The co-occurrence of 2 similar species depends on their ability to occupy different ecological niches. Here, we compared the consistency of different aspects of foraging behavior in 2 cooccurring harvester ant species...The co-occurrence of 2 similar species depends on their ability to occupy different ecological niches. Here, we compared the consistency of different aspects of foraging behavior in 2 cooccurring harvester ant species （Messor ebeninus and Messor arenarius）, under field conditions. The 2 species are active concomitantly and display a similar diet, but M. arenarius features smaller colonies, larger workers on average, and a broader range of foraging strategies than M. ebeninus. We characterized the flora in the 2 species＇ natural habitat, and detected a nesting preference by M. arenarius for more open, vegetation-free microhabitats than those preferred by M. ebeninus. Next, we tested the food preference of foraging colonies by presenting 3 non-native seed types. Messor arenarius was more selective in its food choice. Colonies were then offered 1 type of seeds over 3 days in different spatial arrangements from the nest entrance （e.g., a seed plate close to the nest entrance, a seed plate blocked by an obstacle, or 3 plates placed at increasing distances from the nest entrance）. While both species were consistent in their foraging behavior, expressed as seed collection, under different treatments over time, M. ebeninus was more consistent than M. arenarius. These differences between the species may be expxained by their different colony size, worker size, and range of foraging strategies, among other factors. We suggest that the differences in foraging, such as in food preference and behavioral consistency while foraging, could contribute to the co-occurrence of these 2 species in a similar habitat.展开更多
In this paper, a novel approach for service substitutions based on the service type in terms of its interface type and behavior semantics is proposed. In order to analyze and verify behavior-consistent service substit...In this paper, a novel approach for service substitutions based on the service type in terms of its interface type and behavior semantics is proposed. In order to analyze and verify behavior-consistent service substitutions in dynamic environments, we first present a formal language to describe services from control-flow perspective, then introduce a type and effect system to infer conservative approximations of all possible behaviors of these services. The service behaviors are represented by concurrent behavior expressions （CBEs）. Built upon the interpretation of CBEs, behavior-consistent service substitutions are defined and analyzed by subtyping technology. The correctness of the analysis approach is guaranteed by type safety theorem, which is mechanically proved in the Coq proof assistant. Finally, applications in web services show that our method is effective and feasible.展开更多
Consistency degree calculation is established on the basis of known correspondence, but in real life, the correspondence is generally unknown, so how to calculate consistency of two models under unknown correspondence...Consistency degree calculation is established on the basis of known correspondence, but in real life, the correspondence is generally unknown, so how to calculate consistency of two models under unknown correspondence has become a problem. For this condition, we should analyze unknown correspondence due to the influence of different correspondences.In this paper we obtain the relations of transitions based on event relations using branching processes, and build a behavioral matrix of relations. Based on the permutation of behavioral matrix, we express different correspondences, and define a new formula to compute the maximal consistency degree of two workflow nets. Additionally, this paper utilizes an example to show these definitions, computation as well as the advantages.展开更多
Checking if the implementations conform to the requirement models is challenging. Most existing techniques for consistency checking either focus on requirement models（e.g., requirements consistency checking）, or on ...Checking if the implementations conform to the requirement models is challenging. Most existing techniques for consistency checking either focus on requirement models（e.g., requirements consistency checking）, or on the implementations（e.g., code-based testing） only. In this paper we propose an approach to checking behavioral consistency of implementations against requirement models directly to overcome these limitations. Our approach extracts two behavioral models represented by Labelled Transition Systems（LTS） from requirement models and implementations respectively, and checks the behavioral consistency between these two models based on behavioral simulation relation of LTS. The checking results of our approach provide evidence for behavioral inconsistency as well as inconsistent localization. A research prototype called BCCH and a case study are presented to give initial validation of this approach.展开更多
The applicability of ultrasonic pulse velocity （UPV） method to in-situ monitor setting and hardening process of foamed concrete （FC） was systematically investigated. The UPVs of various FC pastes were automaticall...The applicability of ultrasonic pulse velocity （UPV） method to in-situ monitor setting and hardening process of foamed concrete （FC） was systematically investigated. The UPVs of various FC pastes were automatically and continuously measured by a specially designed ultrasonic monitoring apparatus （UMA）. Ultrasonic tests were performed on FC mixtures with different density （300, 500, 800 and 1 000 kg/m3）, and different fly ash contents （0%, 20%, 40% and 60%）. The influence of curing temperatures （20, 40, 60 and 80~C） was also studied. The experimental results show that three characteristic stages can be clearly identified during the setting process of an arbitrary FC paste： dormant stage, acceleration stage, and deceleration stage. Wet density, fly ash content, and curing temperature have great impact on setting behavior. A stepwise increase of the wet density results in shorter dormant stage and larger final UPV. Hydration reaction rate is obviously promoted with an increase in curing temperature. However, the addition fly ash retards the microstn,lcture formation. To aid in comparing with the ultrasonic results, the consistence spread test and Vicat needle test （VNT） were also conducted. A correlation between ultrasonic and VNT results was also established to evaluate the initial and final setting time of the FC mixtures. Finally, certain ranges of UPV with reasonable widths were suggested for the initial and final setting time, respectively.展开更多
For proposing an adaptive-threshold-based method for detecting battery voltage inconsistency fault,this study explored the associations between driving behavior and voltage consistency between cells(VCC)at a microscop...For proposing an adaptive-threshold-based method for detecting battery voltage inconsistency fault,this study explored the associations between driving behavior and voltage consistency between cells(VCC)at a microscopic level,by performing a naturalistic driving experiment on real-world electric vehicles(EVs).The running process of EVs is divided into four kinds of micro-segments A,B,C,D through the driver's pedal actions.Focusing on these segments,Pearson correlation coefficients(PCCs)between driving behavior parameters(DBPs)and voltage variation coefficient between cells(VVCC)are calculated,the impact patterns of DBPs to VVCC are analyzed by accumulated local effects(ALE)plots obtained from random forest(RF)modeling.The results show that the maximum PCC is reached by average accelerator pedal stroke with 0.724 for segments A,and by average speed with 0.789,0.554,and 0.553 for the other three segments.The four RF models show a high accuracy of VVCC prediction with goodness of fit over 0.919,and the ALE plots demonstrate the impact patterns are positivenonlinear overall.The maximum VVCC growing rates are reached by average accelerator pedal stroke for segments A(48.09%),and average speed for other segments(55.70%,29.01%,and 23.68%for segments B,C,and D,respectively).These results imply a strong connection between driving behavior and battery voltage consistency,which could be effectively captured to provide crucial inputs and interpretation methods for modeling voltage consistency prediction during EVs running.Hence,this work lays the foundation for the development of battery voltage fault detection algorithms considering different driving states.展开更多
文摘The co-occurrence of 2 similar species depends on their ability to occupy different ecological niches. Here, we compared the consistency of different aspects of foraging behavior in 2 cooccurring harvester ant species （Messor ebeninus and Messor arenarius）, under field conditions. The 2 species are active concomitantly and display a similar diet, but M. arenarius features smaller colonies, larger workers on average, and a broader range of foraging strategies than M. ebeninus. We characterized the flora in the 2 species＇ natural habitat, and detected a nesting preference by M. arenarius for more open, vegetation-free microhabitats than those preferred by M. ebeninus. Next, we tested the food preference of foraging colonies by presenting 3 non-native seed types. Messor arenarius was more selective in its food choice. Colonies were then offered 1 type of seeds over 3 days in different spatial arrangements from the nest entrance （e.g., a seed plate close to the nest entrance, a seed plate blocked by an obstacle, or 3 plates placed at increasing distances from the nest entrance）. While both species were consistent in their foraging behavior, expressed as seed collection, under different treatments over time, M. ebeninus was more consistent than M. arenarius. These differences between the species may be expxained by their different colony size, worker size, and range of foraging strategies, among other factors. We suggest that the differences in foraging, such as in food preference and behavioral consistency while foraging, could contribute to the co-occurrence of these 2 species in a similar habitat.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61232007 and 91118004)the Innovation Program of Shanghai Municipal Education Commission(No.13ZZ023)
文摘In this paper, a novel approach for service substitutions based on the service type in terms of its interface type and behavior semantics is proposed. In order to analyze and verify behavior-consistent service substitutions in dynamic environments, we first present a formal language to describe services from control-flow perspective, then introduce a type and effect system to infer conservative approximations of all possible behaviors of these services. The service behaviors are represented by concurrent behavior expressions （CBEs）. Built upon the interpretation of CBEs, behavior-consistent service substitutions are defined and analyzed by subtyping technology. The correctness of the analysis approach is guaranteed by type safety theorem, which is mechanically proved in the Coq proof assistant. Finally, applications in web services show that our method is effective and feasible.
基金supported in part by the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFB1001804)Shanghai Science and Technology Innovation Action Plan Project(16511100900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61572360)
文摘Consistency degree calculation is established on the basis of known correspondence, but in real life, the correspondence is generally unknown, so how to calculate consistency of two models under unknown correspondence has become a problem. For this condition, we should analyze unknown correspondence due to the influence of different correspondences.In this paper we obtain the relations of transitions based on event relations using branching processes, and build a behavioral matrix of relations. Based on the permutation of behavioral matrix, we express different correspondences, and define a new formula to compute the maximal consistency degree of two workflow nets. Additionally, this paper utilizes an example to show these definitions, computation as well as the advantages.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(91118003,61003071)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(3101046,201121102020006)the Special Funds for Shenzhen Strategic New Industry Development(JCYJ20120616135936123)
文摘Checking if the implementations conform to the requirement models is challenging. Most existing techniques for consistency checking either focus on requirement models（e.g., requirements consistency checking）, or on the implementations（e.g., code-based testing） only. In this paper we propose an approach to checking behavioral consistency of implementations against requirement models directly to overcome these limitations. Our approach extracts two behavioral models represented by Labelled Transition Systems（LTS） from requirement models and implementations respectively, and checks the behavioral consistency between these two models based on behavioral simulation relation of LTS. The checking results of our approach provide evidence for behavioral inconsistency as well as inconsistent localization. A research prototype called BCCH and a case study are presented to give initial validation of this approach.
基金Founded by the key laboratory of high performance civil engineering materials(2010CEM002)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(51178106,51138002)+1 种基金the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University(NCET-08-0116),973 Program(2009CB623200)the Program sponsored for scientific innovation research of college graduate in Jiangsu province(CXLX_0105)
文摘The applicability of ultrasonic pulse velocity （UPV） method to in-situ monitor setting and hardening process of foamed concrete （FC） was systematically investigated. The UPVs of various FC pastes were automatically and continuously measured by a specially designed ultrasonic monitoring apparatus （UMA）. Ultrasonic tests were performed on FC mixtures with different density （300, 500, 800 and 1 000 kg/m3）, and different fly ash contents （0%, 20%, 40% and 60%）. The influence of curing temperatures （20, 40, 60 and 80~C） was also studied. The experimental results show that three characteristic stages can be clearly identified during the setting process of an arbitrary FC paste： dormant stage, acceleration stage, and deceleration stage. Wet density, fly ash content, and curing temperature have great impact on setting behavior. A stepwise increase of the wet density results in shorter dormant stage and larger final UPV. Hydration reaction rate is obviously promoted with an increase in curing temperature. However, the addition fly ash retards the microstn,lcture formation. To aid in comparing with the ultrasonic results, the consistence spread test and Vicat needle test （VNT） were also conducted. A correlation between ultrasonic and VNT results was also established to evaluate the initial and final setting time of the FC mixtures. Finally, certain ranges of UPV with reasonable widths were suggested for the initial and final setting time, respectively.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2023YFC3009700)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52372341)the Chinese Scholarship Council(202206950047)。
文摘For proposing an adaptive-threshold-based method for detecting battery voltage inconsistency fault,this study explored the associations between driving behavior and voltage consistency between cells(VCC)at a microscopic level,by performing a naturalistic driving experiment on real-world electric vehicles(EVs).The running process of EVs is divided into four kinds of micro-segments A,B,C,D through the driver's pedal actions.Focusing on these segments,Pearson correlation coefficients(PCCs)between driving behavior parameters(DBPs)and voltage variation coefficient between cells(VVCC)are calculated,the impact patterns of DBPs to VVCC are analyzed by accumulated local effects(ALE)plots obtained from random forest(RF)modeling.The results show that the maximum PCC is reached by average accelerator pedal stroke with 0.724 for segments A,and by average speed with 0.789,0.554,and 0.553 for the other three segments.The four RF models show a high accuracy of VVCC prediction with goodness of fit over 0.919,and the ALE plots demonstrate the impact patterns are positivenonlinear overall.The maximum VVCC growing rates are reached by average accelerator pedal stroke for segments A(48.09%),and average speed for other segments(55.70%,29.01%,and 23.68%for segments B,C,and D,respectively).These results imply a strong connection between driving behavior and battery voltage consistency,which could be effectively captured to provide crucial inputs and interpretation methods for modeling voltage consistency prediction during EVs running.Hence,this work lays the foundation for the development of battery voltage fault detection algorithms considering different driving states.
