Coal burning is the prevailing way of heating in winter in rural areas of northern China,especially in Bei-jing,Tianjin,Hebei and their surrounding areas.Regrettably,the direct burning of large amounts of bulk coal is...Coal burning is the prevailing way of heating in winter in rural areas of northern China,especially in Bei-jing,Tianjin,Hebei and their surrounding areas.Regrettably,the direct burning of large amounts of bulk coal is a major contributor to the serious air pollution and frequent heavy pollution days in winter in northern China.It is ur-gent to find ways for promoting the smooth implementation and sustainable development of clean heating in rural areas,while ensuring affordable heating solutions for rural residents.Conducting research on the WTP of rural residents for clean heating and its influencing factors can provide greater technical support for better promoting clean heating in rural areas.Through field visits and questionnaire surveys in rural areas of Shandong,Hebei,Henan and Shaanxi provinces,data on the willingness of rural residents to pay for clean heating was obtained.A multivariate regression model was then constructed based on the Contingent Valuation Method(CVM)to measure and analyze the willingness of residents to pay for clean heating and its influencing factors.Findings reveal that the highest willingness to pay(WTP)was in Hebei at 2388 yuan and its lowest was observed in Shandong at 1595 yuan,with Henan and Shaanxi registering 1608 yuan and 1929 yuan,respectively.WTP is significantly negatively correlated with age and financial burden of clean heating costs after retrofit.WTP is significantly positively corre-lated with total household heating hours per year,total household heating area,total household income in 2023,affordable price increase,satisfaction with the overall clean heating project,satisfaction with gas(electricity)prices,satisfaction with heating equipment,and satisfaction with indoor temperature.展开更多
Coal dependence and inefficient decentralized heating have significantly increased China’s energy consumption for winter heating,increasing air pollution and exacerbating the greenhouse effect.In 2017,China implement...Coal dependence and inefficient decentralized heating have significantly increased China’s energy consumption for winter heating,increasing air pollution and exacerbating the greenhouse effect.In 2017,China implemented the Pilot Policy on Clean Winter Heating in Northern China,aiming to achieve high central heating coverage and cleaner energy consumption.Studying the effects of this policy can help promote its implementation and serve as a reference for effective adjustment of the contents in the future.However,few studies have investigated this policy and its carbon reduction effects,and most focus on the provincial or city levels.Therefore,this paper considers the policy’s influence on air pollution and carbon emissions at the county level to provide a precise and comprehensive assessment of the policy effects.We use panel data from 1290 counties in 15 provinces in Northern China from 2014 to 2021,applying a multiperiod difference-in-differences model to quantify the impact of the policy on carbon emissions and air quality in the pilot area.We then conduct a series of tests to demonstrate the robustness of the results and analyze the mechanisms of the policy effects from two perspectives,namely,central heating and natural gas use,through a mediating effect model.Finally,we examine the heterogeneity of policy effects between counties based on geographic location and per capita income levels of rural residents through a moderating effect model.The results reveal that the policy significantly reduces air pollution and carbon emissions in the pilot area by increasing the central heating area and natural gas use.Compared with the central and western regions in the north and areas with low-income rural residents,the policy effects in the eastern regions in the north and areas with high-income rural residents are more pronounced.展开更多
It was not until the winter of 2017 that Dong Jianli felt the heat produced by a nuclear reactor up close, even though she had worked at the China Institute of Atomic Energy （CLAD for more than a decade. From Novembe...It was not until the winter of 2017 that Dong Jianli felt the heat produced by a nuclear reactor up close, even though she had worked at the China Institute of Atomic Energy （CLAD for more than a decade. From November 20 to 28, 2017, the heat emanating from the radiators in her office was being generated by a nuclear reactor, a first in the 67-year history of CIAE, China＇s first nuclear research arm.展开更多
In 2017,with the aim of mitigating air pollution,especially in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,China began implementing clean heating pilot programs during the winter in 43 cities in northern China,which have visible...In 2017,with the aim of mitigating air pollution,especially in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,China began implementing clean heating pilot programs during the winter in 43 cities in northern China,which have visible effects.However,problems,such as the heavy financial burden for the government and high costs for residents,are still prevalent in the region.In this paper,the city of Hengshui,one of the first pilot cities,was surveyed,and 275 valid questionnaires were obtained with the Contingent Valuation Method(CVM).We use the Heckman Two-stage Model to empirically analyze which are the factors that shape residents’willingness,and willingness to pay for clean heating.Results show that the residents’educational background,income,and subjective factors such as their knowledge and perception of the action and of the government significantly influence whether they are receptive to the clean winter heating.On this basis,this paper makes nonparametric and parametric estimates of their willingness and obtains nonparametric estimates of 1069.09 yuan yr‒1 household‒1 and 1624.31 yuan yr‒1 household‒1 and parametric estimates of 726.96 yuan yr‒1 household‒1 and 1104.50 yuan yr‒1 household‒1 for all the samples and for the sample that includes only those respondents willing to pay,respectively.Finally,this paper concludes with the policy recommendations:differentiated subsidies,increases in residents’income levels,savings on clean heating costs,and greater education and information disclosure.展开更多
Urban smog issue has become more and more heated topic in China in recent years.Vehicle pollution is one of the main reasons for smog and haze in most large and medium-sized cities in the country.Maybe it is not surpr...Urban smog issue has become more and more heated topic in China in recent years.Vehicle pollution is one of the main reasons for smog and haze in most large and medium-sized cities in the country.Maybe it is not surprising now that the nation drives 95 million cars,second only to the United States with 240 million.Therefore,China has released a series of policies to alleviate the increasingly severe urban smog issues and accelerate upgrading of oil products quality.展开更多
This study evaluated eight different types of heat supply modes based on crop residues utilization in the rural area of Northern China,including straw densified solid fuel combustion,pyrolysis char combustion,biogas c...This study evaluated eight different types of heat supply modes based on crop residues utilization in the rural area of Northern China,including straw densified solid fuel combustion,pyrolysis char combustion,biogas combustion,and pyrolysis gas combustion for single household heating;straw densified solid fuel combustion,baling straw combustion,biogas combustion,and pyrolysis gas combustion for centralized heating;centralized gas supply and centralized pyrolysis gas supply modes.Comprehensively evaluation was the cost of these different eight heat supply modes.The results showed that the cost of straw densified solid fuel combustion,pyrolysis char combustion for single household heating were 2346 RMB/household and 2390 RMB/household.With the heating scale of 200-500 households,the pipe network distance was 8 m/household,and the total annual heating cost was predicted at 2201-2992 RMB/household.Among them,the cost of straw baling combustion for centralized heating was the lowest,the cost of densified solid fuel,biogas,and pyrolysis for centralized heating was the second,and the cost of biogas and pyrolysis gas for centralized gas supply was the highest.For the increase in every 1 m of the pipeline distance,the investment cost will increase by about 645 RMB for each household.This study provides a basis for the implementation of clean heat supply technologies in less-developed areas and guidance of village heat-supply subsidy policies.展开更多
基金The National Social Science Fund Youth Project(23CFX038)。
文摘Coal burning is the prevailing way of heating in winter in rural areas of northern China,especially in Bei-jing,Tianjin,Hebei and their surrounding areas.Regrettably,the direct burning of large amounts of bulk coal is a major contributor to the serious air pollution and frequent heavy pollution days in winter in northern China.It is ur-gent to find ways for promoting the smooth implementation and sustainable development of clean heating in rural areas,while ensuring affordable heating solutions for rural residents.Conducting research on the WTP of rural residents for clean heating and its influencing factors can provide greater technical support for better promoting clean heating in rural areas.Through field visits and questionnaire surveys in rural areas of Shandong,Hebei,Henan and Shaanxi provinces,data on the willingness of rural residents to pay for clean heating was obtained.A multivariate regression model was then constructed based on the Contingent Valuation Method(CVM)to measure and analyze the willingness of residents to pay for clean heating and its influencing factors.Findings reveal that the highest willingness to pay(WTP)was in Hebei at 2388 yuan and its lowest was observed in Shandong at 1595 yuan,with Henan and Shaanxi registering 1608 yuan and 1929 yuan,respectively.WTP is significantly negatively correlated with age and financial burden of clean heating costs after retrofit.WTP is significantly positively corre-lated with total household heating hours per year,total household heating area,total household income in 2023,affordable price increase,satisfaction with the overall clean heating project,satisfaction with gas(electricity)prices,satisfaction with heating equipment,and satisfaction with indoor temperature.
基金supported by the National Social Science Fund of China[Grant No.21BGL181]to Yan Chen.
文摘Coal dependence and inefficient decentralized heating have significantly increased China’s energy consumption for winter heating,increasing air pollution and exacerbating the greenhouse effect.In 2017,China implemented the Pilot Policy on Clean Winter Heating in Northern China,aiming to achieve high central heating coverage and cleaner energy consumption.Studying the effects of this policy can help promote its implementation and serve as a reference for effective adjustment of the contents in the future.However,few studies have investigated this policy and its carbon reduction effects,and most focus on the provincial or city levels.Therefore,this paper considers the policy’s influence on air pollution and carbon emissions at the county level to provide a precise and comprehensive assessment of the policy effects.We use panel data from 1290 counties in 15 provinces in Northern China from 2014 to 2021,applying a multiperiod difference-in-differences model to quantify the impact of the policy on carbon emissions and air quality in the pilot area.We then conduct a series of tests to demonstrate the robustness of the results and analyze the mechanisms of the policy effects from two perspectives,namely,central heating and natural gas use,through a mediating effect model.Finally,we examine the heterogeneity of policy effects between counties based on geographic location and per capita income levels of rural residents through a moderating effect model.The results reveal that the policy significantly reduces air pollution and carbon emissions in the pilot area by increasing the central heating area and natural gas use.Compared with the central and western regions in the north and areas with low-income rural residents,the policy effects in the eastern regions in the north and areas with high-income rural residents are more pronounced.
文摘It was not until the winter of 2017 that Dong Jianli felt the heat produced by a nuclear reactor up close, even though she had worked at the China Institute of Atomic Energy （CLAD for more than a decade. From November 20 to 28, 2017, the heat emanating from the radiators in her office was being generated by a nuclear reactor, a first in the 67-year history of CIAE, China＇s first nuclear research arm.
文摘In 2017,with the aim of mitigating air pollution,especially in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region,China began implementing clean heating pilot programs during the winter in 43 cities in northern China,which have visible effects.However,problems,such as the heavy financial burden for the government and high costs for residents,are still prevalent in the region.In this paper,the city of Hengshui,one of the first pilot cities,was surveyed,and 275 valid questionnaires were obtained with the Contingent Valuation Method(CVM).We use the Heckman Two-stage Model to empirically analyze which are the factors that shape residents’willingness,and willingness to pay for clean heating.Results show that the residents’educational background,income,and subjective factors such as their knowledge and perception of the action and of the government significantly influence whether they are receptive to the clean winter heating.On this basis,this paper makes nonparametric and parametric estimates of their willingness and obtains nonparametric estimates of 1069.09 yuan yr‒1 household‒1 and 1624.31 yuan yr‒1 household‒1 and parametric estimates of 726.96 yuan yr‒1 household‒1 and 1104.50 yuan yr‒1 household‒1 for all the samples and for the sample that includes only those respondents willing to pay,respectively.Finally,this paper concludes with the policy recommendations:differentiated subsidies,increases in residents’income levels,savings on clean heating costs,and greater education and information disclosure.
文摘Urban smog issue has become more and more heated topic in China in recent years.Vehicle pollution is one of the main reasons for smog and haze in most large and medium-sized cities in the country.Maybe it is not surprising now that the nation drives 95 million cars,second only to the United States with 240 million.Therefore,China has released a series of policies to alleviate the increasingly severe urban smog issues and accelerate upgrading of oil products quality.
基金The authors acknowledge that this work was financially supported by the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Program(CAAS-ASTIP),China Agriculture Research System(CARS-02),which enables us to complete field surveys and data analysis.
文摘This study evaluated eight different types of heat supply modes based on crop residues utilization in the rural area of Northern China,including straw densified solid fuel combustion,pyrolysis char combustion,biogas combustion,and pyrolysis gas combustion for single household heating;straw densified solid fuel combustion,baling straw combustion,biogas combustion,and pyrolysis gas combustion for centralized heating;centralized gas supply and centralized pyrolysis gas supply modes.Comprehensively evaluation was the cost of these different eight heat supply modes.The results showed that the cost of straw densified solid fuel combustion,pyrolysis char combustion for single household heating were 2346 RMB/household and 2390 RMB/household.With the heating scale of 200-500 households,the pipe network distance was 8 m/household,and the total annual heating cost was predicted at 2201-2992 RMB/household.Among them,the cost of straw baling combustion for centralized heating was the lowest,the cost of densified solid fuel,biogas,and pyrolysis for centralized heating was the second,and the cost of biogas and pyrolysis gas for centralized gas supply was the highest.For the increase in every 1 m of the pipeline distance,the investment cost will increase by about 645 RMB for each household.This study provides a basis for the implementation of clean heat supply technologies in less-developed areas and guidance of village heat-supply subsidy policies.
