Fig(Ficus carica L.)with purple-red peel cultivars are popular among consumers and exhibit better storability.While DNA methylation influences fruit ripening and color development,its specific role in fig fruit remain...Fig(Ficus carica L.)with purple-red peel cultivars are popular among consumers and exhibit better storability.While DNA methylation influences fruit ripening and color development,its specific role in fig fruit remains unclear.This study explores the impact of DNA methylation on the fig peel coloration.Enzymatic colorimetric detection revealed that the level of‘Purple Peel’fig DNA methylation decreases with fig fruit ripening and coloring.Treatment of young fruit with the DNA-methylation inhibitor azacytidine induced peel coloration,suggesting that a decrease in DNA-methylation level promotes fig peel coloration.Seven members of DNA methyltransferases and three members of DNA demethylases were identified from a high-level fig genome,highlighting FcMET1 and FcDRM2 as stable proteins,ensuring functional expression.Reference to the Arabidopsis protein interaction network map predicted that FcMET1 is in a central position,suggesting a crucial regulatory role in multiple biological processes.Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between FcMET1 expression during peel development and the level of total DNA methylation.Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified co-expression of FcMET1 with the color-related transcription factors MYB,bHLH and WD40,as well as with eight structural genes in the flavonoid-biosynthesis pathway.The expression of FcUFGT3 was negatively correlated with that of FcMET1.McrBC-PCR and Bisulfite Sequencing detection showed that a low methylation level of the FcUFGT3 promoter corresponds with its high expression in colored fig.This investigation of the mechanism of DNA methylation provides a theoretical basis for understanding the role of DNA-methylation modifications in fig ripening and coloring.展开更多
NADC34-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV),which first appeared in China in 2017,is currently one of the main epidemic strains in China.In this study,we found that a new variant of NADC34-l...NADC34-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV),which first appeared in China in 2017,is currently one of the main epidemic strains in China.In this study,we found that a new variant of NADC34-like PRRSV evolved,named the L1A variant.The phylogenetics,epidemic status,and pathogenicity of the LA variants were subsequently comprehensively evaluated.Based on the results of the ORF5 phylogenetic analysis,the L1A variants were classified as NADC34-like PPRSV.All the strains had the same discontinuous 131-aa deletion in the NSP2 region(similar to that in the NADC30).Recombination analysis revealed that the L1A variants were recombinant viruses that contained an NADC30-like PRRSV skeleton,a nonstructural protein-encoding gene region obtained in part from JXA1-like PRRSV and a ORF2-ORF6 gene region partly obtained from NADC34-like PRRSV and that exhibited similar recombination patterns.We successfully isolated the L1A variant TZJ2756 from PAMs and Marc-145 cells.In animal experiments,TZJ2756 exhibited moderate pathogenicity in piglets,causing obvious clinical symptoms,namely,persistent fever,significantly reduced body weight,interstitial edema and severe interstitial pneumonia in the lungs,and prolonged high-load viremia.L1A variants have been detected in at least 12 provinces in China and share many similar epidemiological characteristics with the American L1C variant.This research will enhance our understanding of the prevalence of L1A variants and furnish valuable data for the ongoing monitoring of NADC34-like PRRSV in China.展开更多
基金supported by 111 Project(Grant No.B17043)China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(Grant No.2022M723425).
文摘Fig(Ficus carica L.)with purple-red peel cultivars are popular among consumers and exhibit better storability.While DNA methylation influences fruit ripening and color development,its specific role in fig fruit remains unclear.This study explores the impact of DNA methylation on the fig peel coloration.Enzymatic colorimetric detection revealed that the level of‘Purple Peel’fig DNA methylation decreases with fig fruit ripening and coloring.Treatment of young fruit with the DNA-methylation inhibitor azacytidine induced peel coloration,suggesting that a decrease in DNA-methylation level promotes fig peel coloration.Seven members of DNA methyltransferases and three members of DNA demethylases were identified from a high-level fig genome,highlighting FcMET1 and FcDRM2 as stable proteins,ensuring functional expression.Reference to the Arabidopsis protein interaction network map predicted that FcMET1 is in a central position,suggesting a crucial regulatory role in multiple biological processes.Correlation analysis revealed a positive correlation between FcMET1 expression during peel development and the level of total DNA methylation.Weighted gene co-expression network analysis identified co-expression of FcMET1 with the color-related transcription factors MYB,bHLH and WD40,as well as with eight structural genes in the flavonoid-biosynthesis pathway.The expression of FcUFGT3 was negatively correlated with that of FcMET1.McrBC-PCR and Bisulfite Sequencing detection showed that a low methylation level of the FcUFGT3 promoter corresponds with its high expression in colored fig.This investigation of the mechanism of DNA methylation provides a theoretical basis for understanding the role of DNA-methylation modifications in fig ripening and coloring.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172890 and 32002315)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF0711004)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province,China(YQ2022C042)the State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology Foundation of China(SKLVBF202208)the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF,China(GZC20233062)the National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs,China(NCTIP-XD/C09)。
文摘NADC34-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV),which first appeared in China in 2017,is currently one of the main epidemic strains in China.In this study,we found that a new variant of NADC34-like PRRSV evolved,named the L1A variant.The phylogenetics,epidemic status,and pathogenicity of the LA variants were subsequently comprehensively evaluated.Based on the results of the ORF5 phylogenetic analysis,the L1A variants were classified as NADC34-like PPRSV.All the strains had the same discontinuous 131-aa deletion in the NSP2 region(similar to that in the NADC30).Recombination analysis revealed that the L1A variants were recombinant viruses that contained an NADC30-like PRRSV skeleton,a nonstructural protein-encoding gene region obtained in part from JXA1-like PRRSV and a ORF2-ORF6 gene region partly obtained from NADC34-like PRRSV and that exhibited similar recombination patterns.We successfully isolated the L1A variant TZJ2756 from PAMs and Marc-145 cells.In animal experiments,TZJ2756 exhibited moderate pathogenicity in piglets,causing obvious clinical symptoms,namely,persistent fever,significantly reduced body weight,interstitial edema and severe interstitial pneumonia in the lungs,and prolonged high-load viremia.L1A variants have been detected in at least 12 provinces in China and share many similar epidemiological characteristics with the American L1C variant.This research will enhance our understanding of the prevalence of L1A variants and furnish valuable data for the ongoing monitoring of NADC34-like PRRSV in China.
