Dear Editor,Since 2024,the clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI)H5N1 viruses have been identified in dairy cattle in the United States,raising global concerns about public health(Neumann and Kawaoka,2...Dear Editor,Since 2024,the clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI)H5N1 viruses have been identified in dairy cattle in the United States,raising global concerns about public health(Neumann and Kawaoka,2024).As of December 18,2024,the U.S.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)has reported over 61 confirmed cases of H5N1 infection in humans,predominantly associated with exposure to infected poultry or dairy cattle(U.S.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,2024).Notably,the circulating 2.3.4.4b H5N1 clade has demonstrated continuous evolution in both wild and domestic birds globally,with expanding mammalian host tropism that now includes swine,cats,red foxes,harbor seals,and skunks(Peacock et al.,2024).These viruses have not only incurred substantial economic impacts but also posed dual threats to human health and ecological stability particularly during co-infections with other viruses(Abolnik,2024;Wang and Wang,2023).展开更多
目的对不同疾病进展阶段的HIV-1B亚型毒株感染者Gag、Nef特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic T lymphocyte,CTL)应答进行研究,比较和分析不同患者群对不同肽段库应答比例的异同,探讨针对不同肽段库的特异性CTL应答在延缓病程进展中所起...目的对不同疾病进展阶段的HIV-1B亚型毒株感染者Gag、Nef特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic T lymphocyte,CTL)应答进行研究,比较和分析不同患者群对不同肽段库应答比例的异同,探讨针对不同肽段库的特异性CTL应答在延缓病程进展中所起的作用。方法选取56例未经抗病毒治疗的中国HIV-1B亚型毒株感染者。其中包括长期无进展者(long-term nonprogressors,LTNP)、HIV感染早中期患者和AIDS患者3组不同疾病进展阶段患者。以覆盖HIV-1 Gag全长和部分Nef的14个肽段库为刺激原,应用IFN-γELIDSPOT法测定3组患者的特异性CTL应答,并比较3组患者对不同肽段库的应答比例。结果3组不同进展阶段患者对14个肽段库总体的特异性CTL应答的平均反应宽度和强度间差异均无统计学意义。3组患者对14个肽段库的识别模式可分为两种类型：(1)对Gag-p24-1、Gag-p24-5、Gag-p2/7/1/6-1以及Gag-p2/7/1/6-3这4个肽段库的识别比例高低与病情进展情况相平行。3组患者对4个肽段库整体的识别比例间差异有统计学意义(P=0．041)；(2)对其他10个肽段库的识别与病情进展不平行,在HIV感染早中期患者中比例高,而在LTNP中低。结论针对不同肽段库的CTL应答可能在控制病毒复制过程中发挥不同的作用,对疾病进展的控制可能需要针对多个抗原表位的有效CTL应答。展开更多
Background:An epizootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1)has spread worldwide since 2022.Even though this virus has been extensively studied for many decades,little is known about its evolution in South Ame...Background:An epizootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1)has spread worldwide since 2022.Even though this virus has been extensively studied for many decades,little is known about its evolution in South America.Methods:Here,we describe the sequencing and characterization of 13 H5N1 genomes collected from wild birds,poultry,and wild mammals in Peru during the genomic surveillance of this outbreak.Results:The samples belonged to the highly pathogenic avian influenza(H5N1)2.3.4.4b clade.Chilean and Peruvian samples clustered in the same group and therefore share a common ancestor.An analysis of the hemag-glutinin and neuraminidase genes detected new mutations,some dependent upon the host type.Conclusions:The genomic surveillance of highly pathogenic avian influenza is necessary to promote the One Health policy and to overcome the new problems entailed by climate change,which may alter the habitats of resident and migratory birds.展开更多
Influenza A(H5N1),particularly the clade 2.3.4.4b,caused a panzootic outbreak starting in 2022,resulting in 40 human infections from January 2022 to September 2024.Among these cases,15 have been confirmed to be of the...Influenza A(H5N1),particularly the clade 2.3.4.4b,caused a panzootic outbreak starting in 2022,resulting in 40 human infections from January 2022 to September 2024.Among these cases,15 have been confirmed to be of the clade 2.3.4.4b.Despite the availability of three FDA-approved A(H5N1)vaccines,these vaccines,based on earlier strains of other clades,have shown reduced hemagglutination inhibition(HAI)titers against clade 2.3.4.4b due to antigenic drift.1 In 2023,the EMAapproved a vaccine containing an A(H5N8)strain of clade 2.3.4.4b.However,a recent study reported a decrease in HAI titers of serum induced by this strain against recent 2.3.4.4b strains.1 These findings highlight the urgent need for developing an effective vaccine.展开更多
What is known about this topic?Global human cases of zoonotic influenza A(H5N6)have increased significantly in recent years,primarily due to widespread circulation of clade 2.3.4.4b virus since 2020.Concurrent with th...What is known about this topic?Global human cases of zoonotic influenza A(H5N6)have increased significantly in recent years,primarily due to widespread circulation of clade 2.3.4.4b virus since 2020.Concurrent with this trend,sporadic human infections with clade 2.3.4.4h H5N6 avian influenza virus continue to occur.The high mortality rate associated with H5N6 virus infections has emerged as a critical public health concern.What is added by this report?Through comprehensive field epidemiological investigations and laboratory analyses,we identified the infection sources for these cases and conclusively ruled out human-to-human transmission.Genetic analyses revealed that while the virus maintains its avian host tropism,it has acquired mutations that may enhance human receptor binding affinity,viral replication capacity,pathogenicity,and neuraminidase inhibitor resistance.What are the implications for public health practice?The ongoing viral mutations increase the potential for H5 subtype avian influenza viruses to overcome species barriers and cause human epidemics.Enhanced surveillance strategies incorporating advanced technologies,such as metagenomic sequencing,are essential for early risk detection and management.Special attention should be directed toward cancer patients and immunocompromised individuals,who demonstrate increased susceptibility to avian influenza virus infections and require targeted prevention and control measures.展开更多
文摘Dear Editor,Since 2024,the clade 2.3.4.4b highly pathogenic avian influenza(HPAI)H5N1 viruses have been identified in dairy cattle in the United States,raising global concerns about public health(Neumann and Kawaoka,2024).As of December 18,2024,the U.S.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC)has reported over 61 confirmed cases of H5N1 infection in humans,predominantly associated with exposure to infected poultry or dairy cattle(U.S.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,2024).Notably,the circulating 2.3.4.4b H5N1 clade has demonstrated continuous evolution in both wild and domestic birds globally,with expanding mammalian host tropism that now includes swine,cats,red foxes,harbor seals,and skunks(Peacock et al.,2024).These viruses have not only incurred substantial economic impacts but also posed dual threats to human health and ecological stability particularly during co-infections with other viruses(Abolnik,2024;Wang and Wang,2023).
文摘目的对不同疾病进展阶段的HIV-1B亚型毒株感染者Gag、Nef特异性细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(cytotoxic T lymphocyte,CTL)应答进行研究,比较和分析不同患者群对不同肽段库应答比例的异同,探讨针对不同肽段库的特异性CTL应答在延缓病程进展中所起的作用。方法选取56例未经抗病毒治疗的中国HIV-1B亚型毒株感染者。其中包括长期无进展者(long-term nonprogressors,LTNP)、HIV感染早中期患者和AIDS患者3组不同疾病进展阶段患者。以覆盖HIV-1 Gag全长和部分Nef的14个肽段库为刺激原,应用IFN-γELIDSPOT法测定3组患者的特异性CTL应答,并比较3组患者对不同肽段库的应答比例。结果3组不同进展阶段患者对14个肽段库总体的特异性CTL应答的平均反应宽度和强度间差异均无统计学意义。3组患者对14个肽段库的识别模式可分为两种类型：(1)对Gag-p24-1、Gag-p24-5、Gag-p2/7/1/6-1以及Gag-p2/7/1/6-3这4个肽段库的识别比例高低与病情进展情况相平行。3组患者对4个肽段库整体的识别比例间差异有统计学意义(P=0．041)；(2)对其他10个肽段库的识别与病情进展不平行,在HIV感染早中期患者中比例高,而在LTNP中低。结论针对不同肽段库的CTL应答可能在控制病毒复制过程中发挥不同的作用,对疾病进展的控制可能需要针对多个抗原表位的有效CTL应答。
文摘Background:An epizootic of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1)has spread worldwide since 2022.Even though this virus has been extensively studied for many decades,little is known about its evolution in South America.Methods:Here,we describe the sequencing and characterization of 13 H5N1 genomes collected from wild birds,poultry,and wild mammals in Peru during the genomic surveillance of this outbreak.Results:The samples belonged to the highly pathogenic avian influenza(H5N1)2.3.4.4b clade.Chilean and Peruvian samples clustered in the same group and therefore share a common ancestor.An analysis of the hemag-glutinin and neuraminidase genes detected new mutations,some dependent upon the host type.Conclusions:The genomic surveillance of highly pathogenic avian influenza is necessary to promote the One Health policy and to overcome the new problems entailed by climate change,which may alter the habitats of resident and migratory birds.
基金the support from the Major Program(92369201)of the National Natural Science Foundation of China.This research was also supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2021YFA0910700)the Health and Medical Research Fund(COVID1903010 and T-11-709/21-N)of the Food and Health Bureau,Hong Kong Special Administrative Region(HKSAR)+5 种基金the L&T Charitable Foundationthe Program for Guangdong Introducing Innovative and Entrepreneurial Teams(2019BT02Y198)the Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Cancer Metastasis and Personalized Therapy(ZDSYS20210623091811035)to J.-D.H.supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China-Excellent Young Scientists Fund(Hong Kong and Macao)(32122001)the Health and Medical Research Fund(CID-HKU1-5)of the Food and Health Bureau,the Collaborative Research Fund(C7103-22G)the Research Grants Council of the HKSAR to H.C.
文摘Influenza A(H5N1),particularly the clade 2.3.4.4b,caused a panzootic outbreak starting in 2022,resulting in 40 human infections from January 2022 to September 2024.Among these cases,15 have been confirmed to be of the clade 2.3.4.4b.Despite the availability of three FDA-approved A(H5N1)vaccines,these vaccines,based on earlier strains of other clades,have shown reduced hemagglutination inhibition(HAI)titers against clade 2.3.4.4b due to antigenic drift.1 In 2023,the EMAapproved a vaccine containing an A(H5N8)strain of clade 2.3.4.4b.However,a recent study reported a decrease in HAI titers of serum induced by this strain against recent 2.3.4.4b strains.1 These findings highlight the urgent need for developing an effective vaccine.
基金Supported by the Fujian Natural Science Foundation(2021J01351)the Major Scientific Research Program for Young and Middle-aged Health Professionals of Fujian Province,China(Grant No.2021ZQNZD006).
文摘What is known about this topic?Global human cases of zoonotic influenza A(H5N6)have increased significantly in recent years,primarily due to widespread circulation of clade 2.3.4.4b virus since 2020.Concurrent with this trend,sporadic human infections with clade 2.3.4.4h H5N6 avian influenza virus continue to occur.The high mortality rate associated with H5N6 virus infections has emerged as a critical public health concern.What is added by this report?Through comprehensive field epidemiological investigations and laboratory analyses,we identified the infection sources for these cases and conclusively ruled out human-to-human transmission.Genetic analyses revealed that while the virus maintains its avian host tropism,it has acquired mutations that may enhance human receptor binding affinity,viral replication capacity,pathogenicity,and neuraminidase inhibitor resistance.What are the implications for public health practice?The ongoing viral mutations increase the potential for H5 subtype avian influenza viruses to overcome species barriers and cause human epidemics.Enhanced surveillance strategies incorporating advanced technologies,such as metagenomic sequencing,are essential for early risk detection and management.Special attention should be directed toward cancer patients and immunocompromised individuals,who demonstrate increased susceptibility to avian influenza virus infections and require targeted prevention and control measures.
