This article proposes a line scanning chromatic confocal sensor to solve the problem of limited chromatic confocal measurement due to the small measurement range and low measurement efficiency in the industrial inspec...This article proposes a line scanning chromatic confocal sensor to solve the problem of limited chromatic confocal measurement due to the small measurement range and low measurement efficiency in the industrial inspection process.To obtain an extensive dispersion range,the advantages of a simple single-axis structure are combined with the advantages of a large luminous flux of a biaxial structure.Considering large-scale measurement,our sensor uses off-axis rays to limit the illumination path and imaging path to the same optical path structure.At the same time,the field of view is expanded,and a symmetrical structure is adopted to provide a compact optical path and improve space utilization.The simulation and physical system test results shows that the sensor scanning line length is 12.5 mm,and the axial measurement range in the 450 nm to 750 nm band is better than 20 mm.The axial resolution of the detector is±1µm combined with the subpixel centroid extraction data processing method,and the maximum allowable tilt angle for specular reflection samples is±7°.The thicknesses of transparent standard flat glass and the wet collagen membrane are measured.The maximum average error is 1.3µm,and the relative error is within 0.7%.The constructed sensor is of great significance for rapidly measuring the three-dimensional profile,flatness,and thickness in the fields of transparent biological samples,optics,micromechanics,and semiconductors.展开更多
Tumor growth and metastasis depend on the establishment of tumor vasculature to provide oxygen,nutrients,and other essential factors.The well-known vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) signaling is crucial for spr...Tumor growth and metastasis depend on the establishment of tumor vasculature to provide oxygen,nutrients,and other essential factors.The well-known vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) signaling is crucial for sprouting angiogenesis as well as recruitment of circulating progenitor endothelial cells to tumor vasculature,which has become therapeutic targets in clinical practice.However,the survival benefits gained from targeting VEGF signaling have been very limited,with the inevitable development of treatment resistance.In this article,we discuss the most recent findings and understanding on how solid tumors evade VEGF-targeted therapy,with a special focus on vessel co-option,vessel remodeling,and tumor cell-derived vasculature establishment.Vessel co-option may occur in tumors independently of sprouting angiogenesis,and sprouting angiogenesis is not always required for tumor growth.The differences between vessel-like structure and tubule-like structure formed by tumor cells are also introduced.The exploration of the underlying mechanisms of these alternative angiogenic approaches would not only widen our knowledge of tumor angiogenesis but also provide novel therapeutic targets for better controlling cancer growth and metastasis.展开更多
The reason why tumors generally have a modest or transient response to antiangiogenic therapy is not well understood. This poses a major challenge for sorafenib treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) wher...The reason why tumors generally have a modest or transient response to antiangiogenic therapy is not well understood. This poses a major challenge for sorafenib treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) where alternate therapies are lacking. We recently published a paper entitled "Co-option of liver vessels and not sprouting angiogenesis drives acquired sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma" in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, providing a potential explanation for this limited beneit. We found that in mice bearing HCCs that had acquired resistance to sorafenib, tumors had switched from using angiogenesis for growth to co-opting the liver vasculature by becoming more invasive. Accumulating evidence suggests that many human tumor types may use vessel co-option, which has profound implications for the use of anti-angiogenic agents for cancer treatment.展开更多
Liver is the most common site of metastases of colorectal cancer,and liver metastases present with distinct histopathological growth patterns(HGPs),including desmoplastic,pushing and replacement HGPs and two rare HGPs...Liver is the most common site of metastases of colorectal cancer,and liver metastases present with distinct histopathological growth patterns(HGPs),including desmoplastic,pushing and replacement HGPs and two rare HGPs.HGP is a miniature of tumor-host reaction and reflects tumor biology and pathological features as well as host immune dynamics.Many studies have revealed the association of HGPs with carcinogenesis,angiogenesis,and clinical outcomes and indicates HGP functions as bond between microscopic characteristics and clinical implications.These findings make HGP a candidate marker in risk stratification and guiding treatment decision-making,and a target of imaging observation for patient screening.Of note,it is crucial to determine the underlying mechanism shaping HGP,for instance,immune infiltration and extracellular matrix remodeling in desmoplastic HGP,and aggressive characteristics and special vascularization in replacement HGP(rHGP).We highlight the importance of aggressive features,vascularization,host immune and organ structure in formation of HGP,hence propose a novel"advance under camouflage"hypothesis to explain the formation of rHGP.展开更多
The limited clinical benefits from current antiangiogenic therapy for cancer patients have triggered some critical thoughts and insightful investigations aiming to further elucidate the relationship between vessels an...The limited clinical benefits from current antiangiogenic therapy for cancer patients have triggered some critical thoughts and insightful investigations aiming to further elucidate the relationship between vessels and cancer.Tumors need blood perfusion but there are mounting evidences that angiogenesis alone does not explain it in all the neoplasms.In this editorial,for a special issue on tumor and vessels published in the Chinese Journal of Cancer,we briefly introduce the history of the evidences that solid tumors can sometimes obtain blood perfusion by alternative approaches other than sprouting angiogenesis,i.e.,vessel co-option and vasculogenic mimicry.This editorial provides also the links to several most recently published discoveries and hypotheses on tumor interaction with blood vessels.展开更多
Most studies of Christianity in the early PRC have focused on the politicization of religious practices under the Three-Self Patriotic Movement, explaining how the Christian faith empowered people to resist the state...Most studies of Christianity in the early PRC have focused on the politicization of religious practices under the Three-Self Patriotic Movement, explaining how the Christian faith empowered people to resist the state＇s atheistic propaganda. In fact, both Communist officials and Christians invoked ideas about transcendent power and moral purpose, blurring the boundary between secular and religious concerns. The state-sanctioned patriotic religions had greatly impacted the political and theological orientations of Chinese Christians in the Maoist era. This article looks at the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Shanghai, one of the first Protestant denominations to be denounced in the Three-Self Patriotic Movement. When the state infiltrated the Adventist institutions, some of the pro-government Adventist leaders worked with the officials to bring the church closer to the socialist order. Most of the Adventists, however, resisted the state and organized themselves into a diffused network of house churches. This study highlights the fluid and complex political environment that the Adventists experienced, and the ways they interacted with the Maoist state. The reorientation of theological concerns, the new strategies for evangelization, and the growth of autonomous church networks enabled the Adventists to be a fast-growing religious movement.展开更多
We study the joint distributions of four random variables h(ω) (stopping time or optional time), location x(h), l(ω) (co-optional time) and location x(l) for Markov processes. Some distributions for d(≥3) -dimensio...We study the joint distributions of four random variables h(ω) (stopping time or optional time), location x(h), l(ω) (co-optional time) and location x(l) for Markov processes. Some distributions for d(≥3) -dimensional Brownian motion and the joint distribution of first exit and last exit locations for symmetric stable process are found.展开更多
Background:Gastric cancer brain metastasis(GCBM)represents a rare but highly aggressive malignancy.Metastatic cancer cells are highly heterogeneous and differentially remodels brain vasculature and immune microenviron...Background:Gastric cancer brain metastasis(GCBM)represents a rare but highly aggressive malignancy.Metastatic cancer cells are highly heterogeneous and differentially remodels brain vasculature and immune microenvironments,which affects the treatment effectiveness and patient outcome.This study aimed to investigate the spatial interactions among different cell components,espe-cially the vasculature system and the brain microenvironment of GCBM patients.Methods:We used digital spatial profiling to examine 140 regions composing tumor,immune,and brain tissues from three GCBM patients.Transcriptomic data with spatial information were analyzed for tissue areas related to different blood recruitment strategies.For validation,independent analysis of patient bulk transcriptomic data and in vivo single-cell transcriptomic data were performed.Results:Angiogenesis and blood vessel co-option co-existed within the same GCBM lesion.Tumors with high epithelial-mesenchymal transition and an enhanced transcriptomic gene signature composed of CTNNB1,SPARC,VIM,SMAD3,SMAD4,TGFB1,TGFB2,and TGFB3 were more prone to adopt blood vessel co-option than angiogenesis.Enriched macrophage infiltration,angiogenic chemokines,and NAMPT were found in angiogenic areas,while increased T cells,T cell activating cytokines,and reduced NAMPT were found in vessel co-option regions.Spatially,angiogenesis was enriched at the tumor edge,which showed higher DMBT1 expres-sion than the tumor center.Conclusions:This study mapped the orchestrated spatial characteristics of tumor and immunological compositions that support the conventional and atypical vascularization strategies in GCBM.Our data provided molecular insights for more effective combinations of anti-vascular and immune therapies.展开更多
Hailed as the cancer treatment to end all the resistance to treatment,anti-angiogenic therapy turned out to be not quite what was promised.The hope that this therapeutic approach would not have suffered by the phenome...Hailed as the cancer treatment to end all the resistance to treatment,anti-angiogenic therapy turned out to be not quite what was promised.The hope that this therapeutic approach would not have suffered by the phenomenon of resistance was based on the fact that was targeting normal vessels rather than tumour cells prone to mutation and subject to drug induced selection.However,reality turned out to be more complex and since 1997,several mechanisms of resistance have been described to the point that the study of resistance to these drugs is now a very large field.Far from being exhaustive,this paper presents the main mechanisms discovered trough some examples.展开更多
基金supported by the Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2021A1515011933)Special Project for Research and Development in Key Areas of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2020B090921002)Science and Technology Innovation Strategy Special Project City and County Science and Technology Innovation Support of Guangdong Province(Grant No.2023G006).
文摘This article proposes a line scanning chromatic confocal sensor to solve the problem of limited chromatic confocal measurement due to the small measurement range and low measurement efficiency in the industrial inspection process.To obtain an extensive dispersion range,the advantages of a simple single-axis structure are combined with the advantages of a large luminous flux of a biaxial structure.Considering large-scale measurement,our sensor uses off-axis rays to limit the illumination path and imaging path to the same optical path structure.At the same time,the field of view is expanded,and a symmetrical structure is adopted to provide a compact optical path and improve space utilization.The simulation and physical system test results shows that the sensor scanning line length is 12.5 mm,and the axial measurement range in the 450 nm to 750 nm band is better than 20 mm.The axial resolution of the detector is±1µm combined with the subpixel centroid extraction data processing method,and the maximum allowable tilt angle for specular reflection samples is±7°.The thicknesses of transparent standard flat glass and the wet collagen membrane are measured.The maximum average error is 1.3µm,and the relative error is within 0.7%.The constructed sensor is of great significance for rapidly measuring the three-dimensional profile,flatness,and thickness in the fields of transparent biological samples,optics,micromechanics,and semiconductors.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81472386,81472380,81272340,and 81030043)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program,No.2012AA02A501)
文摘Tumor growth and metastasis depend on the establishment of tumor vasculature to provide oxygen,nutrients,and other essential factors.The well-known vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF) signaling is crucial for sprouting angiogenesis as well as recruitment of circulating progenitor endothelial cells to tumor vasculature,which has become therapeutic targets in clinical practice.However,the survival benefits gained from targeting VEGF signaling have been very limited,with the inevitable development of treatment resistance.In this article,we discuss the most recent findings and understanding on how solid tumors evade VEGF-targeted therapy,with a special focus on vessel co-option,vessel remodeling,and tumor cell-derived vasculature establishment.Vessel co-option may occur in tumors independently of sprouting angiogenesis,and sprouting angiogenesis is not always required for tumor growth.The differences between vessel-like structure and tubule-like structure formed by tumor cells are also introduced.The exploration of the underlying mechanisms of these alternative angiogenic approaches would not only widen our knowledge of tumor angiogenesis but also provide novel therapeutic targets for better controlling cancer growth and metastasis.
文摘The reason why tumors generally have a modest or transient response to antiangiogenic therapy is not well understood. This poses a major challenge for sorafenib treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) where alternate therapies are lacking. We recently published a paper entitled "Co-option of liver vessels and not sprouting angiogenesis drives acquired sorafenib resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma" in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, providing a potential explanation for this limited beneit. We found that in mice bearing HCCs that had acquired resistance to sorafenib, tumors had switched from using angiogenesis for growth to co-opting the liver vasculature by becoming more invasive. Accumulating evidence suggests that many human tumor types may use vessel co-option, which has profound implications for the use of anti-angiogenic agents for cancer treatment.
基金Supported by National Nature Science Foundation,No.81873111,No.82174454,and No.82074182Natural Science Foundation of Beijing,No.7202066。
文摘Liver is the most common site of metastases of colorectal cancer,and liver metastases present with distinct histopathological growth patterns(HGPs),including desmoplastic,pushing and replacement HGPs and two rare HGPs.HGP is a miniature of tumor-host reaction and reflects tumor biology and pathological features as well as host immune dynamics.Many studies have revealed the association of HGPs with carcinogenesis,angiogenesis,and clinical outcomes and indicates HGP functions as bond between microscopic characteristics and clinical implications.These findings make HGP a candidate marker in risk stratification and guiding treatment decision-making,and a target of imaging observation for patient screening.Of note,it is crucial to determine the underlying mechanism shaping HGP,for instance,immune infiltration and extracellular matrix remodeling in desmoplastic HGP,and aggressive characteristics and special vascularization in replacement HGP(rHGP).We highlight the importance of aggressive features,vascularization,host immune and organ structure in formation of HGP,hence propose a novel"advance under camouflage"hypothesis to explain the formation of rHGP.
文摘The limited clinical benefits from current antiangiogenic therapy for cancer patients have triggered some critical thoughts and insightful investigations aiming to further elucidate the relationship between vessels and cancer.Tumors need blood perfusion but there are mounting evidences that angiogenesis alone does not explain it in all the neoplasms.In this editorial,for a special issue on tumor and vessels published in the Chinese Journal of Cancer,we briefly introduce the history of the evidences that solid tumors can sometimes obtain blood perfusion by alternative approaches other than sprouting angiogenesis,i.e.,vessel co-option and vasculogenic mimicry.This editorial provides also the links to several most recently published discoveries and hypotheses on tumor interaction with blood vessels.
文摘Most studies of Christianity in the early PRC have focused on the politicization of religious practices under the Three-Self Patriotic Movement, explaining how the Christian faith empowered people to resist the state＇s atheistic propaganda. In fact, both Communist officials and Christians invoked ideas about transcendent power and moral purpose, blurring the boundary between secular and religious concerns. The state-sanctioned patriotic religions had greatly impacted the political and theological orientations of Chinese Christians in the Maoist era. This article looks at the Seventh-day Adventist Church in Shanghai, one of the first Protestant denominations to be denounced in the Three-Self Patriotic Movement. When the state infiltrated the Adventist institutions, some of the pro-government Adventist leaders worked with the officials to bring the church closer to the socialist order. Most of the Adventists, however, resisted the state and organized themselves into a diffused network of house churches. This study highlights the fluid and complex political environment that the Adventists experienced, and the ways they interacted with the Maoist state. The reorientation of theological concerns, the new strategies for evangelization, and the growth of autonomous church networks enabled the Adventists to be a fast-growing religious movement.
基金Project supported by the Chinese National Tian Yuan Science Foundation.
文摘We study the joint distributions of four random variables h(ω) (stopping time or optional time), location x(h), l(ω) (co-optional time) and location x(l) for Markov processes. Some distributions for d(≥3) -dimensional Brownian motion and the joint distribution of first exit and last exit locations for symmetric stable process are found.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[82172711]the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province[2019A1515011786]the Bethune Charitable Foundation[zllcaxw-15].
文摘Background:Gastric cancer brain metastasis(GCBM)represents a rare but highly aggressive malignancy.Metastatic cancer cells are highly heterogeneous and differentially remodels brain vasculature and immune microenvironments,which affects the treatment effectiveness and patient outcome.This study aimed to investigate the spatial interactions among different cell components,espe-cially the vasculature system and the brain microenvironment of GCBM patients.Methods:We used digital spatial profiling to examine 140 regions composing tumor,immune,and brain tissues from three GCBM patients.Transcriptomic data with spatial information were analyzed for tissue areas related to different blood recruitment strategies.For validation,independent analysis of patient bulk transcriptomic data and in vivo single-cell transcriptomic data were performed.Results:Angiogenesis and blood vessel co-option co-existed within the same GCBM lesion.Tumors with high epithelial-mesenchymal transition and an enhanced transcriptomic gene signature composed of CTNNB1,SPARC,VIM,SMAD3,SMAD4,TGFB1,TGFB2,and TGFB3 were more prone to adopt blood vessel co-option than angiogenesis.Enriched macrophage infiltration,angiogenic chemokines,and NAMPT were found in angiogenic areas,while increased T cells,T cell activating cytokines,and reduced NAMPT were found in vessel co-option regions.Spatially,angiogenesis was enriched at the tumor edge,which showed higher DMBT1 expres-sion than the tumor center.Conclusions:This study mapped the orchestrated spatial characteristics of tumor and immunological compositions that support the conventional and atypical vascularization strategies in GCBM.Our data provided molecular insights for more effective combinations of anti-vascular and immune therapies.
文摘Hailed as the cancer treatment to end all the resistance to treatment,anti-angiogenic therapy turned out to be not quite what was promised.The hope that this therapeutic approach would not have suffered by the phenomenon of resistance was based on the fact that was targeting normal vessels rather than tumour cells prone to mutation and subject to drug induced selection.However,reality turned out to be more complex and since 1997,several mechanisms of resistance have been described to the point that the study of resistance to these drugs is now a very large field.Far from being exhaustive,this paper presents the main mechanisms discovered trough some examples.
