Microneedle technology has undergone a paradigm shift from basic transdermal drug delivery to intelligent,closed-loop theranostic systems.Hydrogel materials have emerged as core carriers due to their excellent biocomp...Microneedle technology has undergone a paradigm shift from basic transdermal drug delivery to intelligent,closed-loop theranostic systems.Hydrogel materials have emerged as core carriers due to their excellent biocompatibility,efficient drug loading capacity,and improved patient compliance.Moreover,critical bottlenecks in hydrogel microneedles,including poor mechanical strength,burst release of drugs,and delayed response to treatment,can be addressed via cross-scale integration of nanomaterials.This review systematically outlines several multiscale engineering strategies to overcome these limitations.The construction of nanotopological networks coupled with dynamic crosslinking modulation synergistically enhances the mechanical properties,stability of drug loading,and conductivity of hydrogel microneedles.Furthermore,responsive nanocarriers equipped with biosensors help establish a closed-loop linkage between monitoring and therapeutic functions.We highlight their synergistic theranostic advantages in scenarios such as wound regulation and tumor-immune microenvironments,while revealing the role in integrating flexible electronics with wearable systems in intelligent medicine.We also summarize the research advances on the biosafety and scalable manufacturing processes of nanocomposite hydrogel m icroneedles(NHMNs),providing examples of clinical translation to elucidate the path from fundamental research to industrial implementation.As a convergence of nanotechnology,biomaterials,and flexible electronics,NHMNs provide new standards for transdermal theranostics as well as a roadmap for iterative advancement of intelligent theranostic devices in personalized medicine.Their cross-scale collaborative design,which spans from the properties of materials to the functional integration of macroscopic devices,can facilitate potential breakthroughs in next-generation closed-loop theranostic systems.展开更多
The relative dispersion of cloud and fog droplets has significant impacts on aerosol indirect effects,radiative transfer,and microphysical processes.However,previous studies have been mostly concerned with clouds,with...The relative dispersion of cloud and fog droplets has significant impacts on aerosol indirect effects,radiative transfer,and microphysical processes.However,previous studies have been mostly concerned with clouds,with limited studies on fog,particularly those that examine the combined influences of all key physical processes and their roles during fog evolution.As such,this study aims to conduct a comprehensive investigation by examining the relationships between relative dispersion and other microphysical variables,as well as the underlying microphysical and dynamic processes,based on field fog campaigns in polluted and clean conditions.In polluted fog,droplet concentrations are higher,leading to smaller droplets and increased dispersion.The correlation between dispersion and droplet volume-mean radius is positive in the polluted fog,but shifts to negative in clean fog.We attribute the difference to various microphysical processes like aerosol activation,condensation,collision-coalescence,and entrainment-mixing.In polluted fog,high aerosol concentrations,low supersaturations,and strong turbulence(entrainment-mixing)provide suitable conditions for the simultaneous occurrence of droplet condensation and aerosol activation,resulting in a positive correlation between dispersion and volume-mean radius,especially during the fog formation stage.In contrast,during the mature stage in clean fog,condensation is dominant with weak aerosol activation leading to a negative correlation between relative dispersion and volume-mean radius.The collision-coalescence process is more active in the mature stage,increasing radii and leading to the negative correlation between dispersion and volume-mean radius.This result sheds new light on understanding the relative dispersion and mechanisms in fog under different aerosol backgrounds.展开更多
The rapid proliferation of Internet of Things(IoT)devices in critical healthcare infrastructure has introduced significant security and privacy challenges that demand innovative,distributed architectural solutions.Thi...The rapid proliferation of Internet of Things(IoT)devices in critical healthcare infrastructure has introduced significant security and privacy challenges that demand innovative,distributed architectural solutions.This paper proposes FE-ACS(Fog-Edge Adaptive Cybersecurity System),a novel hierarchical security framework that intelligently distributes AI-powered anomaly detection algorithms across edge,fog,and cloud layers to optimize security efficacy,latency,and privacy.Our comprehensive evaluation demonstrates that FE-ACS achieves superior detection performance with an AUC-ROC of 0.985 and an F1-score of 0.923,while maintaining significantly lower end-to-end latency(18.7 ms)compared to cloud-centric(152.3 ms)and fog-only(34.5 ms)architectures.The system exhibits exceptional scalability,supporting up to 38,000 devices with logarithmic performance degradation—a 67×improvement over conventional cloud-based approaches.By incorporating differential privacy mechanisms with balanced privacy-utility tradeoffs(ε=1.0–1.5),FE-ACS maintains 90%–93%detection accuracy while ensuring strong privacy guarantees for sensitive healthcare data.Computational efficiency analysis reveals that our architecture achieves a detection rate of 12,400 events per second with only 12.3 mJ energy consumption per inference.In healthcare risk assessment,FE-ACS demonstrates robust operational viability with low patient safety risk(14.7%)and high system reliability(94.0%).The proposed framework represents a significant advancement in distributed security architectures,offering a scalable,privacy-preserving,and real-time solution for protecting healthcare IoT ecosystems against evolving cyber threats.展开更多
Practical applications of smart cities and the Internet of Things(IoT)have multiplied,posing many difficulties in network performance,dependability,and security.Concerns of accessibility,reliability,sustainability,and...Practical applications of smart cities and the Internet of Things(IoT)have multiplied,posing many difficulties in network performance,dependability,and security.Concerns of accessibility,reliability,sustainability,and security too have arisen correspondingly because of the decentralized character of the smart city and IoT systems.Fog computing offers a foundation for various applications,including cognitive support,health and social services,intelligent transportation systems,and pervasive computing and communications.Fog computing can help enhance these apps'productivity and lower the end-to-end delay experienced by such time-sensitive applications.In this research,we propose a reliable and secure service delivery strategy at the network edge for smart cities.To improve the availability and dependability,along with the security of smart city applications,the approach employs a combined method uniting distributed fog servers in addition to mist servers with the help of an intrusion detection system.Simulation findings suggest a reduction of 40.3%in the delay incurred by each service request for highly dense areas and 60.6%for moderately dense environments.Furthermore,the system has low false-negative rates and high detection and accuracy rates,decreasing service requests 2%.展开更多
The cloud-fog computing paradigm has emerged as a novel hybrid computing model that integrates computational resources at both fog nodes and cloud servers to address the challenges posed by dynamic and heterogeneous c...The cloud-fog computing paradigm has emerged as a novel hybrid computing model that integrates computational resources at both fog nodes and cloud servers to address the challenges posed by dynamic and heterogeneous computing networks.Finding an optimal computational resource for task offloading and then executing efficiently is a critical issue to achieve a trade-off between energy consumption and transmission delay.In this network,the task processed at fog nodes reduces transmission delay.Still,it increases energy consumption,while routing tasks to the cloud server saves energy at the cost of higher communication delay.Moreover,the order in which offloaded tasks are executed affects the system’s efficiency.For instance,executing lower-priority tasks before higher-priority jobs can disturb the reliability and stability of the system.Therefore,an efficient strategy of optimal computation offloading and task scheduling is required for operational efficacy.In this paper,we introduced a multi-objective and enhanced version of Cheeta Optimizer(CO),namely(MoECO),to jointly optimize the computation offloading and task scheduling in cloud-fog networks to minimize two competing objectives,i.e.,energy consumption and communication delay.MoECO first assigns tasks to the optimal computational nodes and then the allocated tasks are scheduled for processing based on the task priority.The mathematical modelling of CO needs improvement in computation time and convergence speed.Therefore,MoECO is proposed to increase the search capability of agents by controlling the search strategy based on a leader’s location.The adaptive step length operator is adjusted to diversify the solution and thus improves the exploration phase,i.e.,global search strategy.Consequently,this prevents the algorithm from getting trapped in the local optimal solution.Moreover,the interaction factor during the exploitation phase is also adjusted based on the location of the prey instead of the adjacent Cheetah.This increases the exploitation capability of agents,i.e.,local search capability.Furthermore,MoECO employs a multi-objective Pareto-optimal front to simultaneously minimize designated objectives.Comprehensive simulations in MATLAB demonstrate that the proposed algorithm obtains multiple solutions via a Pareto-optimal front and achieves an efficient trade-off between optimization objectives compared to baseline methods.展开更多
In this paper, we evaluated comprehensively the structure and operation of open-loop interferometric optical fiber gyroscopes (IFOG). To complete the previous works, a digital approach to derive the rotation angle in ...In this paper, we evaluated comprehensively the structure and operation of open-loop interferometric optical fiber gyroscopes (IFOG). To complete the previous works, a digital approach to derive the rotation angle in optical fiber gyroscopes is investigated theoretically. Results are simulated by the MATLAB software;therefore we could compare the results in simulated area with the values derived from theory. Also, feedback Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EFDA) FOGs, called FE-FOG, is categorized in closed-loop IFOGs. The procedure of finding the Sagnac shift for open-loop and closed-loop IFOG have been studied and compared to one another. The signal processing in the open-loop IFOG was simulated using Matlab software and for the closed-loop IFOG by PSCAD. In the open-loop IFOG the analogue formulation of the IFOG in order to extract the phase shift is analyzed. A novel and promising method for derivation of Sagnac phase shift based on digital finite impulse response filtering is proposed. Based on our simulation results, the reliability and accuracy of the method is determined. In the closed-loop IFOG, the shift was derived through frequent use of Sagnac loop. The output signal is injected in the input again as feedback. The shift phase between clockwise and counterclockwise waves in each complete route, including primary and feedback route, is identified as Sagnac shift phase.展开更多
Thedeployment of the Internet of Things(IoT)with smart sensors has facilitated the emergence of fog computing as an important technology for delivering services to smart environments such as campuses,smart cities,and ...Thedeployment of the Internet of Things(IoT)with smart sensors has facilitated the emergence of fog computing as an important technology for delivering services to smart environments such as campuses,smart cities,and smart transportation systems.Fog computing tackles a range of challenges,including processing,storage,bandwidth,latency,and reliability,by locally distributing secure information through end nodes.Consisting of endpoints,fog nodes,and back-end cloud infrastructure,it provides advanced capabilities beyond traditional cloud computing.In smart environments,particularly within smart city transportation systems,the abundance of devices and nodes poses significant challenges related to power consumption and system reliability.To address the challenges of latency,energy consumption,and fault tolerance in these environments,this paper proposes a latency-aware,faulttolerant framework for resource scheduling and data management,referred to as the FORD framework,for smart cities in fog environments.This framework is designed to meet the demands of time-sensitive applications,such as those in smart transportation systems.The FORD framework incorporates latency-aware resource scheduling to optimize task execution in smart city environments,leveraging resources from both fog and cloud environments.Through simulation-based executions,tasks are allocated to the nearest available nodes with minimum latency.In the event of execution failure,a fault-tolerantmechanism is employed to ensure the successful completion of tasks.Upon successful execution,data is efficiently stored in the cloud data center,ensuring data integrity and reliability within the smart city ecosystem.展开更多
The 6G smart Fog Radio Access Network(F-RAN)is an integration of 6G network intelligence technologies and the F-RAN architecture.Its aim is to provide low-latency and high-performance services for massive access devic...The 6G smart Fog Radio Access Network(F-RAN)is an integration of 6G network intelligence technologies and the F-RAN architecture.Its aim is to provide low-latency and high-performance services for massive access devices.However,the performance of current 6G network intelligence technologies and its level of integration with the architecture,along with the system-level requirements for the number of access devices and limitations on energy consumption,have impeded further improvements in the 6G smart F-RAN.To better analyze the root causes of the network problems and promote the practical development of the network,this study used structured methods such as segmentation to conduct a review of the topic.The research results reveal that there are still many problems in the current 6G smart F-RAN.Future research directions and difficulties are also discussed.展开更多
Prosthetic devices designed to assist individuals with damaged or missing body parts have made significant strides,particularly with advancements in machine intelligence and bioengineering.Initially focused on movemen...Prosthetic devices designed to assist individuals with damaged or missing body parts have made significant strides,particularly with advancements in machine intelligence and bioengineering.Initially focused on movement assistance,the field has shifted towards developing prosthetics that function as seamless extensions of the human body.During this progress,a key challenge remains the reduction of interface artifacts between prosthetic components and biological tissues.Soft electronics offer a promising solution due to their structural flexibility and enhanced tissue adaptability.However,achieving full integration of prosthetics with the human body requires both artificial perception and efficient transmission of physical signals.In this context,synaptic devices have garnered attention as next-generation neuromorphic computing elements because of their low power consumption,ability to enable hardware-based learning,and high compatibility with sensing units.These devices have the potential to create artificial pathways for sensory recognition and motor responses,forming a“sensory-neuromorphic system”that emulates synaptic junctions in biological neurons,thereby connecting with impaired biological tissues.Here,we discuss recent developments in prosthetic components and neuromorphic applications with a focus on sensory perception and sensorimotor actuation.Initially,we explore a prosthetic system with advanced sensory units,mechanical softness,and artificial intelligence,followed by the hardware implementation of memory devices that combine calculation and learning functions.We then highlight the importance and mechanisms of soft-form synaptic devices that are compatible with sensing units.Furthermore,we review an artificial sensory-neuromorphic perception system that replicates various biological senses and facilitates sensorimotor loops from sensory receptors,the spinal cord,and motor neurons.Finally,we propose insights into the future of closed-loop neuroprosthetics through the technical integration of soft electronics,including bio-integrated sensors and synaptic devices,into prosthetic systems.展开更多
The shortage of freshwater has become a global challenge,exacerbated by global warming and the rapid growth of the world’s population.Researchers across various fields have made numerous attempts to efficiently colle...The shortage of freshwater has become a global challenge,exacerbated by global warming and the rapid growth of the world’s population.Researchers across various fields have made numerous attempts to efficiently collect freshwater for human use.These efforts include seawater desalination through reverse osmosis or distillation,sewage treatment technologies,and atmospheric water harvesting.However,after thoroughly exploring traditional freshwater harvesting methods,it has become clear that bio-inspired fog harvesting technology offers new prospects due to its unique advantages of efficiency and sustainability.This paper systematically introduces the current principles of fog harvesting and wettability mechanism found in nature.It reviews the research status of combining bionic fog harvesting materials with textile science from two distinct dimensions.Additionally,it describes the practical applications of fog harvesting materials in agriculture,industry,and domestic water use,analyzes their prospects and feasibility in engineering projects,discusses potential challenges in practical applications,and envisions future trends and directions for the development of these materials.展开更多
Federated learning combines with fog computing to transform data sharing into model sharing,which solves the issues of data isolation and privacy disclosure in fog computing.However,existing studies focus on centraliz...Federated learning combines with fog computing to transform data sharing into model sharing,which solves the issues of data isolation and privacy disclosure in fog computing.However,existing studies focus on centralized single-layer aggregation federated learning architecture,which lack the consideration of cross-domain and asynchronous robustness of federated learning,and rarely integrate verification mechanisms from the perspective of incentives.To address the above challenges,we propose a Blockchain and Signcryption enabled Asynchronous Federated Learning(BSAFL)framework based on dual aggregation for cross-domain scenarios.In particular,we first design two types of signcryption schemes to secure the interaction and access control of collaborative learning between domains.Second,we construct a differential privacy approach that adaptively adjusts privacy budgets to ensure data privacy and local models'availability of intra-domain user.Furthermore,we propose an asynchronous aggregation solution that incorporates consensus verification and elastic participation using blockchain.Finally,security analysis demonstrates the security and privacy effectiveness of BSAFL,and the evaluation on real datasets further validates the high model accuracy and performance of BSAFL.展开更多
Rotary steering systems(RSSs)have been increasingly used to develop horizontal wells.A static push-the-bit RSS uses three hydraulic modules with varying degrees of expansion and contraction to achieve changes in the p...Rotary steering systems(RSSs)have been increasingly used to develop horizontal wells.A static push-the-bit RSS uses three hydraulic modules with varying degrees of expansion and contraction to achieve changes in the pushing force acting on the wellbore in different sizes and directions within a circular range,ultimately allowing the wellbore trajectory to be drilled in a predetermined direction.By analyzing its mathematical principles and the actual characteristics of the instrument,a vector force closed-loop control method,including steering and holding modes,was designed.The adjustment criteria for the three hydraulic modules are determined to achieve rapid adjustment of the vector force.The theoretical feasibility of the developed method was verified by comparing its results with the on-site application data of an imported rotary guidance system.展开更多
Fog is a highly complex weather phenomenon influenced by numerous factors.This study investigated the impact of the Changbai Mountains’topography on the formation and development of spring fog in the Bohai Sea.From 1...Fog is a highly complex weather phenomenon influenced by numerous factors.This study investigated the impact of the Changbai Mountains’topography on the formation and development of spring fog in the Bohai Sea.From 12 to 14 May 2021,the Bohai region experienced a sea fog event.Utilizing Himawari-8 satellite data,ERA5 reanalysis dataset,land and sea station observations,the WRF model,a topography sensitivity experiment,and backward trajectory tracking,the influence of the Changbai Mountains’topography on the evolution of this sea fog event was assessed.Results indicated that the Changbai Mountains’topography significantly impacted the propagation and concentration of the sea fog through dual effects—namely,the Venturi Effect and Foehn Clearance Effect.Comparative simulations incorporating and excluding the Changbai Mountains revealed that its topography favored weak convergence(Venturi Effect)of low-level airflow over the Bohai Sea induced by a high-pressure system,promoting westward fog expansion.Additionally,the backward trajectory analysis further indicated that the Foehn Clearance Effect of the Changbai Mountains extended its influence far beyond the immediate lee side,contributing to significant changes in atmospheric conditions such as reductions in relative humidity and increases in potential temperature.The dry,warm foehn contributed to a reduction in the liquid water content,ultimately leading to the weakening or even dissipation of the sea fog in the region close to the Changbai Mountains.This study emphasizes the crucial role of the Changbai Mountains’topography in the development and evolution of fog,providing valuable insights for forecasting fog in regions with complex terrain.展开更多
Federated learning(FL)is a distributed machine learning paradigm that excels at preserving data privacy when using data from multiple parties.When combined with Fog Computing,FL offers enhanced capabilities for machin...Federated learning(FL)is a distributed machine learning paradigm that excels at preserving data privacy when using data from multiple parties.When combined with Fog Computing,FL offers enhanced capabilities for machine learning applications in the Internet of Things(IoT).However,implementing FL across large-scale distributed fog networks presents significant challenges in maintaining privacy,preventing collusion attacks,and ensuring robust data aggregation.To address these challenges,we propose an Efficient Privacy-preserving and Robust Federated Learning(EPRFL)scheme for fog computing scenarios.Specifically,we first propose an efficient secure aggregation strategy based on the improved threshold homomorphic encryption algorithm,which is not only resistant to model inference and collusion attacks,but also robust to fog node dropping.Then,we design a dynamic gradient filtering method based on cosine similarity to further reduce the communication overhead.To minimize training delays,we develop a dynamic task scheduling strategy based on comprehensive score.Theoretical analysis demonstrates that EPRFL offers robust security and low latency.Extensive experimental results indicate that EPRFL outperforms similar strategies in terms of privacy preserving,model performance,and resource efficiency.展开更多
Vehicular networks enable seamless connectivity for exchanging emergency and infotainment content.However,retrieving infotainment data from remote servers often introduces high delays,degrading the Quality of Service(...Vehicular networks enable seamless connectivity for exchanging emergency and infotainment content.However,retrieving infotainment data from remote servers often introduces high delays,degrading the Quality of Service(QoS).To overcome this,caching frequently requested content at fog-enabled Road Side Units(RSUs)reduces communication latency.Yet,the limited caching capacity of RSUs makes it impractical to store all contents with varying sizes and popularity.This research proposes an efficient content caching algorithm that adapts to dynamic vehicular demands on highways to maximize request satisfaction.The scheme is evaluated against Intelligent Content Caching(ICC)and Random Caching(RC).The obtained results show that our proposed scheme entertains more contentrequesting vehicles as compared to ICC and RC,with 33%and 41%more downloaded data in 28%and 35%less amount of time from ICC and RC schemes,respectively.展开更多
Recently,the Fog-Radio Access Network(F-RAN)has gained considerable attention,because of its flexible architecture that allows rapid response to user requirements.In this paper,computational offloading in F-RAN is con...Recently,the Fog-Radio Access Network(F-RAN)has gained considerable attention,because of its flexible architecture that allows rapid response to user requirements.In this paper,computational offloading in F-RAN is considered,where multiple User Equipments(UEs)offload their computational tasks to the F-RAN through fog nodes.Each UE can select one of the fog nodes to offload its task,and each fog node may serve multiple UEs.The tasks are computed by the fog nodes or further offloaded to the cloud via a capacity-limited fronhaul link.In order to compute all UEs'tasks quickly,joint optimization of UE-Fog association,radio and computation resources of F-RAN is proposed to minimize the maximum latency of all UEs.This min-max problem is formulated as a Mixed Integer Nonlinear Program(MINP).To tackle it,first,MINP is reformulated as a continuous optimization problem,and then the Majorization Minimization(MM)method is used to find a solution.The MM approach that we develop is unconventional in that each MM subproblem is solved inexactly with the same provable convergence guarantee as the exact MM,thereby reducing the complexity of MM iteration.In addition,a cooperative offloading model is considered,where the fog nodes compress-and-forward their received signals to the cloud.Under this model,a similar min-max latency optimization problem is formulated and tackled by the inexact MM.Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms outperform some offloading strategies,and that the cooperative offloading can exploit transmission diversity better than noncooperative offloading to achieve better latency performance.展开更多
Due to the intense data flow in expanding Internet of Things(IoT)applications,a heavy processing cost and workload on the fog-cloud side become inevitable.One of the most critical challenges is optimal task scheduling...Due to the intense data flow in expanding Internet of Things(IoT)applications,a heavy processing cost and workload on the fog-cloud side become inevitable.One of the most critical challenges is optimal task scheduling.Since this is an NP-hard problem type,a metaheuristic approach can be a good option.This study introduces a novel enhancement to the Artificial Rabbits Optimization(ARO)algorithm by integrating Chaotic maps and Levy flight strategies(CLARO).This dual approach addresses the limitations of standard ARO in terms of population diversity and convergence speed.It is designed for task scheduling in fog-cloud environments,optimizing energy consumption,makespan,and execution time simultaneously three critical parameters often treated individually in prior works.Unlike conventional single-objective methods,the proposed approach incorporates a multi-objective fitness function that dynamically adjusts the weight of each parameter,resulting in better resource allocation and load balancing.In analysis,a real-world dataset,the Open-source Google Cloud Jobs Dataset(GoCJ_Dataset),is used for performance measurement,and analyses are performed on three considered parameters.Comparisons are applied with well-known algorithms:GWO,SCSO,PSO,WOA,and ARO to indicate the reliability of the proposed method.In this regard,performance evaluation is performed by assigning these tasks to Virtual Machines(VMs)in the resource pool.Simulations are performed on 90 base cases and 30 scenarios for each evaluation parameter.The results indicated that the proposed algorithm achieved the best makespan performance in 80% of cases,ranked first in execution time in 61%of cases,and performed best in the final parameter in 69% of cases.In addition,according to the obtained results based on the defined fitness function,the proposed method(CLARO)is 2.52%better than ARO,3.95%better than SCSO,5.06%better than GWO,8.15%better than PSO,and 9.41%better than WOA.展开更多
Conventional open-loop deep brain stimulation(DBS)systems with fixed parameters fail to accommodate interindividual pathological differences in Parkinson's disease(PD)management while potentially inducing adverse ...Conventional open-loop deep brain stimulation(DBS)systems with fixed parameters fail to accommodate interindividual pathological differences in Parkinson's disease(PD)management while potentially inducing adverse effects and causing excessive energy consumption.In this paper,we present an adaptive closed-loop framework integrating a Yogi-optimized proportional–integral–derivative neural network(Yogi-PIDNN)controller.The Yogi-augmented gradient adaptation mechanism accelerates the convergence of general PIDNN controllers in high-dimensional nonlinear control systems while reducing control energy usage.In addition,a system identification method establishes input–output dynamics for pre-training stimulation waveforms,bypassing real-time parameter-tuning constraints and thereby enhancing closed-loop adaptability.Finally,a theoretical analysis based on Lyapunov stability criteria establishes a sufficient condition for closed-loop stability within the identified model.Computational validations demonstrate that our approach restores thalamic relay reliability while reducing energy consumption by(81.0±0.7)%across multi-frequency tests.This study advances adaptive neuromodulation by synergizing data-driven pre-training with stability-guaranteed real-time control,offering a novel framework for energy-efficient and personalized Parkinson's therapy.展开更多
基金supported by the National Key R esearch and Development Program of China(No.2023YFF0724300)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.32171373)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.YG2025QNB08)the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(No.23ZR1414500).
文摘Microneedle technology has undergone a paradigm shift from basic transdermal drug delivery to intelligent,closed-loop theranostic systems.Hydrogel materials have emerged as core carriers due to their excellent biocompatibility,efficient drug loading capacity,and improved patient compliance.Moreover,critical bottlenecks in hydrogel microneedles,including poor mechanical strength,burst release of drugs,and delayed response to treatment,can be addressed via cross-scale integration of nanomaterials.This review systematically outlines several multiscale engineering strategies to overcome these limitations.The construction of nanotopological networks coupled with dynamic crosslinking modulation synergistically enhances the mechanical properties,stability of drug loading,and conductivity of hydrogel microneedles.Furthermore,responsive nanocarriers equipped with biosensors help establish a closed-loop linkage between monitoring and therapeutic functions.We highlight their synergistic theranostic advantages in scenarios such as wound regulation and tumor-immune microenvironments,while revealing the role in integrating flexible electronics with wearable systems in intelligent medicine.We also summarize the research advances on the biosafety and scalable manufacturing processes of nanocomposite hydrogel m icroneedles(NHMNs),providing examples of clinical translation to elucidate the path from fundamental research to industrial implementation.As a convergence of nanotechnology,biomaterials,and flexible electronics,NHMNs provide new standards for transdermal theranostics as well as a roadmap for iterative advancement of intelligent theranostic devices in personalized medicine.Their cross-scale collaborative design,which spans from the properties of materials to the functional integration of macroscopic devices,can facilitate potential breakthroughs in next-generation closed-loop theranostic systems.
基金supported by the Chinese National Natural Science Foundation under Grant Nos.(41975181,42325503,42375197,42575207,42205090)Y.LIU is supported by the U.S.Department of Energy’s Atmospheric System Research(ASR)program.
文摘The relative dispersion of cloud and fog droplets has significant impacts on aerosol indirect effects,radiative transfer,and microphysical processes.However,previous studies have been mostly concerned with clouds,with limited studies on fog,particularly those that examine the combined influences of all key physical processes and their roles during fog evolution.As such,this study aims to conduct a comprehensive investigation by examining the relationships between relative dispersion and other microphysical variables,as well as the underlying microphysical and dynamic processes,based on field fog campaigns in polluted and clean conditions.In polluted fog,droplet concentrations are higher,leading to smaller droplets and increased dispersion.The correlation between dispersion and droplet volume-mean radius is positive in the polluted fog,but shifts to negative in clean fog.We attribute the difference to various microphysical processes like aerosol activation,condensation,collision-coalescence,and entrainment-mixing.In polluted fog,high aerosol concentrations,low supersaturations,and strong turbulence(entrainment-mixing)provide suitable conditions for the simultaneous occurrence of droplet condensation and aerosol activation,resulting in a positive correlation between dispersion and volume-mean radius,especially during the fog formation stage.In contrast,during the mature stage in clean fog,condensation is dominant with weak aerosol activation leading to a negative correlation between relative dispersion and volume-mean radius.The collision-coalescence process is more active in the mature stage,increasing radii and leading to the negative correlation between dispersion and volume-mean radius.This result sheds new light on understanding the relative dispersion and mechanisms in fog under different aerosol backgrounds.
基金supported by the Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research at Jouf University under grant No.(DGSSR-2025-02-01276).
文摘The rapid proliferation of Internet of Things(IoT)devices in critical healthcare infrastructure has introduced significant security and privacy challenges that demand innovative,distributed architectural solutions.This paper proposes FE-ACS(Fog-Edge Adaptive Cybersecurity System),a novel hierarchical security framework that intelligently distributes AI-powered anomaly detection algorithms across edge,fog,and cloud layers to optimize security efficacy,latency,and privacy.Our comprehensive evaluation demonstrates that FE-ACS achieves superior detection performance with an AUC-ROC of 0.985 and an F1-score of 0.923,while maintaining significantly lower end-to-end latency(18.7 ms)compared to cloud-centric(152.3 ms)and fog-only(34.5 ms)architectures.The system exhibits exceptional scalability,supporting up to 38,000 devices with logarithmic performance degradation—a 67×improvement over conventional cloud-based approaches.By incorporating differential privacy mechanisms with balanced privacy-utility tradeoffs(ε=1.0–1.5),FE-ACS maintains 90%–93%detection accuracy while ensuring strong privacy guarantees for sensitive healthcare data.Computational efficiency analysis reveals that our architecture achieves a detection rate of 12,400 events per second with only 12.3 mJ energy consumption per inference.In healthcare risk assessment,FE-ACS demonstrates robust operational viability with low patient safety risk(14.7%)and high system reliability(94.0%).The proposed framework represents a significant advancement in distributed security architectures,offering a scalable,privacy-preserving,and real-time solution for protecting healthcare IoT ecosystems against evolving cyber threats.
基金co-funded by the European Union under the REFRESH-Research Excellence For REgion Sustainability and High-tech Industries project number CZ.10.03.01/00/22_003/0000048 via the Operational Programme Just Transitionsupported by the Ministry of Education,Youth and Sports of the Czech Republic conducted by VSB-Technical University of Ostrava,Czechia,under Grants SP2025/021 and SP2025/039。
文摘Practical applications of smart cities and the Internet of Things(IoT)have multiplied,posing many difficulties in network performance,dependability,and security.Concerns of accessibility,reliability,sustainability,and security too have arisen correspondingly because of the decentralized character of the smart city and IoT systems.Fog computing offers a foundation for various applications,including cognitive support,health and social services,intelligent transportation systems,and pervasive computing and communications.Fog computing can help enhance these apps'productivity and lower the end-to-end delay experienced by such time-sensitive applications.In this research,we propose a reliable and secure service delivery strategy at the network edge for smart cities.To improve the availability and dependability,along with the security of smart city applications,the approach employs a combined method uniting distributed fog servers in addition to mist servers with the help of an intrusion detection system.Simulation findings suggest a reduction of 40.3%in the delay incurred by each service request for highly dense areas and 60.6%for moderately dense environments.Furthermore,the system has low false-negative rates and high detection and accuracy rates,decreasing service requests 2%.
基金appreciation to the Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University Researchers Supporting Project number(PNURSP2025R384)Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University,Riyadh,Saudi Arabia.
文摘The cloud-fog computing paradigm has emerged as a novel hybrid computing model that integrates computational resources at both fog nodes and cloud servers to address the challenges posed by dynamic and heterogeneous computing networks.Finding an optimal computational resource for task offloading and then executing efficiently is a critical issue to achieve a trade-off between energy consumption and transmission delay.In this network,the task processed at fog nodes reduces transmission delay.Still,it increases energy consumption,while routing tasks to the cloud server saves energy at the cost of higher communication delay.Moreover,the order in which offloaded tasks are executed affects the system’s efficiency.For instance,executing lower-priority tasks before higher-priority jobs can disturb the reliability and stability of the system.Therefore,an efficient strategy of optimal computation offloading and task scheduling is required for operational efficacy.In this paper,we introduced a multi-objective and enhanced version of Cheeta Optimizer(CO),namely(MoECO),to jointly optimize the computation offloading and task scheduling in cloud-fog networks to minimize two competing objectives,i.e.,energy consumption and communication delay.MoECO first assigns tasks to the optimal computational nodes and then the allocated tasks are scheduled for processing based on the task priority.The mathematical modelling of CO needs improvement in computation time and convergence speed.Therefore,MoECO is proposed to increase the search capability of agents by controlling the search strategy based on a leader’s location.The adaptive step length operator is adjusted to diversify the solution and thus improves the exploration phase,i.e.,global search strategy.Consequently,this prevents the algorithm from getting trapped in the local optimal solution.Moreover,the interaction factor during the exploitation phase is also adjusted based on the location of the prey instead of the adjacent Cheetah.This increases the exploitation capability of agents,i.e.,local search capability.Furthermore,MoECO employs a multi-objective Pareto-optimal front to simultaneously minimize designated objectives.Comprehensive simulations in MATLAB demonstrate that the proposed algorithm obtains multiple solutions via a Pareto-optimal front and achieves an efficient trade-off between optimization objectives compared to baseline methods.
文摘In this paper, we evaluated comprehensively the structure and operation of open-loop interferometric optical fiber gyroscopes (IFOG). To complete the previous works, a digital approach to derive the rotation angle in optical fiber gyroscopes is investigated theoretically. Results are simulated by the MATLAB software;therefore we could compare the results in simulated area with the values derived from theory. Also, feedback Erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EFDA) FOGs, called FE-FOG, is categorized in closed-loop IFOGs. The procedure of finding the Sagnac shift for open-loop and closed-loop IFOG have been studied and compared to one another. The signal processing in the open-loop IFOG was simulated using Matlab software and for the closed-loop IFOG by PSCAD. In the open-loop IFOG the analogue formulation of the IFOG in order to extract the phase shift is analyzed. A novel and promising method for derivation of Sagnac phase shift based on digital finite impulse response filtering is proposed. Based on our simulation results, the reliability and accuracy of the method is determined. In the closed-loop IFOG, the shift was derived through frequent use of Sagnac loop. The output signal is injected in the input again as feedback. The shift phase between clockwise and counterclockwise waves in each complete route, including primary and feedback route, is identified as Sagnac shift phase.
基金supported by the Deanship of Scientific Research and Graduate Studies at King Khalid University under research grant number(R.G.P.2/93/45).
文摘Thedeployment of the Internet of Things(IoT)with smart sensors has facilitated the emergence of fog computing as an important technology for delivering services to smart environments such as campuses,smart cities,and smart transportation systems.Fog computing tackles a range of challenges,including processing,storage,bandwidth,latency,and reliability,by locally distributing secure information through end nodes.Consisting of endpoints,fog nodes,and back-end cloud infrastructure,it provides advanced capabilities beyond traditional cloud computing.In smart environments,particularly within smart city transportation systems,the abundance of devices and nodes poses significant challenges related to power consumption and system reliability.To address the challenges of latency,energy consumption,and fault tolerance in these environments,this paper proposes a latency-aware,faulttolerant framework for resource scheduling and data management,referred to as the FORD framework,for smart cities in fog environments.This framework is designed to meet the demands of time-sensitive applications,such as those in smart transportation systems.The FORD framework incorporates latency-aware resource scheduling to optimize task execution in smart city environments,leveraging resources from both fog and cloud environments.Through simulation-based executions,tasks are allocated to the nearest available nodes with minimum latency.In the event of execution failure,a fault-tolerantmechanism is employed to ensure the successful completion of tasks.Upon successful execution,data is efficiently stored in the cloud data center,ensuring data integrity and reliability within the smart city ecosystem.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62202215)Liaoning Province Applied Basic Research Program(Youth Special Project,2023JH2/101600038)+2 种基金Shenyang Youth Science and Technology Innovation Talent Support Program(RC220458)Guangxuan Program of Shenyang Ligong University(SYLUGXRC202216)Basic Research Special Funds for Undergraduate Universities in Liaoning Province(LJ212410144067).
文摘The 6G smart Fog Radio Access Network(F-RAN)is an integration of 6G network intelligence technologies and the F-RAN architecture.Its aim is to provide low-latency and high-performance services for massive access devices.However,the performance of current 6G network intelligence technologies and its level of integration with the architecture,along with the system-level requirements for the number of access devices and limitations on energy consumption,have impeded further improvements in the 6G smart F-RAN.To better analyze the root causes of the network problems and promote the practical development of the network,this study used structured methods such as segmentation to conduct a review of the topic.The research results reveal that there are still many problems in the current 6G smart F-RAN.Future research directions and difficulties are also discussed.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grant funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(No.2020R1C1C1005567)supported by the NAVER Digital Bio Innovation Research Fund,funded by NAVER Corporation(Grant No.[37-2023-0040])+3 种基金supported by Institute of Information&communications Technology Planning&Evaluation(IITP)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(No.2020-0-00261,Development of low power/low delay/self-power suppliable RF simultaneous information and power transfer system and stretchable electronic epineurium for wireless nerve bypass implementation)supported by Institute for Basic Science(IBS-R015-D1,IBSR015-D2)supported by a grant of the Korea-US Collaborative Research Fund(KUCRF)funded by the Ministry of Science and ICT and Ministry of Health&Welfare,Republic of Korea(Grant Number.RS-2024-00467213)。
文摘Prosthetic devices designed to assist individuals with damaged or missing body parts have made significant strides,particularly with advancements in machine intelligence and bioengineering.Initially focused on movement assistance,the field has shifted towards developing prosthetics that function as seamless extensions of the human body.During this progress,a key challenge remains the reduction of interface artifacts between prosthetic components and biological tissues.Soft electronics offer a promising solution due to their structural flexibility and enhanced tissue adaptability.However,achieving full integration of prosthetics with the human body requires both artificial perception and efficient transmission of physical signals.In this context,synaptic devices have garnered attention as next-generation neuromorphic computing elements because of their low power consumption,ability to enable hardware-based learning,and high compatibility with sensing units.These devices have the potential to create artificial pathways for sensory recognition and motor responses,forming a“sensory-neuromorphic system”that emulates synaptic junctions in biological neurons,thereby connecting with impaired biological tissues.Here,we discuss recent developments in prosthetic components and neuromorphic applications with a focus on sensory perception and sensorimotor actuation.Initially,we explore a prosthetic system with advanced sensory units,mechanical softness,and artificial intelligence,followed by the hardware implementation of memory devices that combine calculation and learning functions.We then highlight the importance and mechanisms of soft-form synaptic devices that are compatible with sensing units.Furthermore,we review an artificial sensory-neuromorphic perception system that replicates various biological senses and facilitates sensorimotor loops from sensory receptors,the spinal cord,and motor neurons.Finally,we propose insights into the future of closed-loop neuroprosthetics through the technical integration of soft electronics,including bio-integrated sensors and synaptic devices,into prosthetic systems.
基金Shandong Provincial Key Research and Development Program(Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Project)(2021CXGC011001)Huafon Microfibre(Jiangsu)Co.Ltd.(2021120011000234)+1 种基金Textile Vision Basic Research Program(J202306)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2023M732103).
文摘The shortage of freshwater has become a global challenge,exacerbated by global warming and the rapid growth of the world’s population.Researchers across various fields have made numerous attempts to efficiently collect freshwater for human use.These efforts include seawater desalination through reverse osmosis or distillation,sewage treatment technologies,and atmospheric water harvesting.However,after thoroughly exploring traditional freshwater harvesting methods,it has become clear that bio-inspired fog harvesting technology offers new prospects due to its unique advantages of efficiency and sustainability.This paper systematically introduces the current principles of fog harvesting and wettability mechanism found in nature.It reviews the research status of combining bionic fog harvesting materials with textile science from two distinct dimensions.Additionally,it describes the practical applications of fog harvesting materials in agriculture,industry,and domestic water use,analyzes their prospects and feasibility in engineering projects,discusses potential challenges in practical applications,and envisions future trends and directions for the development of these materials.
基金supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant No.2021YFB3101100in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 62272123,62272102,62272124+2 种基金in part by the Project of High-level Innovative Talents of Guizhou Province under Grant[2020]6008in part by the Science and Technology Program of Guizhou Province under Grant No.[2020]5017,No.[2022]065in part by the Guangxi Key Laboratory of Cryptography and Information Security under Grant GCIS202105。
文摘Federated learning combines with fog computing to transform data sharing into model sharing,which solves the issues of data isolation and privacy disclosure in fog computing.However,existing studies focus on centralized single-layer aggregation federated learning architecture,which lack the consideration of cross-domain and asynchronous robustness of federated learning,and rarely integrate verification mechanisms from the perspective of incentives.To address the above challenges,we propose a Blockchain and Signcryption enabled Asynchronous Federated Learning(BSAFL)framework based on dual aggregation for cross-domain scenarios.In particular,we first design two types of signcryption schemes to secure the interaction and access control of collaborative learning between domains.Second,we construct a differential privacy approach that adaptively adjusts privacy budgets to ensure data privacy and local models'availability of intra-domain user.Furthermore,we propose an asynchronous aggregation solution that incorporates consensus verification and elastic participation using blockchain.Finally,security analysis demonstrates the security and privacy effectiveness of BSAFL,and the evaluation on real datasets further validates the high model accuracy and performance of BSAFL.
基金supported by the Opening Foundation of China National Logging Corporation(CNLC20229C06)the China Petroleum Technical Service Corporation's science project'Development and application of 475 rotary steering system'(2024T-001001)。
文摘Rotary steering systems(RSSs)have been increasingly used to develop horizontal wells.A static push-the-bit RSS uses three hydraulic modules with varying degrees of expansion and contraction to achieve changes in the pushing force acting on the wellbore in different sizes and directions within a circular range,ultimately allowing the wellbore trajectory to be drilled in a predetermined direction.By analyzing its mathematical principles and the actual characteristics of the instrument,a vector force closed-loop control method,including steering and holding modes,was designed.The adjustment criteria for the three hydraulic modules are determined to achieve rapid adjustment of the vector force.The theoretical feasibility of the developed method was verified by comparing its results with the on-site application data of an imported rotary guidance system.
基金jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number 42205009]the Open Grants of the State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather[grant number 2024LASWB23]+1 种基金the Collaborative Innovation Project for Marine Meteorological Science and Technology in the Bohai Rim Region[grant number QYXM202315]the Research and Development Project of Hebei Provincial Meteorological Bureau[grant number 22ky26]。
文摘Fog is a highly complex weather phenomenon influenced by numerous factors.This study investigated the impact of the Changbai Mountains’topography on the formation and development of spring fog in the Bohai Sea.From 12 to 14 May 2021,the Bohai region experienced a sea fog event.Utilizing Himawari-8 satellite data,ERA5 reanalysis dataset,land and sea station observations,the WRF model,a topography sensitivity experiment,and backward trajectory tracking,the influence of the Changbai Mountains’topography on the evolution of this sea fog event was assessed.Results indicated that the Changbai Mountains’topography significantly impacted the propagation and concentration of the sea fog through dual effects—namely,the Venturi Effect and Foehn Clearance Effect.Comparative simulations incorporating and excluding the Changbai Mountains revealed that its topography favored weak convergence(Venturi Effect)of low-level airflow over the Bohai Sea induced by a high-pressure system,promoting westward fog expansion.Additionally,the backward trajectory analysis further indicated that the Foehn Clearance Effect of the Changbai Mountains extended its influence far beyond the immediate lee side,contributing to significant changes in atmospheric conditions such as reductions in relative humidity and increases in potential temperature.The dry,warm foehn contributed to a reduction in the liquid water content,ultimately leading to the weakening or even dissipation of the sea fog in the region close to the Changbai Mountains.This study emphasizes the crucial role of the Changbai Mountains’topography in the development and evolution of fog,providing valuable insights for forecasting fog in regions with complex terrain.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62462053)the Science and Technology Foundation of Qinghai Province(2023-ZJ-731)+1 种基金the Open Project of the Qinghai Provincial Key Laboratory of Restoration Ecology in Cold Area(2023-KF-12)the Open Research Fund of Guangdong Key Laboratory of Blockchain Security,Guangzhou University。
文摘Federated learning(FL)is a distributed machine learning paradigm that excels at preserving data privacy when using data from multiple parties.When combined with Fog Computing,FL offers enhanced capabilities for machine learning applications in the Internet of Things(IoT).However,implementing FL across large-scale distributed fog networks presents significant challenges in maintaining privacy,preventing collusion attacks,and ensuring robust data aggregation.To address these challenges,we propose an Efficient Privacy-preserving and Robust Federated Learning(EPRFL)scheme for fog computing scenarios.Specifically,we first propose an efficient secure aggregation strategy based on the improved threshold homomorphic encryption algorithm,which is not only resistant to model inference and collusion attacks,but also robust to fog node dropping.Then,we design a dynamic gradient filtering method based on cosine similarity to further reduce the communication overhead.To minimize training delays,we develop a dynamic task scheduling strategy based on comprehensive score.Theoretical analysis demonstrates that EPRFL offers robust security and low latency.Extensive experimental results indicate that EPRFL outperforms similar strategies in terms of privacy preserving,model performance,and resource efficiency.
基金supported and funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University(IMSIU)(grant number IMSIU-DDRSP2504).
文摘Vehicular networks enable seamless connectivity for exchanging emergency and infotainment content.However,retrieving infotainment data from remote servers often introduces high delays,degrading the Quality of Service(QoS).To overcome this,caching frequently requested content at fog-enabled Road Side Units(RSUs)reduces communication latency.Yet,the limited caching capacity of RSUs makes it impractical to store all contents with varying sizes and popularity.This research proposes an efficient content caching algorithm that adapts to dynamic vehicular demands on highways to maximize request satisfaction.The scheme is evaluated against Intelligent Content Caching(ICC)and Random Caching(RC).The obtained results show that our proposed scheme entertains more contentrequesting vehicles as compared to ICC and RC,with 33%and 41%more downloaded data in 28%and 35%less amount of time from ICC and RC schemes,respectively.
基金supported in part by the Natural Science Foundation of China (62171110,U19B2028 and U20B2070)。
文摘Recently,the Fog-Radio Access Network(F-RAN)has gained considerable attention,because of its flexible architecture that allows rapid response to user requirements.In this paper,computational offloading in F-RAN is considered,where multiple User Equipments(UEs)offload their computational tasks to the F-RAN through fog nodes.Each UE can select one of the fog nodes to offload its task,and each fog node may serve multiple UEs.The tasks are computed by the fog nodes or further offloaded to the cloud via a capacity-limited fronhaul link.In order to compute all UEs'tasks quickly,joint optimization of UE-Fog association,radio and computation resources of F-RAN is proposed to minimize the maximum latency of all UEs.This min-max problem is formulated as a Mixed Integer Nonlinear Program(MINP).To tackle it,first,MINP is reformulated as a continuous optimization problem,and then the Majorization Minimization(MM)method is used to find a solution.The MM approach that we develop is unconventional in that each MM subproblem is solved inexactly with the same provable convergence guarantee as the exact MM,thereby reducing the complexity of MM iteration.In addition,a cooperative offloading model is considered,where the fog nodes compress-and-forward their received signals to the cloud.Under this model,a similar min-max latency optimization problem is formulated and tackled by the inexact MM.Simulation results show that the proposed algorithms outperform some offloading strategies,and that the cooperative offloading can exploit transmission diversity better than noncooperative offloading to achieve better latency performance.
基金the Deanship of Postgraduate Studies and Scientific Research at Majmaah University for funding this research work through the project number(R-2025-1567).
文摘Due to the intense data flow in expanding Internet of Things(IoT)applications,a heavy processing cost and workload on the fog-cloud side become inevitable.One of the most critical challenges is optimal task scheduling.Since this is an NP-hard problem type,a metaheuristic approach can be a good option.This study introduces a novel enhancement to the Artificial Rabbits Optimization(ARO)algorithm by integrating Chaotic maps and Levy flight strategies(CLARO).This dual approach addresses the limitations of standard ARO in terms of population diversity and convergence speed.It is designed for task scheduling in fog-cloud environments,optimizing energy consumption,makespan,and execution time simultaneously three critical parameters often treated individually in prior works.Unlike conventional single-objective methods,the proposed approach incorporates a multi-objective fitness function that dynamically adjusts the weight of each parameter,resulting in better resource allocation and load balancing.In analysis,a real-world dataset,the Open-source Google Cloud Jobs Dataset(GoCJ_Dataset),is used for performance measurement,and analyses are performed on three considered parameters.Comparisons are applied with well-known algorithms:GWO,SCSO,PSO,WOA,and ARO to indicate the reliability of the proposed method.In this regard,performance evaluation is performed by assigning these tasks to Virtual Machines(VMs)in the resource pool.Simulations are performed on 90 base cases and 30 scenarios for each evaluation parameter.The results indicated that the proposed algorithm achieved the best makespan performance in 80% of cases,ranked first in execution time in 61%of cases,and performed best in the final parameter in 69% of cases.In addition,according to the obtained results based on the defined fitness function,the proposed method(CLARO)is 2.52%better than ARO,3.95%better than SCSO,5.06%better than GWO,8.15%better than PSO,and 9.41%better than WOA.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.12372064 and 12172291)the Youth and Middle-Aged Science and Technology Development Program of Shanghai Institute of Technology(Grant No.ZQ2024-10)。
文摘Conventional open-loop deep brain stimulation(DBS)systems with fixed parameters fail to accommodate interindividual pathological differences in Parkinson's disease(PD)management while potentially inducing adverse effects and causing excessive energy consumption.In this paper,we present an adaptive closed-loop framework integrating a Yogi-optimized proportional–integral–derivative neural network(Yogi-PIDNN)controller.The Yogi-augmented gradient adaptation mechanism accelerates the convergence of general PIDNN controllers in high-dimensional nonlinear control systems while reducing control energy usage.In addition,a system identification method establishes input–output dynamics for pre-training stimulation waveforms,bypassing real-time parameter-tuning constraints and thereby enhancing closed-loop adaptability.Finally,a theoretical analysis based on Lyapunov stability criteria establishes a sufficient condition for closed-loop stability within the identified model.Computational validations demonstrate that our approach restores thalamic relay reliability while reducing energy consumption by(81.0±0.7)%across multi-frequency tests.This study advances adaptive neuromodulation by synergizing data-driven pre-training with stability-guaranteed real-time control,offering a novel framework for energy-efficient and personalized Parkinson's therapy.
