditional hard-decision decoding method at the expense of moderate complexity increase.
基金This work was supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61671324)the Director’s Funding from Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology(Qingdao)(QNLM201712).
文摘Low-density parity-check(LDPC)codes are widely used due to their significant errorcorrection capability and linear decoding complexity.However,it is not sufficient for LDPC codes to satisfy the ultra low bit error rate(BER)requirement of next-generation ultra-high-speed communications due to the error floor phenomenon.According to the residual error characteristics of LDPC codes,we consider using the high rate Reed-Solomon(RS)codes as the outer codes to construct LDPC-RS product codes to eliminate the error floor and propose the hybrid error-erasure-correction decoding algorithm for the outer code to exploit erasure-correction capability effectively.Furthermore,the overall performance of product codes is improved using iteration between outer and inner codes.Simulation results validate that BER of the product code with the proposed hybrid algorithm is lower than that of the product code with no erasure correction.Compared with other product codes using LDPC codes,the proposed LDPC-RS product code with the same code rate has much better performance and smaller rate loss attributed to the maximum distance separable(MDS)property and significant erasure-correction capability of RS codes.
基金M.Faheem is supported by VTT Technical Research Center of Finland.
文摘Neural machine translation(NMT)has advanced with deep learning and large-scale multilingual models,yet translating lowresource languages often lacks sufficient training data and leads to hallucinations.This often results in translated content that diverges significantly from the source text.This research proposes a refined Contrastive Decoding(CD)algorithm that dynamically adjusts weights of log probabilities from strong expert and weak amateur models to mitigate hallucinations in lowresource NMT and improve translation quality.Advanced large language NMT models,including ChatGLM and LLaMA,are fine-tuned and implemented for their superior contextual understanding and cross-lingual capabilities.The refined CD algorithm evaluates multiple candidate translations using BLEU score,semantic similarity,and Named Entity Recognition accuracy.Extensive experimental results show substantial improvements in translation quality and a significant reduction in hallucination rates.Fine-tuned models achieve higher evaluation metrics compared to baseline models and state-of-the-art models.An ablation study confirms the contributions of each methodological component and highlights the effectiveness of the refined CD algorithm and advanced models in mitigating hallucinations.Notably,the refined methodology increased the BLEU score by approximately 30%compared to baseline models.
基金Supported by the Open Research Fund of National Moblie Communications Research Laboratory of Southeast Uni-versity (No. W200704)
文摘In this paper, a new kind of simple-encoding irregular systematic LDPC codes suitable for one-relay coded cooperation is designed, where the proposed joint iterative decoding is effectively performed in the destination which is in accordance with the corresponding joint Tanner graph characterizing two different component LDPC codes used by the source and relay in ideal and non-ideal relay cooperations. The theoretical analysis and simulations show that the coded cooperation scheme obviously outperforms the coded non-cooperation one under the same code rate and decoding complex. The significant performance improvement can be virtually credited to the additional mutual exchange of the extrinsic information resulted by the LDPC code employed by the source and its counterpart used by the relay in both ideal and non-ideal cooperations.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China，the National Key Basic Research Program of China，The authors would like to thank all project partners for their valuable contributions and feedbacks
文摘Abstract： The layered decoding algorithm has been widely used in the implementation of Low Density Parity Check （LDPC） decoders, due to its high convergence speed. However, the pipeline operation of the layered decoder may introduce memory access conflicts, which heavily deteriorates the decoder throughput. To essentially deal with the issue of memory access conflicts,
文摘A novel low-complexity weighted symbol-flipping algorithm with flipping patterns to decode nonbinary low-density parity-check codes is proposed. The proposed decoding procedure updates the hard-decision received symbol vector iteratively in search of a valid codeword in the symbol vector space. Only one symbol is flipped in each iteration, and symbol flipping function, which is employed as the symbol flipping metric, combines the number of failed checks and the reliabilities of the received bits and calculated symbols. A scheme to avoid infinite loops and select one symbol to flip in high order Galois field search is also proposed. The design of flipping pattern＇s order and depth, which is dependent of the computational requirement and error performance, is also proposed and exemplified. Simulation results show that the algorithm achieves an appealing tradeoff between performance and computational requirement over relatively low Galois field for short to medium code length.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.U23A20106)National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.91510100MA6CG8UJ4K)。
文摘Transfer RNAs(tRNAs)adopt a stable L-shaped tertiary structure crucial for their involvement in protein translation.Among various divalent metal ions,magnesium ions play a pivotal role in preserving the tertiary structure of tRNA.However,the precise location of the Mg^(2+)binding pocket in human tRNA remains elusive.In this investigation,we identified the Mg^(2+)binding site within human tRNAGln using suppressor tRNA^(Gln).This variant of tRNA recognizes premature stop codons(specificlly UAG)and facilitates the expression of fll-length proteis.By mutating sites 8 and C72 in supprssr tRNAcl,we assessed the decoding efficiency of the resulting mutant suppressor tRNAs,which serves as a measure of tRNA's ability to decode genetic information.Our analysis revealed that the U8C mutant suppressor tRNA exhibited a significantly lower Mg^(2+)content compared to the C72U mutant.Furthermore,we observed a notable reduction in decoding efficiency in the U8-mutated suppressor tRNA,as evidenced by GFP fluorescence and Western blotting analysis.Conversely,mutations at the C72 site had a comparatively minor impact on decoding efficiency.These findings underscored the tight binding of Mg^(2+)to the U8 site of human tRNAGln,crucial for maintaining the stability of tRNA tertiary structure and translation efficacy.Additionally,our investigation delved into the influence of glutamine availability on tRNA decoding efficiency at the cellular level.The results indicated that both the concentration of amino acids and the codon context of TAG could modulate tRNA decoding efficiency.This study provided valuable insights into the structure and function of tRNA,laying the groundwork for further exploration in this field.
基金Supported by the Fifth Batch of Innovation Teams of Wuzhou Meteorological Bureau“Wuzhou Innovation Team for Enhancing the Comprehensive Meteorological Observation Ability through Digitization and Intelligence”Project of Wuzhou Science and Technology Bureau(202402122)Wuzhou Science and Technology Planning Project(202402119).
文摘In this paper,Wuzhou City of Guangxi was taken as the research object.Through the design of a climatic data warehousing system,the decoding methods of surface meteorological data and their application in the management of climatic data were explored.Based on the parsing technology of the monthly report of surface meteorological records(A-file),the design of Wuzhou climatic data warehousing system was realized,completing the precise extraction and database construction of observational elements such as regional temperature,wind direction,and weather phenomena.Based on this system,the meteorological data in 2024 were analyzed,and the probabilistic characteristics of dominant wind direction in Wuzhou(northeast wind accounting for the largest proportion),the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of extreme temperatures(annual extreme high temperature of 37.1℃in August and extreme low temperature of 1.9℃in January),and the general climatic overview of Wuzhou City(annual precipitation 3.2%higher than the standard value)were revealed.The research shows that climate change has a significant impact on agricultural production and economic development in Wuzhou City,and the construction of a reasonable climatic data database is of great significance for enhancing professional meteorological service capabilities in the context of climate change.This study not only provides a scientific basis for the economic development of Wuzhou region,but also offers reference ideas for other regions to cope with regional climate adaptation planning.
