Small-scale farmer is defined by the domestic and foreign experts and scholars.They point out that since the fragmentation of production and the diseconomy of scale in small-scale farmer is inconsistent with the chara...Small-scale farmer is defined by the domestic and foreign experts and scholars.They point out that since the fragmentation of production and the diseconomy of scale in small-scale farmer is inconsistent with the characteristics of scale and technology of modern agricultural production,it is necessary to eliminate the adverse effects of existing mode in order to provide theoretical references for the relevant researches.Citrus industry in Shimen County,Hunan Province,China is introduced from the aspects of natural geographical condition and socio-economic benefit.Impact of small-scale production mode on citrus production in Shimen County is discussed.Firstly,blindness of small-scale production is the main reason leading to overproduction of citrus.Secondly,small-scale production mode has limitation on the acceptance of new technologies,restricts the operation of geographical trademark,and constraints the enthusiasm of enterprises in entering the agricultural field.Finally,suggestions are put forward,such as encouraging the circulation of rural land,improving the organization degree of farmers,changing the work function of grass-roots government and perfecting the agricultural financial credit system.展开更多
This paper examined the dual institutional constraints arising from the market liberalisation of the South African citrus industry and the stringent food safety health and private standards associated with the globali...This paper examined the dual institutional constraints arising from the market liberalisation of the South African citrus industry and the stringent food safety health and private standards associated with the globalisation of the agri-business industry. The aim of this paper was to explore the institutional challenges influencing the competitiveness of the South African citrus industry in the export markets. It also explored the implications of the institutional environment on market access. The logistic regression model was used to analyse the statistical data while simple ranking was used to indicate the new and emerging forces affecting the profitability of the industry in recent years. The results show that access to market information, economies of scale, compliance with strict food safety and quality standards, lack of proper infrastructure including transport and challenges of managing a business within the international business environment exerted significant effects on the competitiveness of the industry as well as the ability of domestic producers to enter the export markets. There is need for government intervention especially aligned to investing in infrastructure. Coupled with the support of private institutions, the government needs to support the exporters and producers in complying with private standards.展开更多
Based on the general overview of cooperative economic organizations of citrus industry at home and abroad,theoretical model of the modernization,industrialization and marketization of Citrus Cooperative Organization i...Based on the general overview of cooperative economic organizations of citrus industry at home and abroad,theoretical model of the modernization,industrialization and marketization of Citrus Cooperative Organization is established.After selecting the indices,such as the scale of production,the scale of management,the rate of encouraged farmers,and the market competitiveness,quantitative evaluation index system for modernization,industrialization and marketization is established.Then,Citrus Cooperative Organization is divided into three stages,such as primary stage,intermediate stage and senior stage.After evaluating the modernization,industrialization and marketization of citrus industry in the United States,Spain and South Africa,it is pointed out that the Citrus Cooperative Organization in China at present is at the primary stage.Finally,policy direction of the development of Citrus Cooperative Organization in China is pointed out.展开更多
This paper analyzes the citrus input-output efficiency by using the DEA-Malmquist productivity index methods based on the data of six counties in Jiangxi Province from 2010 to 2013.The result shows that TFP of Jiangxi...This paper analyzes the citrus input-output efficiency by using the DEA-Malmquist productivity index methods based on the data of six counties in Jiangxi Province from 2010 to 2013.The result shows that TFP of Jiangxi citrus is at low level overall,but the development is rapid.Technological progress is the driving force to promote productivity growth.Based on the static analysis study of six counties in 2013,it is found that the available input factors on the whole are in an ideal condition,and the citrus input factors in a few counties are redundant.Therefore,according to the results,the following policy recommendations are proposed:speeding up the intensive production of citrus in Jiangxi Province,to maximize the scale effect;adjusting the input ratio of various factors of production,so as to improve the citrus input-output efficiency.展开更多
There have been considerable advances in the understanding of species concepts in the genus Colletotrichum.This has lead to the need to carry out fresh surveys of Colletotrichum species associated with important hosts...There have been considerable advances in the understanding of species concepts in the genus Colletotrichum.This has lead to the need to carry out fresh surveys of Colletotrichum species associated with important hosts.Colletotrichum species are associated with Citrus plants as saprobes,important pre-harvest and post-harvest pathogens,as well as endophytes.In this study,a total of 312 Colletotrichum strains were isolated from leaves,shoots and fruits of cultivated Citrus and Fortunella species with or without disease symptoms across the main citrus production areas in China.The morphology of all strains were studied and multilocus(ACT,TUB2,CAL,GAPDH,GS,ITS)phylogeny established.Strains were from four important species complexes of Colletotrichum,namely C.gloeosporioides species complex,C.boninense species complex,C.acutatum species complex and a final group including C.truncatum,which was rare on Citrus species.The species belonging to the C.gloeosporioides species complex comprised C.gloeos porioides and C.fructicola,the C.boninense complex comprised C.karstii and a new species C.citricola and the C.acutatum complex included a new species,C.citri.The ability of strains to cause anthracnose on citrus fruits was tested by inoculation and strains of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides,C.fructicola and C.truncatum were pathogenic.展开更多
文摘Small-scale farmer is defined by the domestic and foreign experts and scholars.They point out that since the fragmentation of production and the diseconomy of scale in small-scale farmer is inconsistent with the characteristics of scale and technology of modern agricultural production,it is necessary to eliminate the adverse effects of existing mode in order to provide theoretical references for the relevant researches.Citrus industry in Shimen County,Hunan Province,China is introduced from the aspects of natural geographical condition and socio-economic benefit.Impact of small-scale production mode on citrus production in Shimen County is discussed.Firstly,blindness of small-scale production is the main reason leading to overproduction of citrus.Secondly,small-scale production mode has limitation on the acceptance of new technologies,restricts the operation of geographical trademark,and constraints the enthusiasm of enterprises in entering the agricultural field.Finally,suggestions are put forward,such as encouraging the circulation of rural land,improving the organization degree of farmers,changing the work function of grass-roots government and perfecting the agricultural financial credit system.
文摘This paper examined the dual institutional constraints arising from the market liberalisation of the South African citrus industry and the stringent food safety health and private standards associated with the globalisation of the agri-business industry. The aim of this paper was to explore the institutional challenges influencing the competitiveness of the South African citrus industry in the export markets. It also explored the implications of the institutional environment on market access. The logistic regression model was used to analyse the statistical data while simple ranking was used to indicate the new and emerging forces affecting the profitability of the industry in recent years. The results show that access to market information, economies of scale, compliance with strict food safety and quality standards, lack of proper infrastructure including transport and challenges of managing a business within the international business environment exerted significant effects on the competitiveness of the industry as well as the ability of domestic producers to enter the export markets. There is need for government intervention especially aligned to investing in infrastructure. Coupled with the support of private institutions, the government needs to support the exporters and producers in complying with private standards.
文摘Based on the general overview of cooperative economic organizations of citrus industry at home and abroad,theoretical model of the modernization,industrialization and marketization of Citrus Cooperative Organization is established.After selecting the indices,such as the scale of production,the scale of management,the rate of encouraged farmers,and the market competitiveness,quantitative evaluation index system for modernization,industrialization and marketization is established.Then,Citrus Cooperative Organization is divided into three stages,such as primary stage,intermediate stage and senior stage.After evaluating the modernization,industrialization and marketization of citrus industry in the United States,Spain and South Africa,it is pointed out that the Citrus Cooperative Organization in China at present is at the primary stage.Finally,policy direction of the development of Citrus Cooperative Organization in China is pointed out.
文摘This paper analyzes the citrus input-output efficiency by using the DEA-Malmquist productivity index methods based on the data of six counties in Jiangxi Province from 2010 to 2013.The result shows that TFP of Jiangxi citrus is at low level overall,but the development is rapid.Technological progress is the driving force to promote productivity growth.Based on the static analysis study of six counties in 2013,it is found that the available input factors on the whole are in an ideal condition,and the citrus input factors in a few counties are redundant.Therefore,according to the results,the following policy recommendations are proposed:speeding up the intensive production of citrus in Jiangxi Province,to maximize the scale effect;adjusting the input ratio of various factors of production,so as to improve the citrus input-output efficiency.
基金supported by the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-27)L. Cai acknowledges grantsKSCX2-YW-Z-1026 ⁄ NSFC31070020K.D. Hyde thanks theNational Research Council of Thailand, Colletotrichum grant number54201020003 for financial support.
文摘There have been considerable advances in the understanding of species concepts in the genus Colletotrichum.This has lead to the need to carry out fresh surveys of Colletotrichum species associated with important hosts.Colletotrichum species are associated with Citrus plants as saprobes,important pre-harvest and post-harvest pathogens,as well as endophytes.In this study,a total of 312 Colletotrichum strains were isolated from leaves,shoots and fruits of cultivated Citrus and Fortunella species with or without disease symptoms across the main citrus production areas in China.The morphology of all strains were studied and multilocus(ACT,TUB2,CAL,GAPDH,GS,ITS)phylogeny established.Strains were from four important species complexes of Colletotrichum,namely C.gloeosporioides species complex,C.boninense species complex,C.acutatum species complex and a final group including C.truncatum,which was rare on Citrus species.The species belonging to the C.gloeosporioides species complex comprised C.gloeos porioides and C.fructicola,the C.boninense complex comprised C.karstii and a new species C.citricola and the C.acutatum complex included a new species,C.citri.The ability of strains to cause anthracnose on citrus fruits was tested by inoculation and strains of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides,C.fructicola and C.truncatum were pathogenic.
