One of the fundamental questions in community ecology is whether communities are random or formed by deterministic mechanisms. Although many efforts have been made to verify non-randomness in community structure, litt...One of the fundamental questions in community ecology is whether communities are random or formed by deterministic mechanisms. Although many efforts have been made to verify non-randomness in community structure, little is known with regard to co-occurrence patterns in above-ground and below-ground communities. In this paper, we used a null model to test non-randomness in the structure of the above-ground and below-ground mite communities in farmland of the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. Then, we used four tests for non-randomness to recognize species pairs that would be demonstrated as significantly aggregated or segregated co-occurrences of the above-ground and below-ground mite communities. The pattern of the above-ground mite commu- nity was significantly non-random in October, suggesting species segregation and hence interspecific competition. Additionally, species co-occurrence patterns did not differ from randomness in the above-ground mite community in August or in below-ground mite com- munities in August and October. Only one significant species pair was detected in the above-ground mite community in August, while no significant species pairs were recognized in the above-ground mite community in October or in the below-ground mite communities in August and October. The results indicate that non-randomness and significant species pairs may not be the general rule in the above-ground and below-ground mite communities in farmland of the Sanjiang Plain at the fine scale.展开更多
Nitrogen(N)deep placement has been found to reduce N leaching and increase N use efficiency in paddy fields.However,relatively little is known how bacterial consortia,especially abundant and rare taxa,respond to N dee...Nitrogen(N)deep placement has been found to reduce N leaching and increase N use efficiency in paddy fields.However,relatively little is known how bacterial consortia,especially abundant and rare taxa,respond to N deep placement,which is critical for understanding the biodiversity and function of agricultural ecosystem.In this study,lllumina sequencing and ecological models were conducted to examine the diversity patterns and underlying assembly mechanisms of abundant and rare taxa in rice rhizosphere soil under different N fertilization regimes at four rice growth stages in paddy fields.The results showed that abundant and rare bacteria had distinct distribution patterns in rhizosphere samples.Abundant bacteria showed ubiquitous distribution;while rare taxa exhibited uneven distribution across all samples.Stochastic processes dominated community assembly of both abundant and rare bacteria,with dispersal limitation playing a more vital role in abundant bacteria,and undominated processes playing a more important role in rare bacteria.The N deep placement was associated with a greater influence of dispersal limitation than the broadcast N fertilizer(BN)and no N fertilizer(NN)treatments in abundant and rare taxa of rhizosphere soil;while greater contributions from homogenizing dispersal were observed for BN and NN in rare taxa.Network analysis indicated that abundant taxa with closer relationships were usually more likely to occupy the central position of the network than rare taxa.Nevertheless,most of the keystone species were rare taxa and might have played essential roles in maintaining the network stability.Overall,these findings highlighted that the ecological mechanisms and co-occurrence patterns of abundant and rare bacteria in rhizosphere soil under N deep placement.展开更多
Co-occurrence pattern of fish species plays an important role in understanding the spatio-temporal structure and the stability of fish community.Species coexistence may vary with time and space.The co-occurrence patte...Co-occurrence pattern of fish species plays an important role in understanding the spatio-temporal structure and the stability of fish community.Species coexistence may vary with time and space.The co-occurrence patterns of fish species were examined using the C-score under fixed-fixed null model for fish communities in spring and autumn over different years in the Haizhou Bay,China.The results showed that fish assemblages in the whole bay had non-random patterns in spring and autumn over different years.However,the fish co-occurrence patterns were different for the northern and southern fish assemblages in spring and autumn.The northern fish assemblage showed structured pattern,whereas the southern assemblage were randomly assembled in spring.The co-occurrence patterns of fish communities were relatively stable over different years,and the number of significant species pairs in northern assemblage was more than that in the southern assemblage.Environmental heterogeneity played an important role in determining the distributions of fish species that formed significant species pairs,which might affect the co-occurrence patterns of northern and southern assemblages further in the Haizhou Bay.展开更多
Background:Disentangling the relative importance of environmental variables and interspecific interaction in modulating co-occurrence patterns of sympatric species is essential for understanding the mechanisms of comm...Background:Disentangling the relative importance of environmental variables and interspecific interaction in modulating co-occurrence patterns of sympatric species is essential for understanding the mechanisms of community assembly and biodiversity. For the two sympatric Galliformes, Silver Pheasants (Lophura nycthemera) and Whitenecklaced Partridges (Arborophila gingica), we know little about the role of habitat use and interspecific interactions in modulating their coexistence. Methods:We adopted a probabilistic approach incorporating habitat preference and interspecific interaction using occupancy model to account for imperfect detection,and used daily activity pattern analysis to investigate the cooccurrence pattern of these two sympatric Galliformes in wet and dry seasons. Results: We found that the detection probability of Silver Pheasant and White-necklaced Partridge were related to habitat variables and interspecific interaction. The presence of Silver Pheasant increases the detection probability of White-necklaced Partridge in both the wet and dry season. However, the presence of White-necklaced Partridges increases the detection probability of Silver Pheasants in the wet season, but decreases the probability in the dry season. Further, Silver Pheasants were detected frequently in the sites of high values of enhanced vegetable index (EVI) in both the wet and dry season, and in sites away from human residential settlement in the wet season. Whitenecklaced partridges were mainly detected in low EVI sites. The site use probabilities of two Galliformes were best explained by habitat variables, Silver Pheasants and White-necklaced Partridges preferred steeper areas during the wet and dry season. Both species mainly occurred in low EVI areas during the wet season and occupied sites away from the resident settlement during the dry season. Moreover, the site use probabilities of two species had opposite relationships with forest canopy coverage. Silver Pheasants preferred areas with high forest canopy coverage whereas White-necklaced Partridges preferred low forest canopy coverage in the dry season, and vice versa in the wet season. Species interaction factor (SIF)corroborated weak evidence of the dependence of the site use of one species on that of the other in the either dry or wet season.Temporally, high overlapping of daily activity pattern indicated no significantly temporal niche differentiation between sympatric Galliformes in both wet and dry seasons. Conclusions:Our results demonstrated that the presence of two species influenced the detection probability interactively and there was no temporal partitioning in activity time between Silver Pheasants and White-necklaced Partridges in the wet and dry seasons.The site use probability of two Galliformes was best explained by habitat variables, especially the forest canopy coverage.Therefore, environmental variables and interspecific interaction are the leading drivers regulating the detection and site use probability and promoting co-occurrence of Silver Pheasants and White-necklaced Partridges.展开更多
Denitrifying bacteria in epiphytic biofilms play a crucial role in nitrogen cycle in aquatic habitats.However,little is known about the connection between algae and denitrifying bacteria and their assembly processes i...Denitrifying bacteria in epiphytic biofilms play a crucial role in nitrogen cycle in aquatic habitats.However,little is known about the connection between algae and denitrifying bacteria and their assembly processes in epiphytic biofilms.Epiphytic biofilms were collected from submerged macrophytes(Patamogeton lucens and Najas marina L.)in the Caohai Lake,Guizhou,SW China,from July to November 2020 to:(1)investigate the impact of abiotic and biotic variables on denitrifying bacterial communities;(2)investigate the temporal variation of the algae-denitrifying bacteria co-occurrence networks;and(3)determine the contribution of deterministic and stochastic processes to the formation of denitrifying bacterial communities.Abiotic and biotic factors influenced the variation in the denitrifying bacterial community,as shown in the Mantel test.The co-occurrence network analysis unveiled intricate interactions among algae to denitrifying bacteria.Denitrifying bacterial community co-occurrence network complexity(larger average degrees representing stronger network complexity)increased continuously from July to September and decreased in October before increasing in November.The co-occurrence network complexity of the algae and nirS-encoding denitrifying bacteria tended to increase from July to November.The co-occurrence network complexity of the algal and denitrifying bacterial communities was modified by ammonia nitrogen(NH_(4)^(+)-N)and total phosphorus(TP),pH,and water temperature(WT),according to the ordinary least-squares(OLS)model.The modified stochasticity ratio(MST)results reveal that deterministic selection dominated the assembly of denitrifying bacterial communities.The influence of environmental variables to denitrifying bacterial communities,as well as characteristics of algal-bacterial co-occurrence networks and the assembly process of denitrifying bacterial communities,were discovered in epiphytic biofilms in this study.The findings could aid in the appropriate understanding and use of epiphytic biofilms denitrification function,as well as the enhancement of water quality.展开更多
Interactions between dissolved organic matter(DOM)and bacteria are central in the biogeochemical cycles of aquatic ecosystems;however,the relative importance of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon(BDOC)compared wit...Interactions between dissolved organic matter(DOM)and bacteria are central in the biogeochemical cycles of aquatic ecosystems;however,the relative importance of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon(BDOC)compared with other environmental variables in structuring the bacterial communities needs further investigation.Here,we investigated bacterial communities,chromophoric DOM(CDOM)characteristics and physico-chemical parameters as well as examined BDOC via bioassay incubations in large eutrophic Lake Taihu,China,to explore the importance of BDOC for shaping bacterial community structures and co-occurrence patterns.We found that the proportion of BDOC(%BDOC)correlated significantly and positively with the DOC concentration and the index of the contribution of recent produced autochthonous CDOM(BIX).%BDOC,further correlated positively with the relative abundance of the tryptophan-like component and negatively with CDOM aromaticity,indicating that autochthonous production of protein-like CDOM was an important source of BDOC.The richness of the bacterial communities correlated negatively with%BDOC,indicating an enhanced number of species in the refractory DOC environments.%BDOC was identified as a significant stronger factor than DOC in shaping bacterial community composition and the co-occurrence network,suggesting that substrate biodegradability is more significant than DOC quantity determining the bacterial communities in a eutrophic lake.Environmental factors explained a larger proportion of the variation in the conditionally rare and abundant subcommunity than for the abundant and the rare bacterial subcommunities.Our findings emphasize the importance of considering bacteria with different abundance patterns and DOC biodegradability when studying the interactions between DOM and bacteria in eutrophic lakes.展开更多
Microorganisms play a key role in aquatic ecosystems.Recent studies show that keystone taxa in microbial community could change the community structure and function.However,most previous studies focus on abundant taxa...Microorganisms play a key role in aquatic ecosystems.Recent studies show that keystone taxa in microbial community could change the community structure and function.However,most previous studies focus on abundant taxa but neglected low abundant ones.To clarify the seasonal variation of bacterial and microalgal communities and understand their synergistic adaptation to diff erent environmental factors,we studied the bacterial and eukaryotic phytoplankton communities in Fenhe River that runs through Taiyuan City,central China,and their seasonal co-occurrence patterns using 16S and 18S rDNA sequencing.Results indicate that positive interaction of eukaryotic phytoplankton network was more active than negative one except winter,indicating that the cooperation(symbiotic phenomenon in which phytoplankton are interdependent and mutually benefi cial)among them could improve the adaption of microbial community to the local environmental changes and maintain the stability of microbial network.The main genera that identifi ed as keystone taxa in bacterial network were Salinivibrio and Sphingopyxis of Proteobacteria and they could respond to the variation of nitrite and make use of it,while those that identifi ed as keystone taxa in eukaryotic phytoplankton network were Pseudoschroederia and Nannochloris,and they were more susceptible to nitrate and phosphate.Mychonastes and Cryptomonas were closely related to water temperature.However,the loss of the co-occurrence by environmental factor changes aff ected the stability of network structure.This study provided a reference for analyzing relationship between bacteria and eukaryotic phytoplankton and revealing potential importance of keystone taxa in similar ecological domains in carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus dynamics.展开更多
Climate change and human activity have led to the degradation of desert wetlands.Free-living diazotrophs are vital for soil nitrogen input.However,a comprehensive understanding of how soil free-living diazotrophic com...Climate change and human activity have led to the degradation of desert wetlands.Free-living diazotrophs are vital for soil nitrogen input.However,a comprehensive understanding of how soil free-living diazotrophic communities and their co-occurrence patterns respond to desert wetland degradation is lacking.Here,quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR),amplicon sequencing targeting nitrogenase gene(nifH),and network analysis were used to investigate the abundance,diversity,community composition,and co-occurrence patterns of soil free-living diazotrophs along the wetland degradation gradient,i.e.,non-degraded(ND),lightly degraded(LD),moderately degraded(MD),and severely degraded(SD),in the southeastern Mu Us Desert,northern China.The abundance and Shannon,Simpson,Chao 1,and ACE indexes decreased(P<0.05)by 14.6%,20.7%,2.1%,46.5%,and 45.0%,respectively,in SD wetland,whereas no significant difference(P>0.05)was observed between ND and LD wetlands.The relative abundance of Proteobacteria generally decreased(by 53.5%–19.7%)across the different degradation levels,while the relative abundance of Cyanobacteria increased(by 6.2%–40.1%)from ND to MD levels.The abundance,diversity,and community composition of diazotrophs were most strongly related to soil organic carbon,followed by total nitrogen,moisture,and pH.The least number of network nodes and edges and the lowest density were observed for MD and SD wetlands,indicating that the complexity of free-living diazotrophic networks was reduced by continued degeneration.Overall,severe desert wetland degradation affected the abundance,diversity,and network complexity of soil free-living diazotrophs more negatively than light degradation.This degradation promoted the growth of autotrophic diazotrophs and inhibited the growth of heterotrophic diazotrophs.These changes were mostly related to the loss of soil organic carbon.展开更多
Xishui National Forest Park in Heilongjiang Province hosts China's most pristine temperate forests and serves as a key site for ecotourism and forest therapy.However,the emission patterns of phytoncides(key bio ac...Xishui National Forest Park in Heilongjiang Province hosts China's most pristine temperate forests and serves as a key site for ecotourism and forest therapy.However,the emission patterns of phytoncides(key bio active compounds) remain poorly understood,limiting their therapeutic application.This study provides the first comprehensive characterization of spatiotemporal dynamics in airborne phytoncides and their synergistic interactions with environmental factors throughout the autumn-early spring seasonal transition in a temperate forest ecosystem.We analyzed the compositional dynamics of phytoncides and terpenoid content variations using thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(TD-GC-MS) from September 2024 to March 2025.This period encompassed seasonal transitions from autumn to early spring,including diurnal variations in September and snowfall events in November.The method demonstrated detection limits(LODs) ranging from 1.35 to 5.33 ng m-3 and quantification limits(LOQs) from 4.09 to 16.15 ng m-3.Our results revealed pronounced seasonal fluctuations in phytoncide composition.In September,terpenoids,esters,alcohols,and alkanes displayed a diurnal "decrease-increase" trend,whereas aldehydes and ketones peaked at midday.Notably,esters and alcohols were undetectable in November and January.By January,terpenoids reached their lowest proportion(0.17±0.02%) at noon.Five terpenoids(α-pinene,myrcene,D-limonene,camphene,p-cymene) were detected in September,four(α-pinene,D-limonene,camphene,p-cymene) in November,two(D-limonene,p-cymene) in January,and only p-cymene in March.The total concentration and emission rate of the five terpenoids peaked in September afternoons at 1961.58±106.67 ng m^(-3) and653.86±35.56 ng m^(-3) h^(-1),respectively.Nocturnal emissions(32131.95±2522.21 ng m^(-3)) significantly surpassed daytime levels(14473.04±958.49 ng m^(-3)),with emission rates escalating from 1447.30±95.85 ng m^(-3) h^(-1)(day) to 5355.33±420.37 ng m^(-3) h^(-1)(night),marking a3.7-fold increase.Snowfall dramatically elevated terpenoid concentrations(pre-snowfall:158.58±14.12 ng m^(-3);post-snowfall:1080.57±57.76 ng m^(-3)) and emission rates(pre-snowfall:52.86±4.71 ng m^(-3) h^(-1);post-snowfall:360.19±19.25 ng m^(-3) h^(-1)),reflecting a 6.8-fold surge.This study underscores the profound influence of light intensity,seasonal shifts,and climatic conditions on airborne phytoncide levels,offering a scientific foundation for optimizing forest therapy and ecotourism strategies.展开更多
Under the influence of human activities,landscape fragmentation in the Wei River Basin(WRB)has become increasingly severe.Upstream development has intensified soil erosion,and industrial and agricultural pollution in ...Under the influence of human activities,landscape fragmentation in the Wei River Basin(WRB)has become increasingly severe.Upstream development has intensified soil erosion,and industrial and agricultural pollution in the middle reaches has degraded water quality.Rapid urbanization has further caused habitat fragmentation and biodiversity loss.Collectively,these challenges threaten human well-being and hinder sustainable development,making the construction and optimization of an ecological security pattern(ESP)urgently necessary.However,existing studies often fail to systematically integrate future landscape ecological risk(LER)assessment with ESP optimization.This study evaluated regional LER using the“ecological patches-ecological resistance surface(ERS)-ecological corridor”framework,combined with land-use predictions under three development scenarios,and optimized the ESP by adjusting the ERS and extracting ecological corridors.The results indicate that the LER in the WRB follows an“inverted N”distribution,with low-risk areas concentrated in forested mountain regions and high-risk areas mainly in cultivated land subject to intensive human activity.Across future scenarios,ESPs showed fewer ecological breakpoints and improved landscape connectivity than the 2020 baseline.Scenario-based differences emerged in the spatial configuration of ERS adjustments,with the ecological protection scenario yielding the lowest LER and most favorable ESP.This study demonstrates the deep integration of multi-scenario simulation with LER assessment,providing a new framework for ESP optimization.The findings have guiding significance for ecological protection and coordinated development in the WRB and offer a novel paradigm for sustainable development in ecologically fragile basins worldwide.展开更多
Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is a holistic medical system that classifies and treats diseases based on the concept of patterns.These patterns describe the pathophysiological process of a disease at a specific stag...Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is a holistic medical system that classifies and treats diseases based on the concept of patterns.These patterns describe the pathophysiological process of a disease at a specific stage,reflecting both external signs and internal features.TCM patterns are central to pattern differentiation,treatment,clinical practice,and theoretical development in TCM.However,scientific explanation of TCM patterns remains limited because of subjective diagnostic criteria,the absence of a standardized experimental medical system,and unclear biological mechanisms,which restrict the modernization and globalization of TCM.Addressing challenges such as strong subjectivity in diagnosis,lack of standardized experimental systems,and unclear biological mechanisms is necessary to clarify the scientific meaning of TCM patterns and to provide technical approaches for the modernization and globalization of TCM.A strategy focused on“pathogenic factors,genetic predisposition,and disease progression stages”was adopted.This approach included the following:(Ⅰ)constructing disease-pattern integrated biological models with animal models,organoids,and multi-organ chips;(Ⅱ)applying multi-omics technologies,such as spatial omics,single-cell omics,and dynamic metabolic flux omics;(Ⅲ)using artificial intelligence(AI)and big data for data integration and prediction of pattern evolution;and(Ⅳ)validating formula–pattern associations through the“pattern differentiation through formula efficacy”approach.These strategies directly address the main obstacles in TCM pattern research by providing objective,quantifiable,and reproducible methodologies.Constructing disease-pattern integrated models enabled cross-scale research platforms.Applying multi-omics technologies allowed analysis of complex biological bases.AI and big data approaches addressed challenges related to heterogeneous data.The“formula-based pattern differentiation”approach supported precise interventions and the development of new drugs.This interdisciplinary framework advances TCM pattern research by moving from empirical description to objective quantification.By integrating innovative approaches,the study establishes a foundation for systematic,evidence-based TCM diagnosis and treatment,supporting accuracy and promoting international recognition and modernization of TCM.The study shows that combining multi-omics technologies,AI-driven data analysis,and disease-pattern models enables objective quantification of TCM patterns and clarifies their biological mechanisms.展开更多
Dear Editor,Understanding patterns of species diversity is a primary research focus in macroecology,with its distribution patterns having been described and theoretically validated on a global scale(Peters et al.,2016...Dear Editor,Understanding patterns of species diversity is a primary research focus in macroecology,with its distribution patterns having been described and theoretically validated on a global scale(Peters et al.,2016;Sonne et al.,2025).Numerous studies have found that species richness of different taxa tends to decrease with increasing elevation and is modulated by latitudinal gradients(Peters et al.,2016;Dolson et al.,2024).This principle provides a crucial scientific basis for regional conservation planning.However,it still exhibits significant variations across different mountain ranges and taxa.展开更多
Urban forests are essential components of green infrastructure,however,rapid urbanization-induced changes in landscape patterns may affect their ecosystem services through complex ecological processes.A total of 184 s...Urban forests are essential components of green infrastructure,however,rapid urbanization-induced changes in landscape patterns may affect their ecosystem services through complex ecological processes.A total of 184 sample plots in the built-up areas of Nanchang,China,were used as research sites.Urbanization intensities were categorized by the rate of impervious surface area,and forest types were classified into landscape and relaxation forest,attached forest(AF),road forest(RF),and ecological public welfare forest.This study aimed to explore the spatial variations in vegetation characteristics and landscape pattern indices of different forest types under rapid urbanization.The results indicated that the largest patch index(LPI),aggregation index(AI),and percentage of landscape(PLAND)in RF and AF were lower than those in the other forest types(p<0.05).With increasing urbanization intensity,the mean perimeter-area ratio increased by 130.84%,whereas the PLAND,LPI,and AI decreased by 22−86%(p<0.05).Redundancy analysis and variation partitioning suggested that the interpretation rate of landscape pattern indices for variations in vegetation characteristics increased from low to heavy urbanization areas.Especially,the landscape shape index,patch connection index,PLAND,and mean patch size were significantly correlated with vegetation characteristics(e.g.,tree richness,herb coverage,and tree height).In the future,appropriate landscape layout superiority cases should be considered in different urbanization areas and forest types;for instance,increasing the patch connection index will beneficially improve the diversity of trees and herbs in heavy urbanization areas and the RF.This study serves as a reference for maximizing the ecosystem services of urban forests.展开更多
A design idea for single-component metamaterial plates is proposed to achieve the thermal stability of flexural wave bandgap by the perforated and pre-curved patterns.The band structure analysis suggests that perforat...A design idea for single-component metamaterial plates is proposed to achieve the thermal stability of flexural wave bandgap by the perforated and pre-curved patterns.The band structure analysis suggests that perforation can release part of the in-plane thermal expansion to weaken the softening effect of thermal stress.Introducing precurved components to the perforated structure will stop the decrement of the bandgap frequency in thermal environment,and even make the frequency higher with appropriate structural parameters.The bending stiffness of the heated plate is enhanced by the thermal deflection induced stiffening effect of the pre-curved components.The segmented pre-curved component presents a strong ability to resist the thermal influence on the flexural wave bandgap.A simplified model is established for the local structure of the precurved component.The theoretical calculations explain the thermally induced frequency increment of the bandgap and the discrepancy in the thermal response between the two pre-curved models.The transmittance of flexural wave validates the effectiveness of the proposed design.展开更多
The Qaidam Basin,a typical alpine arid inland basin on the northern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,China,hosts wetland ecosystems that are strongly constrained by topography and extreme climate.These ecosystems exhibit pronou...The Qaidam Basin,a typical alpine arid inland basin on the northern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,China,hosts wetland ecosystems that are strongly constrained by topography and extreme climate.These ecosystems exhibit pronounced spatiotemporal heterogeneity and fragmented distribution patterns,rendering them highly sensitive to environmental change.This study integrated Sentinel-2 remote sensing imagery with the SedInConnect model to delineate wetland patch distributions and calculate the Index of Connectivity(IC)values across the basin.Based on IC values,we stratified field sampling sites into high-,moderate-,and lowconnectivity gradient groups to analyze the relationships among plant community characteristics,vegetation spatial patterns,and wetland connectivity in the Qaidam Basin.Partial Least Squares Path Modeling(PLSPM)was further employed to quantify the driving mechanisms underlying wetland vegetation characteristics.The results revealed that wetland connectivity across the basin was generally low,with IC values up to 1.32 and displaying a west-to-east decreasing gradient.The west and northwest were characterized by relatively continuous high-connectivity wetland networks,while fragmented and low-connectivity wetlands predominated in the east and southeast.Connectivity regulated wetland vegetation patterns primarily by affecting patch size,fragmentation,and internal adjacency.High-connectivity areas had higher class area(CA),largest patch index(LPI),and area-weighted mean patch size(AREA_AM)than low-connectivity areas.Connectivity had the strongest effect on vegetation coverage,which declined sharply from 87.577%in highconnectivity areas to 12.152%in low-connectivity areas.Meanwhile,species diversity showed a moderately negative response to connectivity changes,whereas species evenness remained relatively unaffected.PLS-PM explained 78.300%and 67.500%of the variance in vegetation community and vegetation pattern,respectively.Climate played a dominant role in shaping vegetation characteristics,with significant negative effects on both vegetation community and pattern.Topography influenced vegetation indirectly through climate,and connectivity was influenced by both drivers and exerted positive effects on vegetation community and pattern.This study reveals the multi-pathway driving mechanisms underlying vegetation pattern formation in alpine wetlands,providing a theoretical foundation and decision-support framework for the scientific conservation and adaptive management of wetlands in the Qaidam Basin.展开更多
BACKGROUND Drug utilization research has an important role in assisting the healthcare administration to know,compute,and refine the prescription whose principal objective is to enable the rational use of drugs.Resear...BACKGROUND Drug utilization research has an important role in assisting the healthcare administration to know,compute,and refine the prescription whose principal objective is to enable the rational use of drugs.Research in developing nations relating to the cost of treatment is scarce when compared with developed countries.Thus,the drug utilization research studies from developing nations are most needed,and their number has been growing.AIM To evaluate patterns of utilization of antipsychotic drugs and direct medical cost analysis in patients newly diagnosed with schizophrenia.METHODS The present study was observational in type and based on a retrospective cohort to evaluate patterns of utilization of antipsychotic drugs using World Health Organization(WHO)core prescribing indicators and anatomical therapeutic chemical/defined daily dose indicators.We also calculated direct medical costs for a period of 6 months.RESULTS This study has found that atypical antipsychotics are the mainstay of treatment for schizophrenia in every age group and subcategories of schizophrenia.The evaluation based on WHO prescribing indicators showed a low average number of drugs per prescription and low prescribing frequency of antipsychotics from the National List of Essential Medicines 2015 and the WHO Essential Medicines List 2019.The total mean drug cost of our study was 1396 Indian rupees.The total mean cost due to the investigation in our study was 1017.34 Indian rupees.Therefore,the total mean direct medical cost incurred on patients in our study was 4337.28 Indian rupees.CONCLUSION The information from the present study can be used for reviewing and updating treatment policy at the institutional level.展开更多
Understanding spatial patterns of plant species diversity and the factors(e.g.,climate and human)that drive these patterns is essential for biodiversity conservation.We used data from 1700.1-ha forest plots in the She...Understanding spatial patterns of plant species diversity and the factors(e.g.,climate and human)that drive these patterns is essential for biodiversity conservation.We used data from 1700.1-ha forest plots in the Shettihalli tropical forest landscape of the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot,India,to analyse tree community composition and the drivers of α-diversity(Shannon)andβ-diversity(LCBD).Compositional patterns were visualized using Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling(NMDS),and hybrid feature selection with structural equation modeling(SEM)was employed to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of environmental variables on diversity.NMDS identified four distinct forest types in the Shettihalli landscape:semi-evergreen,dry deciduous,moist deciduous,and plantation forests,each with distinct plant composition.Shannon diversity and ecological uniqueness was significantly higher in semi-evergreen forest than in deciduous forest plots.The SEMs explained about 79%and 39–45%of the variation in α-diversity andβ-diversity.Our analysis indicated that current diversity patterns result from multiple processes,with structure,disturbance,and edaphic parameters exerting the strongest direct and indirect effects onα-diversity.β-diversity,in contrast,was largely influenced by climate,topography,stand structure,and edaphic factors.Overall,our findings indicate that various factors(e.g.,climate,topography,and human disturbance)interact to shape tree diversity patterns in tropical forests.These findings will help develop unique conservation and management strategies for distinct forest types in tropical forest ecosystems.展开更多
Objective:To elucidate the quantification and standardization of cold and hot patterns,the fundamental concepts in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).Methods:This randomized cross-controlled trial recruited 30 healthy ...Objective:To elucidate the quantification and standardization of cold and hot patterns,the fundamental concepts in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).Methods:This randomized cross-controlled trial recruited 30 healthy volunteers.Participants in Group 1 underwent 14 days of Coptis chinensis Franch.(C.chinensis,Huang Lian)treatment to shift their body toward the cold pattern,followed by 7 days of washout and 14 days of Cinnamomum cassia Presl(C.cassia,Rou Gui)treatment to shift their body toward the hot pattern.Participants in Group 2 underwent the opposite treatment.Blood and stool samples were collected for routine blood testing and full-length 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing.Results:Red blood cells(RBC),hemoglobin(HGB),hematocrit(HCT),and blood platelet count(BPC)were increased by C.chinensis,whereas the mean corpuscular HGB concentration(MCHC)was increased by C.cassia.RBC,HGB,HCT,and BPC were positively associated with the cold pattern but negatively correlated with the hot pattern,whereas MCHC showed opposite relationships.C.chinensis-increased Blautia stercoris was positively correlated with RBC,HGB,and HCT under C.chinensis treatment,whereas C.cassia-enhanced Parabacteroides distasonis_A was positively associated with MCHC under C.cassia treatment.Interestingly,five indicators(RBC,HGB,HCT,Blautia stercoris,and Prevotella copri)had an area under the curve of 0.795 for predicting the cold pattern.Although three indicators(MCHC,Akkermansia sp004167605,and Parabacteroides distasonis_A)showed poor predictive ability for the hot pattern,when the individual’s gut microbiota experienced disturbance by cold Chinese materia medica stimulation,the predictive ability increased to 0.703.Conclusion:This study suggests that blood parameters and gut microbes may be potential indicators of hot and cold TCM patterns,which could benefit the objectivity and scientific rigor of TCM.展开更多
The rapid urbanization has significantly accelerated the expansion of cities and led to a notable increase in urban land surface temperature(LST).Currently,most studies mainly examine the effects of two-dimensional(2D...The rapid urbanization has significantly accelerated the expansion of cities and led to a notable increase in urban land surface temperature(LST).Currently,most studies mainly examine the effects of two-dimensional(2D)landscape patterns on LST variations,and research investigating the relationship between three-dimensional(3D)urban landscape patterns and LST remains relatively scarce.Therefore,this study utilizes partial correlation analysis and piecewise linear regression to systematically investigate the impacts of gray landscape indicators on LST variations under both 2D and 3D urban patterns,aiming to elucidate the complex relationship between 3D urban landscape patterns and LST dynamics.The results demonstrate that specific 3D building characteristics,particularly the area of low-rise buildings,building aggregation degree,shape complexity,and patch density of mid-rise buildings,serve as effective indicators of urban thermal environment risk.The analysis reveals that increased area-related indicators for low-rise buildings significantly exacerbate the LST rise,whereas modifications to the landscape shape of middle and high-rise buildings contribute to thermal mitigation.Additionally,when gray landscape aggregation exceeds 80%,the spatial concentration of mid-rise buildings exhibits a pronounced positive effect on moderating urban LST.These findings elucidate the mechanisms through which 3D landscape patterns influence urban thermal risks in Beijing,advancing the understanding of urban landscape-ecological processes interactions and providing crucial scientific support for landscape optimization and urban thermal environment risk mitigation strategies.展开更多
Global grassland degradation necessitates the identification of sustainable grazing management strategies.In semi-arid regions,grazing exclusion(GE),cold-season grazing(CG),and free grazing(FG)represent common practic...Global grassland degradation necessitates the identification of sustainable grazing management strategies.In semi-arid regions,grazing exclusion(GE),cold-season grazing(CG),and free grazing(FG)represent common practices in grassland ecosystems,yet the long-term ecological consequences of these patterns on plant community structure and soil aggregate stability remain inadequately elucidated.In this study,we evaluated the effects of GE,CG,and FG on soil organic carbon,soil water content,soil bulk density,soil aggregates,and vegetation indicators in Xilamuren steppe,a semi-arid grassland in northern China through field sampling and laboratory analyses in 2024.Our findings revealed that,compared to CG and FG,GE significantly enhanced aboveground and belowground biomass,species diversity,and soil physical-chemical properties in the 0–30 cm layer.The dominant plant species in GE and CG sites were Stipa krylovii,Leymus chinensis,and Agropyron cristatum,whereas Stipa krylovii,Artemisia frigida,and Leymus chinensis were predominant in FG site.Different grazing patterns led to distinct soil aggregate distributions,with>2.00 and<0.25 mm aggregates exhibiting the highest content in different soil layers depending on the grazing patterns.All grazing management strategies significantly improved soil aggregate stability,with the overall stability following the order:GE>CG>FG.Furthermore,random forest modeling identified plant species diversity,plant growth traits,and grazing patterns as the primary determinants of soil aggregate stability.Collectively,these results offer valuable insights into the sustainable management and ecological restoration of semi-arid grasslands under different grazing pressures.展开更多
基金Under the auspices of National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41101049,40601047,41371072,31101617,41171047)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2012M511361)+2 种基金Excellent Youth Scholars of Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology,Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.DLSYQ2012004)Fund for Distinguished Young Scholar of Harbin Normal University(No.KGB201204)Scientific Innovation Project for Doctoral Candidate of Harbin Normal University(No.HSDBSCX2012-07)
文摘One of the fundamental questions in community ecology is whether communities are random or formed by deterministic mechanisms. Although many efforts have been made to verify non-randomness in community structure, little is known with regard to co-occurrence patterns in above-ground and below-ground communities. In this paper, we used a null model to test non-randomness in the structure of the above-ground and below-ground mite communities in farmland of the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. Then, we used four tests for non-randomness to recognize species pairs that would be demonstrated as significantly aggregated or segregated co-occurrences of the above-ground and below-ground mite communities. The pattern of the above-ground mite commu- nity was significantly non-random in October, suggesting species segregation and hence interspecific competition. Additionally, species co-occurrence patterns did not differ from randomness in the above-ground mite community in August or in below-ground mite com- munities in August and October. Only one significant species pair was detected in the above-ground mite community in August, while no significant species pairs were recognized in the above-ground mite community in October or in the below-ground mite communities in August and October. The results indicate that non-randomness and significant species pairs may not be the general rule in the above-ground and below-ground mite communities in farmland of the Sanjiang Plain at the fine scale.
基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2016YFD0200309 and 2018YFD0301104-01).
文摘Nitrogen(N)deep placement has been found to reduce N leaching and increase N use efficiency in paddy fields.However,relatively little is known how bacterial consortia,especially abundant and rare taxa,respond to N deep placement,which is critical for understanding the biodiversity and function of agricultural ecosystem.In this study,lllumina sequencing and ecological models were conducted to examine the diversity patterns and underlying assembly mechanisms of abundant and rare taxa in rice rhizosphere soil under different N fertilization regimes at four rice growth stages in paddy fields.The results showed that abundant and rare bacteria had distinct distribution patterns in rhizosphere samples.Abundant bacteria showed ubiquitous distribution;while rare taxa exhibited uneven distribution across all samples.Stochastic processes dominated community assembly of both abundant and rare bacteria,with dispersal limitation playing a more vital role in abundant bacteria,and undominated processes playing a more important role in rare bacteria.The N deep placement was associated with a greater influence of dispersal limitation than the broadcast N fertilizer(BN)and no N fertilizer(NN)treatments in abundant and rare taxa of rhizosphere soil;while greater contributions from homogenizing dispersal were observed for BN and NN in rare taxa.Network analysis indicated that abundant taxa with closer relationships were usually more likely to occupy the central position of the network than rare taxa.Nevertheless,most of the keystone species were rare taxa and might have played essential roles in maintaining the network stability.Overall,these findings highlighted that the ecological mechanisms and co-occurrence patterns of abundant and rare bacteria in rhizosphere soil under N deep placement.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 31772852)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Nos. 2015 62030, 201612004)the Public Science and Technology Research Funds Projects of Ocean (No. 201305030)
文摘Co-occurrence pattern of fish species plays an important role in understanding the spatio-temporal structure and the stability of fish community.Species coexistence may vary with time and space.The co-occurrence patterns of fish species were examined using the C-score under fixed-fixed null model for fish communities in spring and autumn over different years in the Haizhou Bay,China.The results showed that fish assemblages in the whole bay had non-random patterns in spring and autumn over different years.However,the fish co-occurrence patterns were different for the northern and southern fish assemblages in spring and autumn.The northern fish assemblage showed structured pattern,whereas the southern assemblage were randomly assembled in spring.The co-occurrence patterns of fish communities were relatively stable over different years,and the number of significant species pairs in northern assemblage was more than that in the southern assemblage.Environmental heterogeneity played an important role in determining the distributions of fish species that formed significant species pairs,which might affect the co-occurrence patterns of northern and southern assemblages further in the Haizhou Bay.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFC0503802)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2017M 620905)
文摘Background:Disentangling the relative importance of environmental variables and interspecific interaction in modulating co-occurrence patterns of sympatric species is essential for understanding the mechanisms of community assembly and biodiversity. For the two sympatric Galliformes, Silver Pheasants (Lophura nycthemera) and Whitenecklaced Partridges (Arborophila gingica), we know little about the role of habitat use and interspecific interactions in modulating their coexistence. Methods:We adopted a probabilistic approach incorporating habitat preference and interspecific interaction using occupancy model to account for imperfect detection,and used daily activity pattern analysis to investigate the cooccurrence pattern of these two sympatric Galliformes in wet and dry seasons. Results: We found that the detection probability of Silver Pheasant and White-necklaced Partridge were related to habitat variables and interspecific interaction. The presence of Silver Pheasant increases the detection probability of White-necklaced Partridge in both the wet and dry season. However, the presence of White-necklaced Partridges increases the detection probability of Silver Pheasants in the wet season, but decreases the probability in the dry season. Further, Silver Pheasants were detected frequently in the sites of high values of enhanced vegetable index (EVI) in both the wet and dry season, and in sites away from human residential settlement in the wet season. Whitenecklaced partridges were mainly detected in low EVI sites. The site use probabilities of two Galliformes were best explained by habitat variables, Silver Pheasants and White-necklaced Partridges preferred steeper areas during the wet and dry season. Both species mainly occurred in low EVI areas during the wet season and occupied sites away from the resident settlement during the dry season. Moreover, the site use probabilities of two species had opposite relationships with forest canopy coverage. Silver Pheasants preferred areas with high forest canopy coverage whereas White-necklaced Partridges preferred low forest canopy coverage in the dry season, and vice versa in the wet season. Species interaction factor (SIF)corroborated weak evidence of the dependence of the site use of one species on that of the other in the either dry or wet season.Temporally, high overlapping of daily activity pattern indicated no significantly temporal niche differentiation between sympatric Galliformes in both wet and dry seasons. Conclusions:Our results demonstrated that the presence of two species influenced the detection probability interactively and there was no temporal partitioning in activity time between Silver Pheasants and White-necklaced Partridges in the wet and dry seasons.The site use probability of two Galliformes was best explained by habitat variables, especially the forest canopy coverage.Therefore, environmental variables and interspecific interaction are the leading drivers regulating the detection and site use probability and promoting co-occurrence of Silver Pheasants and White-necklaced Partridges.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41867056)the Guizhou Provincial Key Technology R&D Program(Nos.2021470,2023216)。
文摘Denitrifying bacteria in epiphytic biofilms play a crucial role in nitrogen cycle in aquatic habitats.However,little is known about the connection between algae and denitrifying bacteria and their assembly processes in epiphytic biofilms.Epiphytic biofilms were collected from submerged macrophytes(Patamogeton lucens and Najas marina L.)in the Caohai Lake,Guizhou,SW China,from July to November 2020 to:(1)investigate the impact of abiotic and biotic variables on denitrifying bacterial communities;(2)investigate the temporal variation of the algae-denitrifying bacteria co-occurrence networks;and(3)determine the contribution of deterministic and stochastic processes to the formation of denitrifying bacterial communities.Abiotic and biotic factors influenced the variation in the denitrifying bacterial community,as shown in the Mantel test.The co-occurrence network analysis unveiled intricate interactions among algae to denitrifying bacteria.Denitrifying bacterial community co-occurrence network complexity(larger average degrees representing stronger network complexity)increased continuously from July to September and decreased in October before increasing in November.The co-occurrence network complexity of the algae and nirS-encoding denitrifying bacteria tended to increase from July to November.The co-occurrence network complexity of the algal and denitrifying bacterial communities was modified by ammonia nitrogen(NH_(4)^(+)-N)and total phosphorus(TP),pH,and water temperature(WT),according to the ordinary least-squares(OLS)model.The modified stochasticity ratio(MST)results reveal that deterministic selection dominated the assembly of denitrifying bacterial communities.The influence of environmental variables to denitrifying bacterial communities,as well as characteristics of algal-bacterial co-occurrence networks and the assembly process of denitrifying bacterial communities,were discovered in epiphytic biofilms in this study.The findings could aid in the appropriate understanding and use of epiphytic biofilms denitrification function,as well as the enhancement of water quality.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.41930760, 41807362, and 41977322)the Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu in China (No.BK20181104)+2 种基金the Key Research Program of Frontier Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (No.QYZDB-SSWDQC016)supported by WATEC (Centre for Water Technology, AU)the TüBITAK outstanding scientists program 2232 (project 118C250)。
文摘Interactions between dissolved organic matter(DOM)and bacteria are central in the biogeochemical cycles of aquatic ecosystems;however,the relative importance of biodegradable dissolved organic carbon(BDOC)compared with other environmental variables in structuring the bacterial communities needs further investigation.Here,we investigated bacterial communities,chromophoric DOM(CDOM)characteristics and physico-chemical parameters as well as examined BDOC via bioassay incubations in large eutrophic Lake Taihu,China,to explore the importance of BDOC for shaping bacterial community structures and co-occurrence patterns.We found that the proportion of BDOC(%BDOC)correlated significantly and positively with the DOC concentration and the index of the contribution of recent produced autochthonous CDOM(BIX).%BDOC,further correlated positively with the relative abundance of the tryptophan-like component and negatively with CDOM aromaticity,indicating that autochthonous production of protein-like CDOM was an important source of BDOC.The richness of the bacterial communities correlated negatively with%BDOC,indicating an enhanced number of species in the refractory DOC environments.%BDOC was identified as a significant stronger factor than DOC in shaping bacterial community composition and the co-occurrence network,suggesting that substrate biodegradability is more significant than DOC quantity determining the bacterial communities in a eutrophic lake.Environmental factors explained a larger proportion of the variation in the conditionally rare and abundant subcommunity than for the abundant and the rare bacterial subcommunities.Our findings emphasize the importance of considering bacteria with different abundance patterns and DOC biodegradability when studying the interactions between DOM and bacteria in eutrophic lakes.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31770223)the Excellent Achievement Cultivation Project of Higher Education in Shanxi(No.2020KJ029)the Scientifi c and Technological Innovation Programs of Higher Education Institutions in Shanxi(No.2019L0778)。
文摘Microorganisms play a key role in aquatic ecosystems.Recent studies show that keystone taxa in microbial community could change the community structure and function.However,most previous studies focus on abundant taxa but neglected low abundant ones.To clarify the seasonal variation of bacterial and microalgal communities and understand their synergistic adaptation to diff erent environmental factors,we studied the bacterial and eukaryotic phytoplankton communities in Fenhe River that runs through Taiyuan City,central China,and their seasonal co-occurrence patterns using 16S and 18S rDNA sequencing.Results indicate that positive interaction of eukaryotic phytoplankton network was more active than negative one except winter,indicating that the cooperation(symbiotic phenomenon in which phytoplankton are interdependent and mutually benefi cial)among them could improve the adaption of microbial community to the local environmental changes and maintain the stability of microbial network.The main genera that identifi ed as keystone taxa in bacterial network were Salinivibrio and Sphingopyxis of Proteobacteria and they could respond to the variation of nitrite and make use of it,while those that identifi ed as keystone taxa in eukaryotic phytoplankton network were Pseudoschroederia and Nannochloris,and they were more susceptible to nitrate and phosphate.Mychonastes and Cryptomonas were closely related to water temperature.However,the loss of the co-occurrence by environmental factor changes aff ected the stability of network structure.This study provided a reference for analyzing relationship between bacteria and eukaryotic phytoplankton and revealing potential importance of keystone taxa in similar ecological domains in carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus dynamics.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.41471437)the National Key R&D Program of China(Nos.2016YFA0600801,2017YFC0504504)the West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(No.XAB2016A04).
文摘Climate change and human activity have led to the degradation of desert wetlands.Free-living diazotrophs are vital for soil nitrogen input.However,a comprehensive understanding of how soil free-living diazotrophic communities and their co-occurrence patterns respond to desert wetland degradation is lacking.Here,quantitative polymerase chain reaction(qPCR),amplicon sequencing targeting nitrogenase gene(nifH),and network analysis were used to investigate the abundance,diversity,community composition,and co-occurrence patterns of soil free-living diazotrophs along the wetland degradation gradient,i.e.,non-degraded(ND),lightly degraded(LD),moderately degraded(MD),and severely degraded(SD),in the southeastern Mu Us Desert,northern China.The abundance and Shannon,Simpson,Chao 1,and ACE indexes decreased(P<0.05)by 14.6%,20.7%,2.1%,46.5%,and 45.0%,respectively,in SD wetland,whereas no significant difference(P>0.05)was observed between ND and LD wetlands.The relative abundance of Proteobacteria generally decreased(by 53.5%–19.7%)across the different degradation levels,while the relative abundance of Cyanobacteria increased(by 6.2%–40.1%)from ND to MD levels.The abundance,diversity,and community composition of diazotrophs were most strongly related to soil organic carbon,followed by total nitrogen,moisture,and pH.The least number of network nodes and edges and the lowest density were observed for MD and SD wetlands,indicating that the complexity of free-living diazotrophic networks was reduced by continued degeneration.Overall,severe desert wetland degradation affected the abundance,diversity,and network complexity of soil free-living diazotrophs more negatively than light degradation.This degradation promoted the growth of autotrophic diazotrophs and inhibited the growth of heterotrophic diazotrophs.These changes were mostly related to the loss of soil organic carbon.
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Plan Project of Heilongjiang Province (2022ZX02C13)。
文摘Xishui National Forest Park in Heilongjiang Province hosts China's most pristine temperate forests and serves as a key site for ecotourism and forest therapy.However,the emission patterns of phytoncides(key bio active compounds) remain poorly understood,limiting their therapeutic application.This study provides the first comprehensive characterization of spatiotemporal dynamics in airborne phytoncides and their synergistic interactions with environmental factors throughout the autumn-early spring seasonal transition in a temperate forest ecosystem.We analyzed the compositional dynamics of phytoncides and terpenoid content variations using thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(TD-GC-MS) from September 2024 to March 2025.This period encompassed seasonal transitions from autumn to early spring,including diurnal variations in September and snowfall events in November.The method demonstrated detection limits(LODs) ranging from 1.35 to 5.33 ng m-3 and quantification limits(LOQs) from 4.09 to 16.15 ng m-3.Our results revealed pronounced seasonal fluctuations in phytoncide composition.In September,terpenoids,esters,alcohols,and alkanes displayed a diurnal "decrease-increase" trend,whereas aldehydes and ketones peaked at midday.Notably,esters and alcohols were undetectable in November and January.By January,terpenoids reached their lowest proportion(0.17±0.02%) at noon.Five terpenoids(α-pinene,myrcene,D-limonene,camphene,p-cymene) were detected in September,four(α-pinene,D-limonene,camphene,p-cymene) in November,two(D-limonene,p-cymene) in January,and only p-cymene in March.The total concentration and emission rate of the five terpenoids peaked in September afternoons at 1961.58±106.67 ng m^(-3) and653.86±35.56 ng m^(-3) h^(-1),respectively.Nocturnal emissions(32131.95±2522.21 ng m^(-3)) significantly surpassed daytime levels(14473.04±958.49 ng m^(-3)),with emission rates escalating from 1447.30±95.85 ng m^(-3) h^(-1)(day) to 5355.33±420.37 ng m^(-3) h^(-1)(night),marking a3.7-fold increase.Snowfall dramatically elevated terpenoid concentrations(pre-snowfall:158.58±14.12 ng m^(-3);post-snowfall:1080.57±57.76 ng m^(-3)) and emission rates(pre-snowfall:52.86±4.71 ng m^(-3) h^(-1);post-snowfall:360.19±19.25 ng m^(-3) h^(-1)),reflecting a 6.8-fold surge.This study underscores the profound influence of light intensity,seasonal shifts,and climatic conditions on airborne phytoncide levels,offering a scientific foundation for optimizing forest therapy and ecotourism strategies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[Grant No.42361040].
文摘Under the influence of human activities,landscape fragmentation in the Wei River Basin(WRB)has become increasingly severe.Upstream development has intensified soil erosion,and industrial and agricultural pollution in the middle reaches has degraded water quality.Rapid urbanization has further caused habitat fragmentation and biodiversity loss.Collectively,these challenges threaten human well-being and hinder sustainable development,making the construction and optimization of an ecological security pattern(ESP)urgently necessary.However,existing studies often fail to systematically integrate future landscape ecological risk(LER)assessment with ESP optimization.This study evaluated regional LER using the“ecological patches-ecological resistance surface(ERS)-ecological corridor”framework,combined with land-use predictions under three development scenarios,and optimized the ESP by adjusting the ERS and extracting ecological corridors.The results indicate that the LER in the WRB follows an“inverted N”distribution,with low-risk areas concentrated in forested mountain regions and high-risk areas mainly in cultivated land subject to intensive human activity.Across future scenarios,ESPs showed fewer ecological breakpoints and improved landscape connectivity than the 2020 baseline.Scenario-based differences emerged in the spatial configuration of ERS adjustments,with the ecological protection scenario yielding the lowest LER and most favorable ESP.This study demonstrates the deep integration of multi-scenario simulation with LER assessment,providing a new framework for ESP optimization.The findings have guiding significance for ecological protection and coordinated development in the WRB and offer a novel paradigm for sustainable development in ecologically fragile basins worldwide.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFC3500100)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82230126 and U24A20800)+3 种基金Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project(2023ZD0502600 and 2023ZD0502601)National Science Fund for Excellent Young Scholars(82222075)the Incubation Program for the Science and Technology Development of Chinese Medicine Guangdong Laboratory(HQL2024PZ045 and HQCML-C-2024003)Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pattern and Formula(2022B1212010012).
文摘Traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)is a holistic medical system that classifies and treats diseases based on the concept of patterns.These patterns describe the pathophysiological process of a disease at a specific stage,reflecting both external signs and internal features.TCM patterns are central to pattern differentiation,treatment,clinical practice,and theoretical development in TCM.However,scientific explanation of TCM patterns remains limited because of subjective diagnostic criteria,the absence of a standardized experimental medical system,and unclear biological mechanisms,which restrict the modernization and globalization of TCM.Addressing challenges such as strong subjectivity in diagnosis,lack of standardized experimental systems,and unclear biological mechanisms is necessary to clarify the scientific meaning of TCM patterns and to provide technical approaches for the modernization and globalization of TCM.A strategy focused on“pathogenic factors,genetic predisposition,and disease progression stages”was adopted.This approach included the following:(Ⅰ)constructing disease-pattern integrated biological models with animal models,organoids,and multi-organ chips;(Ⅱ)applying multi-omics technologies,such as spatial omics,single-cell omics,and dynamic metabolic flux omics;(Ⅲ)using artificial intelligence(AI)and big data for data integration and prediction of pattern evolution;and(Ⅳ)validating formula–pattern associations through the“pattern differentiation through formula efficacy”approach.These strategies directly address the main obstacles in TCM pattern research by providing objective,quantifiable,and reproducible methodologies.Constructing disease-pattern integrated models enabled cross-scale research platforms.Applying multi-omics technologies allowed analysis of complex biological bases.AI and big data approaches addressed challenges related to heterogeneous data.The“formula-based pattern differentiation”approach supported precise interventions and the development of new drugs.This interdisciplinary framework advances TCM pattern research by moving from empirical description to objective quantification.By integrating innovative approaches,the study establishes a foundation for systematic,evidence-based TCM diagnosis and treatment,supporting accuracy and promoting international recognition and modernization of TCM.The study shows that combining multi-omics technologies,AI-driven data analysis,and disease-pattern models enables objective quantification of TCM patterns and clarifies their biological mechanisms.
基金supported by the Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Projects(Grant Nos.ZK[2022]540 and[2023]099)the Survey of Amphibian and Reptile Resources in Leigongshan Nature Reserve and Literature Publishing Services(P5226002023000019).
文摘Dear Editor,Understanding patterns of species diversity is a primary research focus in macroecology,with its distribution patterns having been described and theoretically validated on a global scale(Peters et al.,2016;Sonne et al.,2025).Numerous studies have found that species richness of different taxa tends to decrease with increasing elevation and is modulated by latitudinal gradients(Peters et al.,2016;Dolson et al.,2024).This principle provides a crucial scientific basis for regional conservation planning.However,it still exhibits significant variations across different mountain ranges and taxa.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32460380,42007042)State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture(SKLSSKF2023-06)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province(20242BAB25389)National Undergraduate Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program(202410410029X)Jiangxi Province Graduate Student Innovation Special Fund Project(YC2024-S330).
文摘Urban forests are essential components of green infrastructure,however,rapid urbanization-induced changes in landscape patterns may affect their ecosystem services through complex ecological processes.A total of 184 sample plots in the built-up areas of Nanchang,China,were used as research sites.Urbanization intensities were categorized by the rate of impervious surface area,and forest types were classified into landscape and relaxation forest,attached forest(AF),road forest(RF),and ecological public welfare forest.This study aimed to explore the spatial variations in vegetation characteristics and landscape pattern indices of different forest types under rapid urbanization.The results indicated that the largest patch index(LPI),aggregation index(AI),and percentage of landscape(PLAND)in RF and AF were lower than those in the other forest types(p<0.05).With increasing urbanization intensity,the mean perimeter-area ratio increased by 130.84%,whereas the PLAND,LPI,and AI decreased by 22−86%(p<0.05).Redundancy analysis and variation partitioning suggested that the interpretation rate of landscape pattern indices for variations in vegetation characteristics increased from low to heavy urbanization areas.Especially,the landscape shape index,patch connection index,PLAND,and mean patch size were significantly correlated with vegetation characteristics(e.g.,tree richness,herb coverage,and tree height).In the future,appropriate landscape layout superiority cases should be considered in different urbanization areas and forest types;for instance,increasing the patch connection index will beneficially improve the diversity of trees and herbs in heavy urbanization areas and the RF.This study serves as a reference for maximizing the ecosystem services of urban forests.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.12102321 and 52192633)the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(No.2025JCYBMS-050)。
文摘A design idea for single-component metamaterial plates is proposed to achieve the thermal stability of flexural wave bandgap by the perforated and pre-curved patterns.The band structure analysis suggests that perforation can release part of the in-plane thermal expansion to weaken the softening effect of thermal stress.Introducing precurved components to the perforated structure will stop the decrement of the bandgap frequency in thermal environment,and even make the frequency higher with appropriate structural parameters.The bending stiffness of the heated plate is enhanced by the thermal deflection induced stiffening effect of the pre-curved components.The segmented pre-curved component presents a strong ability to resist the thermal influence on the flexural wave bandgap.A simplified model is established for the local structure of the precurved component.The theoretical calculations explain the thermally induced frequency increment of the bandgap and the discrepancy in the thermal response between the two pre-curved models.The transmittance of flexural wave validates the effectiveness of the proposed design.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42230720)the 2023 Annual Qinghai Province"Kunlun Talents-High-end Innovation and Entrepreneurship Talent"Program Project.
文摘The Qaidam Basin,a typical alpine arid inland basin on the northern Qinghai-Xizang Plateau,China,hosts wetland ecosystems that are strongly constrained by topography and extreme climate.These ecosystems exhibit pronounced spatiotemporal heterogeneity and fragmented distribution patterns,rendering them highly sensitive to environmental change.This study integrated Sentinel-2 remote sensing imagery with the SedInConnect model to delineate wetland patch distributions and calculate the Index of Connectivity(IC)values across the basin.Based on IC values,we stratified field sampling sites into high-,moderate-,and lowconnectivity gradient groups to analyze the relationships among plant community characteristics,vegetation spatial patterns,and wetland connectivity in the Qaidam Basin.Partial Least Squares Path Modeling(PLSPM)was further employed to quantify the driving mechanisms underlying wetland vegetation characteristics.The results revealed that wetland connectivity across the basin was generally low,with IC values up to 1.32 and displaying a west-to-east decreasing gradient.The west and northwest were characterized by relatively continuous high-connectivity wetland networks,while fragmented and low-connectivity wetlands predominated in the east and southeast.Connectivity regulated wetland vegetation patterns primarily by affecting patch size,fragmentation,and internal adjacency.High-connectivity areas had higher class area(CA),largest patch index(LPI),and area-weighted mean patch size(AREA_AM)than low-connectivity areas.Connectivity had the strongest effect on vegetation coverage,which declined sharply from 87.577%in highconnectivity areas to 12.152%in low-connectivity areas.Meanwhile,species diversity showed a moderately negative response to connectivity changes,whereas species evenness remained relatively unaffected.PLS-PM explained 78.300%and 67.500%of the variance in vegetation community and vegetation pattern,respectively.Climate played a dominant role in shaping vegetation characteristics,with significant negative effects on both vegetation community and pattern.Topography influenced vegetation indirectly through climate,and connectivity was influenced by both drivers and exerted positive effects on vegetation community and pattern.This study reveals the multi-pathway driving mechanisms underlying vegetation pattern formation in alpine wetlands,providing a theoretical foundation and decision-support framework for the scientific conservation and adaptive management of wetlands in the Qaidam Basin.
文摘BACKGROUND Drug utilization research has an important role in assisting the healthcare administration to know,compute,and refine the prescription whose principal objective is to enable the rational use of drugs.Research in developing nations relating to the cost of treatment is scarce when compared with developed countries.Thus,the drug utilization research studies from developing nations are most needed,and their number has been growing.AIM To evaluate patterns of utilization of antipsychotic drugs and direct medical cost analysis in patients newly diagnosed with schizophrenia.METHODS The present study was observational in type and based on a retrospective cohort to evaluate patterns of utilization of antipsychotic drugs using World Health Organization(WHO)core prescribing indicators and anatomical therapeutic chemical/defined daily dose indicators.We also calculated direct medical costs for a period of 6 months.RESULTS This study has found that atypical antipsychotics are the mainstay of treatment for schizophrenia in every age group and subcategories of schizophrenia.The evaluation based on WHO prescribing indicators showed a low average number of drugs per prescription and low prescribing frequency of antipsychotics from the National List of Essential Medicines 2015 and the WHO Essential Medicines List 2019.The total mean drug cost of our study was 1396 Indian rupees.The total mean cost due to the investigation in our study was 1017.34 Indian rupees.Therefore,the total mean direct medical cost incurred on patients in our study was 4337.28 Indian rupees.CONCLUSION The information from the present study can be used for reviewing and updating treatment policy at the institutional level.
基金supported by the Department of Biotechnology,Ministry of Science and Technology,Govt.India,under grant No.BT/Coord.Ⅱ/10/02/2016/22.03.2018the Indian Council of Social Science Research,New Delhi,India,for providing a short-term doctoral fellowship(RFD/Short-Term/2022-23/ENV/ST/66)。
文摘Understanding spatial patterns of plant species diversity and the factors(e.g.,climate and human)that drive these patterns is essential for biodiversity conservation.We used data from 1700.1-ha forest plots in the Shettihalli tropical forest landscape of the Western Ghats biodiversity hotspot,India,to analyse tree community composition and the drivers of α-diversity(Shannon)andβ-diversity(LCBD).Compositional patterns were visualized using Non-Metric Multidimensional Scaling(NMDS),and hybrid feature selection with structural equation modeling(SEM)was employed to evaluate the direct and indirect effects of environmental variables on diversity.NMDS identified four distinct forest types in the Shettihalli landscape:semi-evergreen,dry deciduous,moist deciduous,and plantation forests,each with distinct plant composition.Shannon diversity and ecological uniqueness was significantly higher in semi-evergreen forest than in deciduous forest plots.The SEMs explained about 79%and 39–45%of the variation in α-diversity andβ-diversity.Our analysis indicated that current diversity patterns result from multiple processes,with structure,disturbance,and edaphic parameters exerting the strongest direct and indirect effects onα-diversity.β-diversity,in contrast,was largely influenced by climate,topography,stand structure,and edaphic factors.Overall,our findings indicate that various factors(e.g.,climate,topography,and human disturbance)interact to shape tree diversity patterns in tropical forests.These findings will help develop unique conservation and management strategies for distinct forest types in tropical forest ecosystems.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(81973217).
文摘Objective:To elucidate the quantification and standardization of cold and hot patterns,the fundamental concepts in traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).Methods:This randomized cross-controlled trial recruited 30 healthy volunteers.Participants in Group 1 underwent 14 days of Coptis chinensis Franch.(C.chinensis,Huang Lian)treatment to shift their body toward the cold pattern,followed by 7 days of washout and 14 days of Cinnamomum cassia Presl(C.cassia,Rou Gui)treatment to shift their body toward the hot pattern.Participants in Group 2 underwent the opposite treatment.Blood and stool samples were collected for routine blood testing and full-length 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing.Results:Red blood cells(RBC),hemoglobin(HGB),hematocrit(HCT),and blood platelet count(BPC)were increased by C.chinensis,whereas the mean corpuscular HGB concentration(MCHC)was increased by C.cassia.RBC,HGB,HCT,and BPC were positively associated with the cold pattern but negatively correlated with the hot pattern,whereas MCHC showed opposite relationships.C.chinensis-increased Blautia stercoris was positively correlated with RBC,HGB,and HCT under C.chinensis treatment,whereas C.cassia-enhanced Parabacteroides distasonis_A was positively associated with MCHC under C.cassia treatment.Interestingly,five indicators(RBC,HGB,HCT,Blautia stercoris,and Prevotella copri)had an area under the curve of 0.795 for predicting the cold pattern.Although three indicators(MCHC,Akkermansia sp004167605,and Parabacteroides distasonis_A)showed poor predictive ability for the hot pattern,when the individual’s gut microbiota experienced disturbance by cold Chinese materia medica stimulation,the predictive ability increased to 0.703.Conclusion:This study suggests that blood parameters and gut microbes may be potential indicators of hot and cold TCM patterns,which could benefit the objectivity and scientific rigor of TCM.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China[grant number 2024YFF1306200]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 42171318].
文摘The rapid urbanization has significantly accelerated the expansion of cities and led to a notable increase in urban land surface temperature(LST).Currently,most studies mainly examine the effects of two-dimensional(2D)landscape patterns on LST variations,and research investigating the relationship between three-dimensional(3D)urban landscape patterns and LST remains relatively scarce.Therefore,this study utilizes partial correlation analysis and piecewise linear regression to systematically investigate the impacts of gray landscape indicators on LST variations under both 2D and 3D urban patterns,aiming to elucidate the complex relationship between 3D urban landscape patterns and LST dynamics.The results demonstrate that specific 3D building characteristics,particularly the area of low-rise buildings,building aggregation degree,shape complexity,and patch density of mid-rise buildings,serve as effective indicators of urban thermal environment risk.The analysis reveals that increased area-related indicators for low-rise buildings significantly exacerbate the LST rise,whereas modifications to the landscape shape of middle and high-rise buildings contribute to thermal mitigation.Additionally,when gray landscape aggregation exceeds 80%,the spatial concentration of mid-rise buildings exhibits a pronounced positive effect on moderating urban LST.These findings elucidate the mechanisms through which 3D landscape patterns influence urban thermal risks in Beijing,advancing the understanding of urban landscape-ecological processes interactions and providing crucial scientific support for landscape optimization and urban thermal environment risk mitigation strategies.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2024YFF1306305)the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region Natural Science Foundation Project(2025QN03106)+1 种基金the Research Start-up Project for the Introduction of High-level and Outstanding Doctoral Talent at Inner Mongolia Agricultural University(NDYB2024-42)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42201012).
文摘Global grassland degradation necessitates the identification of sustainable grazing management strategies.In semi-arid regions,grazing exclusion(GE),cold-season grazing(CG),and free grazing(FG)represent common practices in grassland ecosystems,yet the long-term ecological consequences of these patterns on plant community structure and soil aggregate stability remain inadequately elucidated.In this study,we evaluated the effects of GE,CG,and FG on soil organic carbon,soil water content,soil bulk density,soil aggregates,and vegetation indicators in Xilamuren steppe,a semi-arid grassland in northern China through field sampling and laboratory analyses in 2024.Our findings revealed that,compared to CG and FG,GE significantly enhanced aboveground and belowground biomass,species diversity,and soil physical-chemical properties in the 0–30 cm layer.The dominant plant species in GE and CG sites were Stipa krylovii,Leymus chinensis,and Agropyron cristatum,whereas Stipa krylovii,Artemisia frigida,and Leymus chinensis were predominant in FG site.Different grazing patterns led to distinct soil aggregate distributions,with>2.00 and<0.25 mm aggregates exhibiting the highest content in different soil layers depending on the grazing patterns.All grazing management strategies significantly improved soil aggregate stability,with the overall stability following the order:GE>CG>FG.Furthermore,random forest modeling identified plant species diversity,plant growth traits,and grazing patterns as the primary determinants of soil aggregate stability.Collectively,these results offer valuable insights into the sustainable management and ecological restoration of semi-arid grasslands under different grazing pressures.
