In 2022,China’s space station completed construction and entered the application and development phase.With the ISS set to decommission in 2030,China’s space station will become the sole low-orbit space station.The ...In 2022,China’s space station completed construction and entered the application and development phase.With the ISS set to decommission in 2030,China’s space station will become the sole low-orbit space station.The selection of astronauts from Hong Kong,Macao,and Pakistan highlights the necessity of establishing a clear code of conduct.Drawing on the ISS experience,China’s space station should establish a code of conduct(CoC)with a legal framework that respects international law and emphasizes peaceful use and mutual benefit.Against this backdrop,it is of importance to design a legal framework,addressing key issues including but not limited to,jurisdiction,ethical standards for research,intellectual property protection and international collaboration mechanisms.This article is among the first attempts to answer those questions.展开更多
The paper examines the utility of codes of conduct for promoting responsible science and chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) security education. It reviews the growing international consensus on the...The paper examines the utility of codes of conduct for promoting responsible science and chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) security education. It reviews the growing international consensus on the need for developing codes of conduct as a way of engaging scientists with the broader social, ethical, and legal implications of their work and examines the ongoing efforts to develop and promulgate such codes. The paper argues that the effectiveness of codes of conduct requires sustained and tailored effort in promoting education and awareness of security issues among scientists.展开更多
Formulated and endorsed by the international scientific community,the Tianjin Biosecurity Guidelines are a set of ten guiding principles and standards of conduct designed to promote responsible sciences and strengthen...Formulated and endorsed by the international scientific community,the Tianjin Biosecurity Guidelines are a set of ten guiding principles and standards of conduct designed to promote responsible sciences and strengthen biosecurity governance at national and institutional levels.It may be used to develop new or enhance,supplement,and update the existing codes of conduct adaptive to a specific context and responsive to the bio-risks arising from the rapid advances in biological sciences.展开更多
The country attaches great importance to the education reform and development, but the problem of the non-standard professional behavior of primary and secondary school teachers has made us think deeply. Irregularitie...The country attaches great importance to the education reform and development, but the problem of the non-standard professional behavior of primary and secondary school teachers has made us think deeply. Irregularities in the professional moral behavior of primary and secondary school teachers are mainly manifested in insulting, corporal punishment in disguise form, extorting bribes and irregularities in teaching. The main reasons are that teachers' legal consciousness is shallow, their self-orientation is wrong and they are influenced by social atmosphere. Therefore, establishing the bottom line of behavior by virtue, improving the legal consciousness and perfecting the examination mechanism of teachers' professional ethics behavior are conducive to promoting the standardization of teachers' professional ethics behavior in primary and secondary schools. It has important theoretical and practical significance to improve the level of primary and secondary education.展开更多
Synthetic biology is a new interdisciplinary research area that uses engineering principles as guidelines for biological investigation.With research goals to modify existing biological systems or to create new ones,th...Synthetic biology is a new interdisciplinary research area that uses engineering principles as guidelines for biological investigation.With research goals to modify existing biological systems or to create new ones,the recent applications of synthetic biology have expanded approaches and tools for conventional biological research.In this article,we first briefly review the development and progress of synthetic biology over the past decade.Although the contributions of synthetic biology to basic life science research,human health,environmental protection,and even economic growth have been widely observed,potential biosafety,biosecurity,and ethical risks related to synthetic biology have also emerged in recent years as technology becomes less expensive,more mature,and more accessible.We provide a brief assessment of the risks associated with the possible misuse or abuse of this technology in various areas and discuss concerns from three points of view:biosafety,biosecurity risks,and ethics.Finally,to address challenges arising from the rapid progress of synthetic biology,technical,ethical,and regulatory measures were developed or discussed in recent years,including laboratory level precautionary measures for biosafety and biosecurity related to synthetic biology(such as genetic safeguards and firewalls),ethical codes of conduct for biological scientists,and regulations or oversight rules from personal,national,and international perspectives.A brief summary of these efforts is provided.展开更多
The role of taxation in promoting economic recovery has attracted great-er attention in recent years,with economic dislocation following the Global Financial Crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic.While taxation is only one...The role of taxation in promoting economic recovery has attracted great-er attention in recent years,with economic dislocation following the Global Financial Crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic.While taxation is only one of the factors impacting economic recovery,both economic literature and practical experience show that tax policy can contribute to enhanced growth and therefore greater economic activity.Tax instruments used as a means for promoting economic recovery include tax holidays,preferential tax rates,investment allowances,tax credits and special economic zones.However,there are a range of constraints over tax incentive design imposed by bodies such as the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting,the Forum on Harmful Tax Practices of the OECD and the Code of Conduct on Business Taxation of the European Union.Given the above,this paper sets out practical issues to inform governments seeking to promote economic activity through taxation.展开更多
基金supported by the National Social Science Fund(22CFX046).
文摘In 2022,China’s space station completed construction and entered the application and development phase.With the ISS set to decommission in 2030,China’s space station will become the sole low-orbit space station.The selection of astronauts from Hong Kong,Macao,and Pakistan highlights the necessity of establishing a clear code of conduct.Drawing on the ISS experience,China’s space station should establish a code of conduct(CoC)with a legal framework that respects international law and emphasizes peaceful use and mutual benefit.Against this backdrop,it is of importance to design a legal framework,addressing key issues including but not limited to,jurisdiction,ethical standards for research,intellectual property protection and international collaboration mechanisms.This article is among the first attempts to answer those questions.
文摘The paper examines the utility of codes of conduct for promoting responsible science and chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) security education. It reviews the growing international consensus on the need for developing codes of conduct as a way of engaging scientists with the broader social, ethical, and legal implications of their work and examines the ongoing efforts to develop and promulgate such codes. The paper argues that the effectiveness of codes of conduct requires sustained and tailored effort in promoting education and awareness of security issues among scientists.
基金supported by grants from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant nos.2019YFA0904600 and 2020YFA0908600).
文摘Formulated and endorsed by the international scientific community,the Tianjin Biosecurity Guidelines are a set of ten guiding principles and standards of conduct designed to promote responsible sciences and strengthen biosecurity governance at national and institutional levels.It may be used to develop new or enhance,supplement,and update the existing codes of conduct adaptive to a specific context and responsive to the bio-risks arising from the rapid advances in biological sciences.
文摘The country attaches great importance to the education reform and development, but the problem of the non-standard professional behavior of primary and secondary school teachers has made us think deeply. Irregularities in the professional moral behavior of primary and secondary school teachers are mainly manifested in insulting, corporal punishment in disguise form, extorting bribes and irregularities in teaching. The main reasons are that teachers' legal consciousness is shallow, their self-orientation is wrong and they are influenced by social atmosphere. Therefore, establishing the bottom line of behavior by virtue, improving the legal consciousness and perfecting the examination mechanism of teachers' professional ethics behavior are conducive to promoting the standardization of teachers' professional ethics behavior in primary and secondary schools. It has important theoretical and practical significance to improve the level of primary and secondary education.
基金This research was supported by grants from the Tianjin Social Science Federation(No.2017-03-15)the Tianjin Municipal Science and Technology Commission(No.18JCQNJC10000),and the Tianjin University Research Initiation Fund.
文摘Synthetic biology is a new interdisciplinary research area that uses engineering principles as guidelines for biological investigation.With research goals to modify existing biological systems or to create new ones,the recent applications of synthetic biology have expanded approaches and tools for conventional biological research.In this article,we first briefly review the development and progress of synthetic biology over the past decade.Although the contributions of synthetic biology to basic life science research,human health,environmental protection,and even economic growth have been widely observed,potential biosafety,biosecurity,and ethical risks related to synthetic biology have also emerged in recent years as technology becomes less expensive,more mature,and more accessible.We provide a brief assessment of the risks associated with the possible misuse or abuse of this technology in various areas and discuss concerns from three points of view:biosafety,biosecurity risks,and ethics.Finally,to address challenges arising from the rapid progress of synthetic biology,technical,ethical,and regulatory measures were developed or discussed in recent years,including laboratory level precautionary measures for biosafety and biosecurity related to synthetic biology(such as genetic safeguards and firewalls),ethical codes of conduct for biological scientists,and regulations or oversight rules from personal,national,and international perspectives.A brief summary of these efforts is provided.
文摘The role of taxation in promoting economic recovery has attracted great-er attention in recent years,with economic dislocation following the Global Financial Crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic.While taxation is only one of the factors impacting economic recovery,both economic literature and practical experience show that tax policy can contribute to enhanced growth and therefore greater economic activity.Tax instruments used as a means for promoting economic recovery include tax holidays,preferential tax rates,investment allowances,tax credits and special economic zones.However,there are a range of constraints over tax incentive design imposed by bodies such as the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting,the Forum on Harmful Tax Practices of the OECD and the Code of Conduct on Business Taxation of the European Union.Given the above,this paper sets out practical issues to inform governments seeking to promote economic activity through taxation.
