Characteristics of cloud overlap over Eastern Asia are analyzed using a threeyear dataset （20072009） from the cloud observing satellite CloudSat. Decorrelation depth Lis retrieved, which represents cloud overlap cha...Characteristics of cloud overlap over Eastern Asia are analyzed using a threeyear dataset （20072009） from the cloud observing satellite CloudSat. Decorrelation depth Lis retrieved, which represents cloud overlap characteristics in the simulation of cloudradiation processes in global climate models. Results show that values of L in six study regions are generally within the range 03 km. By categorizing L according to cloud amount in subregions, peak L appears near subregions with cloud amount between 0.6 and 0.8. Average L is 2.5 km. L at higher altitudes is generally larger than at lower lati tudes. Seasonal variations of L are also clearly demonstrated. The sensitivity of cloud radiative forcing （CRF） to L;y in Community Atmosphere Model 3.0 of the National Center for Atmospheric Research （CAM3/NCAR） is analyzed. The result shows that L can have a big impact on simulation of CRF, especially in major monsoon regions and the MidEastern Pacif ic, where the difference in CRF can reach 4050 W m2. Therefore, accurate parameterization of cloud vertical overlap struc ture is important to CRF simulation and its feedback to climate.展开更多
The latest advances in studies on the treatment of cloud overlap and its radiative transfer in global climate models are summarized.Developments with respect to this internationally challenging problem are described f...The latest advances in studies on the treatment of cloud overlap and its radiative transfer in global climate models are summarized.Developments with respect to this internationally challenging problem are described from aspects such as the design of cloud overlap assumptions,the realization of cloud overlap assumptions within climate models,and the data and methods used to obtain consistent observations of cloud overlap structure and radiative transfer in overlapping clouds.To date,there has been an appreciable level of achievement in studies on cloud overlap in climate models,demonstrated by the development of scientific assumptions（e.g.,e-folding overlap） to describe cloud overlap,the invention and broad application of the fast radiative transfer method for overlapped clouds（Monte Carlo Independent Column Approximation）,and the emergence of continuous 3D cloud satellite observation（e.g.,CloudSat/CALIPSO） and cloud-resolving models,which provide numerous data valuable for the exact description of cloud overlap structure in climate models.However,present treatments of cloud overlap and its radiative transfer process are far from complete,and there remain many unsettled problems that need to be explored in the future.展开更多
The decorrelation length（Lcf） has been widely used to describe the behavior of vertical overlap of clouds in general circulation models（GCMs）; however, it has been a challenge to associate Lcf with the large-scale...The decorrelation length（Lcf） has been widely used to describe the behavior of vertical overlap of clouds in general circulation models（GCMs）; however, it has been a challenge to associate Lcf with the large-scale meteorological conditions during cloud evolution. This study explored the relationship between Lcf and the strength of atmospheric convection in the tropics based on output from a global cloud-resolving model. Lcf tends to increase with vertical velocity in the mid-troposphere（w500） at locations of ascent, but shows little or no dependency on w500 at locations of descent. A representation of Lcf as a function of vertical velocity is obtained, with a linear regression in ascending regions and a constant value in descending regions. This simple and dynamic-related representation of Lcf leads to a significant improvement in simulation of both cloud cover and radiation fields compared with traditional overlap treatments. This work presents a physically justifiable approach to depicting cloud overlap in the tropics in GCMs.展开更多
The improvement of the accuracy of simulated cloud-related variables,such as the cloud fraction,in global climate models(GCMs)is still a challenging problem in climate modeling.In this study,the influence of cloud mic...The improvement of the accuracy of simulated cloud-related variables,such as the cloud fraction,in global climate models(GCMs)is still a challenging problem in climate modeling.In this study,the influence of cloud microphysics schemes(one-moment versus two-moment schemes)and cloud overlap methods(observation-based versus a fixed vertical decorrelation length)on the simulated cloud fraction was assessed in the BCC_AGCM2.0_CUACE/Aero.Compared with the fixed decorrelation length method,the observation-based approach produced a significantly improved cloud fraction both globally and for four representative regions.The utilization of a two-moment cloud microphysics scheme,on the other hand,notably improved the simulated cloud fraction compared with the one-moment scheme;specifically,the relative bias in the global mean total cloud fraction decreased by 42.9%–84.8%.Furthermore,the total cloud fraction bias decreased by 6.6%in the boreal winter(DJF)and 1.64%in the boreal summer(JJA).Cloud radiative forcing globally and in the four regions improved by 0.3%−1.2% and 0.2%−2.0%,respectively.Thus,our results showed that the interaction between clouds and climate through microphysical and radiation processes is a key contributor to simulation uncertainty.展开更多
基于NCEP/NCAR分析资料和拉格朗日轨迹输送模式FLEXPART,通过气块轨迹计算,对2005年夏季亚洲季风区对流层向平流层输送(Troposphere to Stratosphere Transport,简称TST)的近地层源区、输送路径及其时间尺度问题进行了一些初步探讨。结...基于NCEP/NCAR分析资料和拉格朗日轨迹输送模式FLEXPART,通过气块轨迹计算,对2005年夏季亚洲季风区对流层向平流层输送(Troposphere to Stratosphere Transport,简称TST)的近地层源区、输送路径及其时间尺度问题进行了一些初步探讨。结果表明:(1)夏季亚洲季风区TST两个主要的边界层源区,一个是热带西太平洋地区;另一个是青藏高原南部、孟加拉湾以及印度半岛中北部等地区,上述两个区域与夏季强对流的分布相一致。在对流层顶高度附近(约16km高度),两个近地层源区的垂直输送贡献相当。但进一步分析发现,穿越对流层顶高度的质量输送只有约10%能够进入20～22km高度的平流层中,且主要源于以青藏高原南侧为代表的南亚季风区(约贡献75%),这进一步强调了青藏高原及其周边区域在全球TST过程中的重要地位。(2)轨迹分析显示,夏季亚洲季风区对流层进入平流层的"入口区"主要在(25°N～35°N,90°E～110°E)区域的青藏高原及其周边区域。TST路径受对流层上层南亚高压闭合环流、北半球副热带西风急流和赤道东风急流的共同控制。(3)亚洲季风区TST两个主要的过程,一个是和夏季湿对流抬升直接联系的快速输送过程,它可以使近地层大气在1～2天内输送到平流层中,贡献了整个TST的10%～30%;另一个是大气辐射加热所致的大尺度垂直输送,该输送是一个相对的慢过程,时间尺度一般为5～30天。此结果意味着,源于地表的短生命周期的大气污染物可通过光化学反应过程对该区域平流层臭氧及其他大气痕量成分平衡产生重要影响。展开更多
The perovskite transition metal oxide(TMO) has been considered in electrocatalysis for the modern clean energy technologies as its high electrochemical activity and low cost. The atomic scale engineering to the local ...The perovskite transition metal oxide(TMO) has been considered in electrocatalysis for the modern clean energy technologies as its high electrochemical activity and low cost. The atomic scale engineering to the local stoichiometry of single crystal TMO provides a clue of the relation between electronic structure and catalytic performance. Here we report a hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) activity enhancement ~ 1761% of Bi_(0.85)Sr_(0.15)FeO_3 compared to the pure BiFeO_3. By the systemic investigation of the Sr doping level of Bi_(1-x)Sr_xFeO_3(BSFO), it is found that the HER enhancement originates from the improvement of ferromagnetism of BSFO without obvious scarification of the ferroelectricity at the room temperature. The multiple ferroic orderings in BSFO are beneficial for HER activity, which offers the strengthen of hybridization of Fe 3d and O2 p orbitals from the view of ferromagnetism, and the assistance of electron drift by spontaneous electric polarization. Our study not only affords the strategy of developing multiple ferroic orderings in TMO, but also facilitates the atomic scale understanding of the improved HER activity.展开更多
基金supported by National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2011CB403405)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41075056)Public Meteorology Special Foundation of MOST (Grant No. GYHY201106022)
文摘Characteristics of cloud overlap over Eastern Asia are analyzed using a threeyear dataset （20072009） from the cloud observing satellite CloudSat. Decorrelation depth Lis retrieved, which represents cloud overlap characteristics in the simulation of cloudradiation processes in global climate models. Results show that values of L in six study regions are generally within the range 03 km. By categorizing L according to cloud amount in subregions, peak L appears near subregions with cloud amount between 0.6 and 0.8. Average L is 2.5 km. L at higher altitudes is generally larger than at lower lati tudes. Seasonal variations of L are also clearly demonstrated. The sensitivity of cloud radiative forcing （CRF） to L;y in Community Atmosphere Model 3.0 of the National Center for Atmospheric Research （CAM3/NCAR） is analyzed. The result shows that L can have a big impact on simulation of CRF, especially in major monsoon regions and the MidEastern Pacif ic, where the difference in CRF can reach 4050 W m2. Therefore, accurate parameterization of cloud vertical overlap struc ture is important to CRF simulation and its feedback to climate.
基金Supported by the China Meteorological Administration Special Public Welfare Research Fund(GYHY201406023)National Natural Science Foundation of China(41375080)
文摘The latest advances in studies on the treatment of cloud overlap and its radiative transfer in global climate models are summarized.Developments with respect to this internationally challenging problem are described from aspects such as the design of cloud overlap assumptions,the realization of cloud overlap assumptions within climate models,and the data and methods used to obtain consistent observations of cloud overlap structure and radiative transfer in overlapping clouds.To date,there has been an appreciable level of achievement in studies on cloud overlap in climate models,demonstrated by the development of scientific assumptions（e.g.,e-folding overlap） to describe cloud overlap,the invention and broad application of the fast radiative transfer method for overlapped clouds（Monte Carlo Independent Column Approximation）,and the emergence of continuous 3D cloud satellite observation（e.g.,CloudSat/CALIPSO） and cloud-resolving models,which provide numerous data valuable for the exact description of cloud overlap structure in climate models.However,present treatments of cloud overlap and its radiative transfer process are far from complete,and there remain many unsettled problems that need to be explored in the future.
基金Supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2017YFA0603502)(Key)National Natural Science Foundation of China(91644211 and 41375080)China Meteorological Administration Special Public Welfare Research Fund(GYHY201406023)
文摘The decorrelation length（Lcf） has been widely used to describe the behavior of vertical overlap of clouds in general circulation models（GCMs）; however, it has been a challenge to associate Lcf with the large-scale meteorological conditions during cloud evolution. This study explored the relationship between Lcf and the strength of atmospheric convection in the tropics based on output from a global cloud-resolving model. Lcf tends to increase with vertical velocity in the mid-troposphere（w500） at locations of ascent, but shows little or no dependency on w500 at locations of descent. A representation of Lcf as a function of vertical velocity is obtained, with a linear regression in ascending regions and a constant value in descending regions. This simple and dynamic-related representation of Lcf leads to a significant improvement in simulation of both cloud cover and radiation fields compared with traditional overlap treatments. This work presents a physically justifiable approach to depicting cloud overlap in the tropics in GCMs.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(2017YFA0603502)(Key)National Natural Science Foundation of China(91644211)S&T Development Fund of CAMS(2021KJ004).
文摘The improvement of the accuracy of simulated cloud-related variables,such as the cloud fraction,in global climate models(GCMs)is still a challenging problem in climate modeling.In this study,the influence of cloud microphysics schemes(one-moment versus two-moment schemes)and cloud overlap methods(observation-based versus a fixed vertical decorrelation length)on the simulated cloud fraction was assessed in the BCC_AGCM2.0_CUACE/Aero.Compared with the fixed decorrelation length method,the observation-based approach produced a significantly improved cloud fraction both globally and for four representative regions.The utilization of a two-moment cloud microphysics scheme,on the other hand,notably improved the simulated cloud fraction compared with the one-moment scheme;specifically,the relative bias in the global mean total cloud fraction decreased by 42.9%–84.8%.Furthermore,the total cloud fraction bias decreased by 6.6%in the boreal winter(DJF)and 1.64%in the boreal summer(JJA).Cloud radiative forcing globally and in the four regions improved by 0.3%−1.2% and 0.2%−2.0%,respectively.Thus,our results showed that the interaction between clouds and climate through microphysical and radiation processes is a key contributor to simulation uncertainty.
文摘基于NCEP/NCAR分析资料和拉格朗日轨迹输送模式FLEXPART,通过气块轨迹计算,对2005年夏季亚洲季风区对流层向平流层输送(Troposphere to Stratosphere Transport,简称TST)的近地层源区、输送路径及其时间尺度问题进行了一些初步探讨。结果表明:(1)夏季亚洲季风区TST两个主要的边界层源区,一个是热带西太平洋地区;另一个是青藏高原南部、孟加拉湾以及印度半岛中北部等地区,上述两个区域与夏季强对流的分布相一致。在对流层顶高度附近(约16km高度),两个近地层源区的垂直输送贡献相当。但进一步分析发现,穿越对流层顶高度的质量输送只有约10%能够进入20～22km高度的平流层中,且主要源于以青藏高原南侧为代表的南亚季风区(约贡献75%),这进一步强调了青藏高原及其周边区域在全球TST过程中的重要地位。(2)轨迹分析显示,夏季亚洲季风区对流层进入平流层的"入口区"主要在(25°N～35°N,90°E～110°E)区域的青藏高原及其周边区域。TST路径受对流层上层南亚高压闭合环流、北半球副热带西风急流和赤道东风急流的共同控制。(3)亚洲季风区TST两个主要的过程,一个是和夏季湿对流抬升直接联系的快速输送过程,它可以使近地层大气在1～2天内输送到平流层中,贡献了整个TST的10%～30%;另一个是大气辐射加热所致的大尺度垂直输送,该输送是一个相对的慢过程,时间尺度一般为5～30天。此结果意味着,源于地表的短生命周期的大气污染物可通过光化学反应过程对该区域平流层臭氧及其他大气痕量成分平衡产生重要影响。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51772126 and 21978110)the Jilin Province Science and Technology Department Program (Nos. 20200201277JC, 20200201279JC, 20190201309JC and 20190101009JH)+4 种基金the National Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province (E2017031)the Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Physics and Chemistry of the Ministry of Education (Nos. 2017002, 2016010, 2015003 and 2015011)the Jilin Province Development and Reform Commission Program (Nos. 2019C042-1 and 2020C026-3)the ‘‘13th five-year” science and technology project of Jilin provincial education department (No. JJKH20200407KJ)the Jilin Province Fund for Talent Development Program (No. [2019] 874)。
文摘The perovskite transition metal oxide(TMO) has been considered in electrocatalysis for the modern clean energy technologies as its high electrochemical activity and low cost. The atomic scale engineering to the local stoichiometry of single crystal TMO provides a clue of the relation between electronic structure and catalytic performance. Here we report a hydrogen evolution reaction(HER) activity enhancement ~ 1761% of Bi_(0.85)Sr_(0.15)FeO_3 compared to the pure BiFeO_3. By the systemic investigation of the Sr doping level of Bi_(1-x)Sr_xFeO_3(BSFO), it is found that the HER enhancement originates from the improvement of ferromagnetism of BSFO without obvious scarification of the ferroelectricity at the room temperature. The multiple ferroic orderings in BSFO are beneficial for HER activity, which offers the strengthen of hybridization of Fe 3d and O2 p orbitals from the view of ferromagnetism, and the assistance of electron drift by spontaneous electric polarization. Our study not only affords the strategy of developing multiple ferroic orderings in TMO, but also facilitates the atomic scale understanding of the improved HER activity.
