In this study, a variety of high-resolution satellite data were used to analyze the similarities and differences in horizontal and vertical cloud microphysical characteristics of 11 tropical cyclones(TCs) in three dif...In this study, a variety of high-resolution satellite data were used to analyze the similarities and differences in horizontal and vertical cloud microphysical characteristics of 11 tropical cyclones(TCs) in three different ocean basins.The results show that for the 11 TCs in different ocean basins, no matter in what season the TCs were generated when they reached or approached Category 4, their melting layers were all distributed in the vertical direction at the height of about 5 km. The high value of ice water contents in the vertical direction of 11 TCs all reach or approach about 2000 g cm^(–3).The total attenuated scattering coefficient at 532 nm, TAB-532, can successfully characterize the distribution of areas with high ice water content when the vertical distribution was concentrated near 0.1 km^(–1)sr^(–1), possibly because the diameter distribution of the corresponding range of aerosol particles had a more favorable effect on the formation of ice nuclei,indicating that aerosols had a significant impact on the ice-phase processes and characteristics. Moreover, by analyzing the horizontal cloud water content, the distribution analysis of cloud water path(CWP) and ice water path(IWP) shows that when the sea surface temperature was at a relatively high value, and the vertical wind shear was relatively small, the CWP and the IWP can reach a relatively high value, which also proves the importance of environmental field factors on the influence of TC cloud microphysical characteristics.展开更多
Cloud microphysics plays an important role in determining the intensity and precipitation of tropical cyclones(TCs).In this study,a high-resolution numerical simulation by WRF(version 4.2)of Typhoon Meranti(2016)durin...Cloud microphysics plays an important role in determining the intensity and precipitation of tropical cyclones(TCs).In this study,a high-resolution numerical simulation by WRF(version 4.2)of Typhoon Meranti(2016)during its rapid intensification(RI)period was conducted and validated by multi-source observations including Cloud-Sat and Global Precipitation Mission satellite data.The snow and ice particles content were found to increase most rapidly compared with other hydrometeors during the RI process.Not all hydrometeors continued to increase.The graupel content only increased in the initial RI stage,and then decreased afterwards due to precipitation during the RI process.In addition,sea surface temperature(SST)sensitivity experiments showed that,although the intensity of the TC increased with a higher SST,not all hydrometeors increased.The graupel content continued to increase with the increase in SST,mainly due to the accumulation of more lower-temperature supercooled water vapor at the corresponding height.The content of snow decreased with the increase in SST because stronger vertical motion at the corresponding height affected the aggregation of ice crystals.展开更多
By using the microphysical data of stratiform cloud in Henan which were observed by PMS airborne cloud particle measure system on March 23 in 2007 and combining with the radar,satellite,sounding data,the macro and mic...By using the microphysical data of stratiform cloud in Henan which were observed by PMS airborne cloud particle measure system on March 23 in 2007 and combining with the radar,satellite,sounding data,the macro and micro physical structure characteristics of cloud were analyzed.The results showed that the average diameter of small cloud drop which was measured by FSSP-100 in the warm layer of cloud was mainly during 5-12 μm,and the average value was 7.33 μm.The biggest diameter of small cloud drop changed during 14-47 μm,and the average value was 27.80 μm.The total number concentration scope of small cloud drop was during 47.73-352.00 drop/cm3,and the average value was 160 drop/cm3.In the cold layer of cloud,the biggest diameter of small cloud particle(included the cloud droplet and the ice crystals)which was measured by FSSP-100 was 24.8 μm.The total number concentration scope of small cloud particle was during 0.899-641.000 drop/cm3,and the average value was 297 drop/cm3.The airborne King heat line liquid water content instrument observed that the super-cooling liquid water existed in the cloud.The super-cooling cloud water content changed during 0.02-0.20 g/m3,and the average value was 0.093 g/m3.The biggest value which was 0.202 g/m3 appeared in 4 368 m height(the temperature was-8.5 ℃).The particle spectrum type in the cloud was mainly the negative exponent type and the single peak type.展开更多
Using data of airborne particle measurement system, weather radar and Ka-band millimeter wave cloud-meter, physical structure characteristics of a typical stable stratiform cloud in Hebei Province on February 27, 2018...Using data of airborne particle measurement system, weather radar and Ka-band millimeter wave cloud-meter, physical structure characteristics of a typical stable stratiform cloud in Hebei Province on February 27, 2018 was analyzed. Research results showed that the detected cloud system was the precipitation stratiform cloud in the later stage of development. The cloud layer developed stably, and the vertical structure was unevenly distributed. The concentration of small cloud particles in high-level clouds was low, and it fluctuated greatly in space, and presented a discontinuous distribution state. The concentration of large cloud particles and precipitation particles was high, which was conducive to the growth of cloud droplets and the aggregation of ice crystals. The concentration of small cloud particles and the content of supercooled water were high in the middle and low-level clouds. The precipitation cloud system had a significant hierarchical structure, which conformed to the "catalysis-supply" mechanism. From the upper layer to the lower layer, the cloud particle spectrum was mainly in the form of single peak or double peak distribution, which showed a monotonic decreasing trend in general. The spectral distribution of small cloud particles in the cloud was discontinuous, and the high-value areas of spectral concentration of large cloud particles and precipitation particles were concentrated in the upper part of the cloud layer, and the particle spectrum was significantly widened. There was inversion zone at the bottom of the cloud layer, which was conducive to the continuous increase of particle concentration and the formation of large supercooled water droplets.展开更多
Acoustic interference of atmosphere has been an attractive research area because of its potential effect on environment,water resources,ecology,agriculture,and other areas.However,it is also a controversial topic beca...Acoustic interference of atmosphere has been an attractive research area because of its potential effect on environment,water resources,ecology,agriculture,and other areas.However,it is also a controversial topic because of the difficulty of quantitative assessment and high operating costs.In this study,a novel acoustic interference technology is proposed that uses strong lowfrequency sound waves.There is no chemical pollution or dependence on airborne vehicles,and it can be remotely controlled at low cost.A complete equipment system for acoustic atmospheric interference technology is established,based on which a series of experimental studies on cloud and precipitation response under acoustic action are performed,mainly including the radar echo intensity,cloud microphysical characteristics and the spatial distribution of ground rainfall intensity.The trigger and periodic effect of the acoustic waves on the cloud are proposed to be the key responses of acoustic atmospheric interference.This study is important to further research on atmosphere interference technology based on low frequency strong sound waves.展开更多
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China(42192554, 42175008)Shanghai Typhoon Research Foundation(TFJJ202201)+1 种基金S&T Development Fund of CAMS (2022KJ012)Basic Research Fund of CAMS (2022Y006)。
文摘In this study, a variety of high-resolution satellite data were used to analyze the similarities and differences in horizontal and vertical cloud microphysical characteristics of 11 tropical cyclones(TCs) in three different ocean basins.The results show that for the 11 TCs in different ocean basins, no matter in what season the TCs were generated when they reached or approached Category 4, their melting layers were all distributed in the vertical direction at the height of about 5 km. The high value of ice water contents in the vertical direction of 11 TCs all reach or approach about 2000 g cm^(–3).The total attenuated scattering coefficient at 532 nm, TAB-532, can successfully characterize the distribution of areas with high ice water content when the vertical distribution was concentrated near 0.1 km^(–1)sr^(–1), possibly because the diameter distribution of the corresponding range of aerosol particles had a more favorable effect on the formation of ice nuclei,indicating that aerosols had a significant impact on the ice-phase processes and characteristics. Moreover, by analyzing the horizontal cloud water content, the distribution analysis of cloud water path(CWP) and ice water path(IWP) shows that when the sea surface temperature was at a relatively high value, and the vertical wind shear was relatively small, the CWP and the IWP can reach a relatively high value, which also proves the importance of environmental field factors on the influence of TC cloud microphysical characteristics.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42192554 and 42175008)Shanghai Typhoon Research Foundation(TFJJ202201)+1 种基金Science and Technology Development Fund of Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(2021KJ031)Basic Research Fund of Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences(2022Y006).
文摘Cloud microphysics plays an important role in determining the intensity and precipitation of tropical cyclones(TCs).In this study,a high-resolution numerical simulation by WRF(version 4.2)of Typhoon Meranti(2016)during its rapid intensification(RI)period was conducted and validated by multi-source observations including Cloud-Sat and Global Precipitation Mission satellite data.The snow and ice particles content were found to increase most rapidly compared with other hydrometeors during the RI process.Not all hydrometeors continued to increase.The graupel content only increased in the initial RI stage,and then decreased afterwards due to precipitation during the RI process.In addition,sea surface temperature(SST)sensitivity experiments showed that,although the intensity of the TC increased with a higher SST,not all hydrometeors increased.The graupel content continued to increase with the increase in SST,mainly due to the accumulation of more lower-temperature supercooled water vapor at the corresponding height.The content of snow decreased with the increase in SST because stronger vertical motion at the corresponding height affected the aggregation of ice crystals.
基金Supported by Henan Meteorological Science and Technology Research Project(Z200407)
文摘By using the microphysical data of stratiform cloud in Henan which were observed by PMS airborne cloud particle measure system on March 23 in 2007 and combining with the radar,satellite,sounding data,the macro and micro physical structure characteristics of cloud were analyzed.The results showed that the average diameter of small cloud drop which was measured by FSSP-100 in the warm layer of cloud was mainly during 5-12 μm,and the average value was 7.33 μm.The biggest diameter of small cloud drop changed during 14-47 μm,and the average value was 27.80 μm.The total number concentration scope of small cloud drop was during 47.73-352.00 drop/cm3,and the average value was 160 drop/cm3.In the cold layer of cloud,the biggest diameter of small cloud particle(included the cloud droplet and the ice crystals)which was measured by FSSP-100 was 24.8 μm.The total number concentration scope of small cloud particle was during 0.899-641.000 drop/cm3,and the average value was 297 drop/cm3.The airborne King heat line liquid water content instrument observed that the super-cooling liquid water existed in the cloud.The super-cooling cloud water content changed during 0.02-0.20 g/m3,and the average value was 0.093 g/m3.The biggest value which was 0.202 g/m3 appeared in 4 368 m height(the temperature was-8.5 ℃).The particle spectrum type in the cloud was mainly the negative exponent type and the single peak type.
基金Supported by National Key R&D Plan Projects (2018YFC1507900)Hebei Province Science and Technology Plan Program(20375402D)。
文摘Using data of airborne particle measurement system, weather radar and Ka-band millimeter wave cloud-meter, physical structure characteristics of a typical stable stratiform cloud in Hebei Province on February 27, 2018 was analyzed. Research results showed that the detected cloud system was the precipitation stratiform cloud in the later stage of development. The cloud layer developed stably, and the vertical structure was unevenly distributed. The concentration of small cloud particles in high-level clouds was low, and it fluctuated greatly in space, and presented a discontinuous distribution state. The concentration of large cloud particles and precipitation particles was high, which was conducive to the growth of cloud droplets and the aggregation of ice crystals. The concentration of small cloud particles and the content of supercooled water were high in the middle and low-level clouds. The precipitation cloud system had a significant hierarchical structure, which conformed to the "catalysis-supply" mechanism. From the upper layer to the lower layer, the cloud particle spectrum was mainly in the form of single peak or double peak distribution, which showed a monotonic decreasing trend in general. The spectral distribution of small cloud particles in the cloud was discontinuous, and the high-value areas of spectral concentration of large cloud particles and precipitation particles were concentrated in the upper part of the cloud layer, and the particle spectrum was significantly widened. There was inversion zone at the bottom of the cloud layer, which was conducive to the continuous increase of particle concentration and the formation of large supercooled water droplets.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2017YFC0403600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.91847302 and 51879137)+1 种基金the Special Finance of Qinghai Provincethe State Key Laboratory of Hydro-science and Engineering(Grant No.2017-KY-04)。
文摘Acoustic interference of atmosphere has been an attractive research area because of its potential effect on environment,water resources,ecology,agriculture,and other areas.However,it is also a controversial topic because of the difficulty of quantitative assessment and high operating costs.In this study,a novel acoustic interference technology is proposed that uses strong lowfrequency sound waves.There is no chemical pollution or dependence on airborne vehicles,and it can be remotely controlled at low cost.A complete equipment system for acoustic atmospheric interference technology is established,based on which a series of experimental studies on cloud and precipitation response under acoustic action are performed,mainly including the radar echo intensity,cloud microphysical characteristics and the spatial distribution of ground rainfall intensity.The trigger and periodic effect of the acoustic waves on the cloud are proposed to be the key responses of acoustic atmospheric interference.This study is important to further research on atmosphere interference technology based on low frequency strong sound waves.
