A simplified method is proposed for analyzing the overpressure history of an optional point on the walls of a closed cuboid due to its internal optional point-explosion. Firstly, the overpressure histories of all node...A simplified method is proposed for analyzing the overpressure history of an optional point on the walls of a closed cuboid due to its internal optional point-explosion. Firstly, the overpressure histories of all nodes on the walls of a cube with a side-length of 2 m are computed under a reference-charge explosion at each node of its inner space using the LS-DYNA software, and then are collected to form a reference database. Next, with the thought of the isoparametric finite element, an interpolating algori...展开更多
Here we present a cyclicly symmetric non-vacuum spacetime, admitting closed timelike curves(CTCs) which appear after a certain instant of time,i.e.,a time-machine spacetime. The spacetime is asymptotically flat, freef...Here we present a cyclicly symmetric non-vacuum spacetime, admitting closed timelike curves(CTCs) which appear after a certain instant of time,i.e.,a time-machine spacetime. The spacetime is asymptotically flat, freefrom curvature singularities and a four-dimensional extension of the Misner space in curved spacetime. The spacetime is of type Ⅱ in the Petrov classification scheme and the matter field pure radiation satisfy the energy condition.展开更多
By introducing the notions of L-spaces and L_r-spaces, a complete generalization of Kalton's closed graph theorem is obtained. It points out the class of L_r-spaces is the maximal class of range spaces for the clo...By introducing the notions of L-spaces and L_r-spaces, a complete generalization of Kalton's closed graph theorem is obtained. It points out the class of L_r-spaces is the maximal class of range spaces for the closed graph theorem when the class of domain spaces is the class of Mackey spaces with weakly * sequentially complete dual.Some examples are constructed showing that the class of L_r-spaces is strictly larger than the class of separable B_r-complete spaces.Some properties of L-spaces and L_r-spaces are discussed and the relations between B-complete (resp. B_r-complete) spaces and L-spaces (resp. L_r-spaces) are given.展开更多
Thin films of Zn1-xCuxSe （x= 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20） were grown on glass substrates by closed space sublimation technique. The deposited films were annealed at 200 ~C and 400 ~C in air for 1 h. The annealed sa...Thin films of Zn1-xCuxSe （x= 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20） were grown on glass substrates by closed space sublimation technique. The deposited films were annealed at 200 ~C and 400 ~C in air for 1 h. The annealed samples have been investigated through Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy （RBS）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, spectroscopic ellipsometer, spectrophotometer and Raman spectroscopy. Through RBS, the composition of the films was calculated and compared with the initial concentration. Structural characteriza- tion including crystal structure, crystal orientation, lattice parameter, grain size, strain and dislocation density were carried out using XRD data. From XRD spectra it was revealed that the as-deposited and annealed films were polycrystalline in nature with zinc-blende structure. However, the crystallinity and the grain size were improved with the increase of annealing temperature. According to Raman spectroscopy, it was observed that as deposited and annealed samples have the same characteristic vibrational modes of ZnSe at low and high frequency optical phonon modes while another mode was observed for 400 ℃ annealed samples at 745 cm-1. Spectroscopic ellipsometer has been used to found annealing effect on the optical properties of ZnSe. The band gap energy has been determined using transmission spectra. It was found that the band gap energy of the film increased with the increase of annealing temperature.展开更多
One of the important issues in the system identification and the spectrum analysis is the frequency resolution, i.e., the capability of distinguishing between two or more closely spaced frequency components. In the mo...One of the important issues in the system identification and the spectrum analysis is the frequency resolution, i.e., the capability of distinguishing between two or more closely spaced frequency components. In the modal identification by the empirical mode decomposition （EMD） method, because of the separating capability of the method, it is still a challenge to consistently and reliably identify the parameters of structures of which modes are not well separated. A new method is introduced to generate the intrin- sic mode functions （IMFs） through the filtering algorithm based on the wavelet packet decomposition （GIFWPD）. In this paper, it is demonstrated that the CIFWPD method alone has a good capability of separating close modes, even under the severe condition beyond the critical frequency ratio limit which makes it impossible to separate two closely spaced harmonics by the EMD method. However, the GIFWPD-only based method is impelled to use a very fine sampling frequency with consequent prohibitive computational costs. Therefore, in order to decrease the computational load by reducing the amount of samples and improve the effectiveness of separation by increasing the frequency ratio, the present paper uses a combination of the complex envelope displacement analysis （CEDA） and the GIFWPD method. For the validation, two examples from the previous works are taken to show the results obtained by the GIFWPD-only based method and by combining the CEDA with the GIFWPD method.展开更多
A scheduling model of closely spaced parallel runways for arrival aircraft was proposed,with multi-objections of the minimum flight delay cost,the maximum airport capacity,the minimum workload of air traffic controlle...A scheduling model of closely spaced parallel runways for arrival aircraft was proposed,with multi-objections of the minimum flight delay cost,the maximum airport capacity,the minimum workload of air traffic controller and the maximum fairness of airlines′scheduling.The time interval between two runways and changes of aircraft landing order were taken as the constraints.Genetic algorithm was used to solve the model,and the model constrained unit delay cost of the aircraft with multiple flight tasks to reduce its delay influence range.Each objective function value or the fitness of particle unsatisfied the constrain condition would be punished.Finally,one domestic airport hub was introduced to verify the algorithm and the model.The results showed that the genetic algorithm presented strong convergence and timeliness for solving constraint multi-objective aircraft landing problem on closely spaced parallel runways,and the optimization results were better than that of actual scheduling.展开更多
An increasing number of engineering accidents have shown that the failure of a tunnel can propagate to a neighbouring tunnel.However,due to the complex interaction between the failed tunnel structure and the soil medi...An increasing number of engineering accidents have shown that the failure of a tunnel can propagate to a neighbouring tunnel.However,due to the complex interaction between the failed tunnel structure and the soil medium,the mechanism by which the failure is propagated between two closely spaced tunnels remains unclear.In this study,the coupled EulerianLagrangian(CEL)modelling technique was adopted to investigate the influence of a failed tunnel(FT)on an adjacent tunnel,which was termed an“influenced tunnel”(IT).The safety of the IT was analysed in detail under different circumstances,such as different failure positions of the FT,different failure degrees of the FT,and different spatial relationships between the two tunnels.The simulation results indicated that the most adverse case may occur when the two tunnels are arranged as offsets and the IT is the upper tunnel.Under this circumstance,significant shear deformation may occur in IT because IT is located at the shear band of the FT.展开更多
A new quantitative concept is introduced in this paper, which may be used to facilitate the measurement of the controllability of a subspace similar to subspace controllability degree. Then the concrete form of the su...A new quantitative concept is introduced in this paper, which may be used to facilitate the measurement of the controllability of a subspace similar to subspace controllability degree. Then the concrete form of the subspace controllability degree of a flexible structure is derived, and the errors of subspace controllability degree and dynamical response caused by the substitution of a repeated mode subspace for a closely spaced mode subspace are discussed. All the results show that this substitution is rational under some conditions.展开更多
To establish the algorithm of SAT-TMD system with the wavelet transform(WT),the modal mass participation ratio is proposed to distinguish if the high-rising structure has the characteristic of closely distributed freq...To establish the algorithm of SAT-TMD system with the wavelet transform(WT),the modal mass participation ratio is proposed to distinguish if the high-rising structure has the characteristic of closely distributed frequencies.A time varying analytical model of high-rising structure such as TV-tower with the SAT-TMD is developed.The proposed new idea is to use WT to identify the dominant frequency of structural response in a segment time,and track its variation as a function of time to retune the SAT-TMD.The effectiveness of SAT-TMD is investigated and it is more robust to change in building stiffness and damping than that of the TMD with a fixed frequency corresponding to a fixed mode frequency of the building.It is proved that SAT-TMD is particularly effective in reducing the response even when the building stiffness is changed by ±15%;whereas the TMD loses its effectiveness under such building stiffness variations.展开更多
The increased concentration of CO_(2) due to continuous breathing and no discharge of human beings in the manned closed space,like spacecraft and submarines,can be a threat to health and safety.Effective removal of lo...The increased concentration of CO_(2) due to continuous breathing and no discharge of human beings in the manned closed space,like spacecraft and submarines,can be a threat to health and safety.Effective removal of low concentration CO_(2) from the manned closed space is essential to meet the requirements of long-term space or deep-sea exploration,which is an international frontier and trend.Ionic liquids(ILs),as a widespread and green solvent,already showed its excellent performance on CO_(2) capture and absorption,indicating its potential application in low concentration CO_(2) capture.In this review,we first summarized the current methods and strategies for direct capture from low concentration CO_(2) in both the atmosphere and manned closed spaces.Then,the multi-scale simulation methods of CO_(2) capture by ionic liquids are described in detail,including screening ionic liquids by COSMO-RS methods,capture mechanism by density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulation,and absorption process by computational fluid dynamics simulation.Lastly,some typical IL-based green technologies for low concentration CO_(2) capture,such as functionalized ILs,co-solvent systems with ILs,and supported materials based on ILs,are introduced,and analyzed the subtle possibility in manned closed spaces.Finally,we look forward to the technology and development of low concentration CO_(2) capture,which can meet the needs of human survival in closed space and proposed that supported materials with ionic liquids have great advantages and infinite possibilities in the vital area.展开更多
The midcourse ballistic closely spaced objects（CSO） create blur pixel-cluster on the space-based infrared focal plane,making the super-resolution of CSO quite necessary.A novel algorithm of CSO joint super-resolutio...The midcourse ballistic closely spaced objects（CSO） create blur pixel-cluster on the space-based infrared focal plane,making the super-resolution of CSO quite necessary.A novel algorithm of CSO joint super-resolution and trajectory estimation is presented.The algorithm combines the focal plane CSO dynamics and radiation models,proposes a novel least square objective function from the space and time information,where CSO radiant intensity is excluded and initial dynamics（position and velocity） are chosen as the model parameters.Subsequently,the quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization（QPSO） is adopted to optimize the objective function to estimate model parameters,and then CSO focal plane trajectories and radiant intensities are computed.Meanwhile,the estimated CSO focal plane trajectories from multiple space-based infrared focal planes are associated and filtered to estimate the CSO stereo ballistic trajectories.Finally,the performance（CSO estimation precision of the focal plane coordinates,radiant intensities,and stereo ballistic trajectories,together with the computation load） of the algorithm is tested,and the results show that the algorithm is effective and feasible.展开更多
Radar detection of small targets in sea clutter is a particularly demanding task because of the nonstationary characteristic of sea clutter.The track-before-detect(TBD)filter is an effective way to increase the signal...Radar detection of small targets in sea clutter is a particularly demanding task because of the nonstationary characteristic of sea clutter.The track-before-detect(TBD)filter is an effective way to increase the signal-to-clutter ratio(SCR),thus improving the detection performance of small targets in sea clutter.To cope with the nonstationary characteristic of sea clutter,an easily-implemented Bayesian TBD filter with adaptive detection threshold is proposed and a new parameter estimation method is devised which is integrated into the detection process.The detection threshold is set according to the parameter estimation result under the framework of information theory.For detection of closely spaced targets,those within the same range cell as the one under test are treated as contribution to sea clutter,and a successive elimination method is adopted to detect them.Simulation results prove the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in detecting small targets in nonstationary sea clutter,especially closely spaced ones.展开更多
Cape Stone Forest is a group of granite rock pillars(pedestal rocks) towering over Shilin Lake, on the southern shore of Shantou Bay in eastern Guangdong, China. The rock pillars were previously identified as sea stac...Cape Stone Forest is a group of granite rock pillars(pedestal rocks) towering over Shilin Lake, on the southern shore of Shantou Bay in eastern Guangdong, China. The rock pillars were previously identified as sea stacks because they have marine notch-like concave sidewalls at their base, and more importantly, the lake is immediately adjacent to the bay, which is exposed to the open sea. However, rock pillars similar in shape and size can also be found at the top of Queshi Mountain, which is only about 300 meters northwest of the lake and about 85 meters above sea level. Therefore, the marine origin of Cape Stone Forest is seriously questioned. In this study, 3D imagery and drone technology were used to collect data in the investigations without direct manual measurements in the water or on the mountain. It shows that the concave sidewalls of the rock pillars in the lake and on the mountains occur at different heights and are exposed to different directions, while a natural sea stack on Mayu Island at the mouth of Shantou Bay has a horizontal notch parallel to the sea level, although the granite rock of the sea stack is the same as that of the lake and the mountains. The eastern side of the island, where the sea stack is located, is exposed to the open sea but blocks large waves for the rock pillars in the lake. Therefore, the origin of Cape Stone Forest cannot be explained by wave-based mechanisms. The only satisfactory explanation that takes into account all the field evidence is that the narrow rock pillars of the lake and mountain were formed by chemical weathering that penetrated closely the spaced joints of the granite rock, and the notch-like concave sidewalls were formed by more effective chemical weathering at the base of the pillars.展开更多
To improve the utilization rate of plasma active species,in this study,a closed non-uniform air gap is formed by a flowing water film electrode and a sawtooth insulating dielectric layer to realize the diffuse glow di...To improve the utilization rate of plasma active species,in this study,a closed non-uniform air gap is formed by a flowing water film electrode and a sawtooth insulating dielectric layer to realize the diffuse glow discharge in the atmosphere.Firstly,the electric field distribution characteristics of non-uniform air gap in the sawtooth dielectric layer are studied,and the influence of aspect ratio on the characteristics of diffuse discharge plasma is discussed.Subsequently,the effects of wire mesh,the inclination angle of the dielectric plate,and liquid inlet velocity on the flow characteristics of the water film electrode are analyzed.The results show that the non-uniform electric field distribution formed in the sawtooth groove can effectively inhibit the filamentous discharge,and the 1 mm flowing water film is directly used as the electrode,and high-active plasma is formed directly on the lower surface of the water film.In addition,a plasma flowing water treatment device is built to treat the methyl orange solution and observe its decolorization effect.The experimental results show that after 50 min of treatment,the decolorization rate of the methyl orange solution reaches 96%,which provides a new idea for industrial applications of wastewater treatment.展开更多
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50678116)National Key Technology R&D Program of China (No. 2006BAJ13B02)Tianjin Municipal Major Project of Application Foundation and Frontal Technology Research (No. 08JCZDJC19500)
文摘A simplified method is proposed for analyzing the overpressure history of an optional point on the walls of a closed cuboid due to its internal optional point-explosion. Firstly, the overpressure histories of all nodes on the walls of a cube with a side-length of 2 m are computed under a reference-charge explosion at each node of its inner space using the LS-DYNA software, and then are collected to form a reference database. Next, with the thought of the isoparametric finite element, an interpolating algori...
文摘Here we present a cyclicly symmetric non-vacuum spacetime, admitting closed timelike curves(CTCs) which appear after a certain instant of time,i.e.,a time-machine spacetime. The spacetime is asymptotically flat, freefrom curvature singularities and a four-dimensional extension of the Misner space in curved spacetime. The spacetime is of type Ⅱ in the Petrov classification scheme and the matter field pure radiation satisfy the energy condition.
文摘By introducing the notions of L-spaces and L_r-spaces, a complete generalization of Kalton's closed graph theorem is obtained. It points out the class of L_r-spaces is the maximal class of range spaces for the closed graph theorem when the class of domain spaces is the class of Mackey spaces with weakly * sequentially complete dual.Some examples are constructed showing that the class of L_r-spaces is strictly larger than the class of separable B_r-complete spaces.Some properties of L-spaces and L_r-spaces are discussed and the relations between B-complete (resp. B_r-complete) spaces and L-spaces (resp. L_r-spaces) are given.
文摘Thin films of Zn1-xCuxSe （x= 0.00, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20） were grown on glass substrates by closed space sublimation technique. The deposited films were annealed at 200 ~C and 400 ~C in air for 1 h. The annealed samples have been investigated through Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy （RBS）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, spectroscopic ellipsometer, spectrophotometer and Raman spectroscopy. Through RBS, the composition of the films was calculated and compared with the initial concentration. Structural characteriza- tion including crystal structure, crystal orientation, lattice parameter, grain size, strain and dislocation density were carried out using XRD data. From XRD spectra it was revealed that the as-deposited and annealed films were polycrystalline in nature with zinc-blende structure. However, the crystallinity and the grain size were improved with the increase of annealing temperature. According to Raman spectroscopy, it was observed that as deposited and annealed samples have the same characteristic vibrational modes of ZnSe at low and high frequency optical phonon modes while another mode was observed for 400 ℃ annealed samples at 745 cm-1. Spectroscopic ellipsometer has been used to found annealing effect on the optical properties of ZnSe. The band gap energy has been determined using transmission spectra. It was found that the band gap energy of the film increased with the increase of annealing temperature.
基金supported by the State Key Program of National Natural Science of China (No. 11232009)the Shanghai Leading Academic Discipline Project (No. S30106)
文摘One of the important issues in the system identification and the spectrum analysis is the frequency resolution, i.e., the capability of distinguishing between two or more closely spaced frequency components. In the modal identification by the empirical mode decomposition （EMD） method, because of the separating capability of the method, it is still a challenge to consistently and reliably identify the parameters of structures of which modes are not well separated. A new method is introduced to generate the intrin- sic mode functions （IMFs） through the filtering algorithm based on the wavelet packet decomposition （GIFWPD）. In this paper, it is demonstrated that the CIFWPD method alone has a good capability of separating close modes, even under the severe condition beyond the critical frequency ratio limit which makes it impossible to separate two closely spaced harmonics by the EMD method. However, the GIFWPD-only based method is impelled to use a very fine sampling frequency with consequent prohibitive computational costs. Therefore, in order to decrease the computational load by reducing the amount of samples and improve the effectiveness of separation by increasing the frequency ratio, the present paper uses a combination of the complex envelope displacement analysis （CEDA） and the GIFWPD method. For the validation, two examples from the previous works are taken to show the results obtained by the GIFWPD-only based method and by combining the CEDA with the GIFWPD method.
文摘A scheduling model of closely spaced parallel runways for arrival aircraft was proposed,with multi-objections of the minimum flight delay cost,the maximum airport capacity,the minimum workload of air traffic controller and the maximum fairness of airlines′scheduling.The time interval between two runways and changes of aircraft landing order were taken as the constraints.Genetic algorithm was used to solve the model,and the model constrained unit delay cost of the aircraft with multiple flight tasks to reduce its delay influence range.Each objective function value or the fitness of particle unsatisfied the constrain condition would be punished.Finally,one domestic airport hub was introduced to verify the algorithm and the model.The results showed that the genetic algorithm presented strong convergence and timeliness for solving constraint multi-objective aircraft landing problem on closely spaced parallel runways,and the optimization results were better than that of actual scheduling.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.41630641 and 51808387)。
文摘An increasing number of engineering accidents have shown that the failure of a tunnel can propagate to a neighbouring tunnel.However,due to the complex interaction between the failed tunnel structure and the soil medium,the mechanism by which the failure is propagated between two closely spaced tunnels remains unclear.In this study,the coupled EulerianLagrangian(CEL)modelling technique was adopted to investigate the influence of a failed tunnel(FT)on an adjacent tunnel,which was termed an“influenced tunnel”(IT).The safety of the IT was analysed in detail under different circumstances,such as different failure positions of the FT,different failure degrees of the FT,and different spatial relationships between the two tunnels.The simulation results indicated that the most adverse case may occur when the two tunnels are arranged as offsets and the IT is the upper tunnel.Under this circumstance,significant shear deformation may occur in IT because IT is located at the shear band of the FT.
基金The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Chinathe Doctoral Research Foundation of Chinese Ministry of Education.
文摘A new quantitative concept is introduced in this paper, which may be used to facilitate the measurement of the controllability of a subspace similar to subspace controllability degree. Then the concrete form of the subspace controllability degree of a flexible structure is derived, and the errors of subspace controllability degree and dynamical response caused by the substitution of a repeated mode subspace for a closely spaced mode subspace are discussed. All the results show that this substitution is rational under some conditions.
基金Sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.50478031)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2006040240)
文摘To establish the algorithm of SAT-TMD system with the wavelet transform(WT),the modal mass participation ratio is proposed to distinguish if the high-rising structure has the characteristic of closely distributed frequencies.A time varying analytical model of high-rising structure such as TV-tower with the SAT-TMD is developed.The proposed new idea is to use WT to identify the dominant frequency of structural response in a segment time,and track its variation as a function of time to retune the SAT-TMD.The effectiveness of SAT-TMD is investigated and it is more robust to change in building stiffness and damping than that of the TMD with a fixed frequency corresponding to a fixed mode frequency of the building.It is proved that SAT-TMD is particularly effective in reducing the response even when the building stiffness is changed by ±15%;whereas the TMD loses its effectiveness under such building stiffness variations.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21878295,22078024)the Natural Science Foundation of Beijing(2192052)the Project funded by Liaoning Provincial Department of Education(LQ2020001)。
文摘The increased concentration of CO_(2) due to continuous breathing and no discharge of human beings in the manned closed space,like spacecraft and submarines,can be a threat to health and safety.Effective removal of low concentration CO_(2) from the manned closed space is essential to meet the requirements of long-term space or deep-sea exploration,which is an international frontier and trend.Ionic liquids(ILs),as a widespread and green solvent,already showed its excellent performance on CO_(2) capture and absorption,indicating its potential application in low concentration CO_(2) capture.In this review,we first summarized the current methods and strategies for direct capture from low concentration CO_(2) in both the atmosphere and manned closed spaces.Then,the multi-scale simulation methods of CO_(2) capture by ionic liquids are described in detail,including screening ionic liquids by COSMO-RS methods,capture mechanism by density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulation,and absorption process by computational fluid dynamics simulation.Lastly,some typical IL-based green technologies for low concentration CO_(2) capture,such as functionalized ILs,co-solvent systems with ILs,and supported materials based on ILs,are introduced,and analyzed the subtle possibility in manned closed spaces.Finally,we look forward to the technology and development of low concentration CO_(2) capture,which can meet the needs of human survival in closed space and proposed that supported materials with ionic liquids have great advantages and infinite possibilities in the vital area.
基金supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(20080149320080430223)the Natural Science Foundation of An-hui Province (090412043)
文摘The midcourse ballistic closely spaced objects（CSO） create blur pixel-cluster on the space-based infrared focal plane,making the super-resolution of CSO quite necessary.A novel algorithm of CSO joint super-resolution and trajectory estimation is presented.The algorithm combines the focal plane CSO dynamics and radiation models,proposes a novel least square objective function from the space and time information,where CSO radiant intensity is excluded and initial dynamics（position and velocity） are chosen as the model parameters.Subsequently,the quantum-behaved particle swarm optimization（QPSO） is adopted to optimize the objective function to estimate model parameters,and then CSO focal plane trajectories and radiant intensities are computed.Meanwhile,the estimated CSO focal plane trajectories from multiple space-based infrared focal planes are associated and filtered to estimate the CSO stereo ballistic trajectories.Finally,the performance（CSO estimation precision of the focal plane coordinates,radiant intensities,and stereo ballistic trajectories,together with the computation load） of the algorithm is tested,and the results show that the algorithm is effective and feasible.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61671139)。
文摘Radar detection of small targets in sea clutter is a particularly demanding task because of the nonstationary characteristic of sea clutter.The track-before-detect(TBD)filter is an effective way to increase the signal-to-clutter ratio(SCR),thus improving the detection performance of small targets in sea clutter.To cope with the nonstationary characteristic of sea clutter,an easily-implemented Bayesian TBD filter with adaptive detection threshold is proposed and a new parameter estimation method is devised which is integrated into the detection process.The detection threshold is set according to the parameter estimation result under the framework of information theory.For detection of closely spaced targets,those within the same range cell as the one under test are treated as contribution to sea clutter,and a successive elimination method is adopted to detect them.Simulation results prove the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in detecting small targets in nonstationary sea clutter,especially closely spaced ones.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants No. 42171007)。
文摘Cape Stone Forest is a group of granite rock pillars(pedestal rocks) towering over Shilin Lake, on the southern shore of Shantou Bay in eastern Guangdong, China. The rock pillars were previously identified as sea stacks because they have marine notch-like concave sidewalls at their base, and more importantly, the lake is immediately adjacent to the bay, which is exposed to the open sea. However, rock pillars similar in shape and size can also be found at the top of Queshi Mountain, which is only about 300 meters northwest of the lake and about 85 meters above sea level. Therefore, the marine origin of Cape Stone Forest is seriously questioned. In this study, 3D imagery and drone technology were used to collect data in the investigations without direct manual measurements in the water or on the mountain. It shows that the concave sidewalls of the rock pillars in the lake and on the mountains occur at different heights and are exposed to different directions, while a natural sea stack on Mayu Island at the mouth of Shantou Bay has a horizontal notch parallel to the sea level, although the granite rock of the sea stack is the same as that of the lake and the mountains. The eastern side of the island, where the sea stack is located, is exposed to the open sea but blocks large waves for the rock pillars in the lake. Therefore, the origin of Cape Stone Forest cannot be explained by wave-based mechanisms. The only satisfactory explanation that takes into account all the field evidence is that the narrow rock pillars of the lake and mountain were formed by chemical weathering that penetrated closely the spaced joints of the granite rock, and the notch-like concave sidewalls were formed by more effective chemical weathering at the base of the pillars.
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51577011)。
文摘To improve the utilization rate of plasma active species,in this study,a closed non-uniform air gap is formed by a flowing water film electrode and a sawtooth insulating dielectric layer to realize the diffuse glow discharge in the atmosphere.Firstly,the electric field distribution characteristics of non-uniform air gap in the sawtooth dielectric layer are studied,and the influence of aspect ratio on the characteristics of diffuse discharge plasma is discussed.Subsequently,the effects of wire mesh,the inclination angle of the dielectric plate,and liquid inlet velocity on the flow characteristics of the water film electrode are analyzed.The results show that the non-uniform electric field distribution formed in the sawtooth groove can effectively inhibit the filamentous discharge,and the 1 mm flowing water film is directly used as the electrode,and high-active plasma is formed directly on the lower surface of the water film.In addition,a plasma flowing water treatment device is built to treat the methyl orange solution and observe its decolorization effect.The experimental results show that after 50 min of treatment,the decolorization rate of the methyl orange solution reaches 96%,which provides a new idea for industrial applications of wastewater treatment.
