In this study, we reported on a patient who showed a new neural tract between the injured anterior cingu- lums and the basal forebrain, as shown by diffusion tensor tractography （DTT）.
The cingulum,connecting the orbitofrontal cortex to the medial temporal lobe,involves in diverse cognition functions including attention,memory,and motivation.To investigate the relationship between the cingulum injur...The cingulum,connecting the orbitofrontal cortex to the medial temporal lobe,involves in diverse cognition functions including attention,memory,and motivation.To investigate the relationship between the cingulum injury and cognitive impairment in patients with chronic mild traumatic brain injury,we evaluated the integrity between the anterior cingulum and the basal forebrain using diffusion tensor tractography in 73 patients with chronic mild traumatic brain injury(39 males,34 females,age 43.29±11.42 years)and 40 healthy controls(22 males,18 females,age 40.11±16.81 years).The patients were divided into three subgroups based on the integrity between the anterior cingulum and the basal forebrain on diffusion tensor tractography:subgroup A(n=19 patients)– both sides of the anterior cingulum were intact;subgroup B(n=36 patients)– either side of the anterior cingulum was intact;and subgroup C(18 patients)– both sides of the anterior cingulum were discontinued.There were significant differences in total Memory Assessment Scale score between subgroups A and B and between subgroups A and C.There were no significant differences in diffusion tensor tractography parameters(fractional anisotropy,apparent diffusion coefficient,and fiber volume)between patients and controls.These findings suggest that the integrity between the anterior cingulum and the basal forebrain,but not diffusion tensor tractography parameter,can be used to predict the cognitive function of patients with chronic mild traumatic brain injury.This study was approved by Yeungnam University Hospital Institutional Review Board(approval No.YUMC-2014-01-425-010)on August 16,2017.展开更多
The cingulum,the neural tract connecting the orbitofrontal cortex with the medial temporal lobe,plays an important role in cognition（Bush et al.,2000）.It is also important in memory because it provides cholinergic i...The cingulum,the neural tract connecting the orbitofrontal cortex with the medial temporal lobe,plays an important role in cognition（Bush et al.,2000）.It is also important in memory because it provides cholinergic innervations to the cerebral cortex after obtaining innervation from the medial septal nucleus,the vertical nucleus of the diagonal band, and the nucleus basalis of Meynert via the medial cholinergic pathway （Nieuwenhuys et al., 2008; Naidich and Duvernoy, 2009; Hong and Jang, 2010a）.展开更多
The human brain is known to have six cholinergic nudei （Selden et al., 1998; Nieuwenhuys et al., 2008）. The cerebral cortex obtains cholinergic innervation mainly from the basalis nucleus of Meynert （Ch 4） in the ...The human brain is known to have six cholinergic nudei （Selden et al., 1998; Nieuwenhuys et al., 2008）. The cerebral cortex obtains cholinergic innervation mainly from the basalis nucleus of Meynert （Ch 4） in the bas- al forebrain through the medial and lateral cholinergic pathways （Selden et al., 1998; Mesulam et al., 1983）. The cingulum, the neural fiber bundle connecting the basal forebrain and the medial temporal lobe, contains the medial cholinergic pathway （Selden et al., 1998; Hong and Jang, 2010）.展开更多
The cingulum is the neural fiber bundle that connects the basal forebrain and medial temporal lobe. The cingulum contains the medial cholinergic pathway, which originates from the basalis nucleus of Meynert in the bas...The cingulum is the neural fiber bundle that connects the basal forebrain and medial temporal lobe. The cingulum contains the medial cholinergic pathway, which originates from the basalis nucleus of Meynert in the basal forebrain. Therefore, it is important for memory function （Malykhin et al., 2008; Hong and Jang, 2010）. In the past, identification of the cingulum on conventional brain MRI has been impossible because it cannot discern the cingulum from other adjacent structures. Diffusion tensor tractography （DTT）, derived from diffusion tensor imaging （DTI）, allows three-dimensional visualization and estimation of the cingulum （Malykhin et al., 2008）.展开更多
~[he cingulum, a long neural tract extending from the orbitof- rontal cortex to the medial temporal lobe, obtains cholinergic innervation from three cholinergic nuclei in the basal fore- brain （the nucleus basalis of...~[he cingulum, a long neural tract extending from the orbitof- rontal cortex to the medial temporal lobe, obtains cholinergic innervation from three cholinergic nuclei in the basal fore- brain （the nucleus basalis of Meynert [Ch 4], the medial septal nucleus [Ch 1 ], and the vertical nucleus of the diagonal band [Ch 2]）, and is the passage of the medial cholinergic pathway which supplies cholinergic innervation from the basal forebrain to the cerebral cortex （Folstein et al., 1975; Selden et al., 1998; Lucas-Meunier et al., 2003）. Therefore, it is important for cog- nition, especially memory function （Selden et al., 1998）.展开更多
Objectives: The anterior cingulate is thought to be essentially involved in impulsivity and affect regulation and in the pathogenesis of depression as well as of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. At the same t...Objectives: The anterior cingulate is thought to be essentially involved in impulsivity and affect regulation and in the pathogenesis of depression as well as of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. At the same time alterations in glutamatergic neurotransmission in the frontal forebrain have been found in imaging studies in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and in depressive patients. Therefore we hypothesized that glutamate/glutamine (Glx) signals in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of depressed ADHD patients might differ from that in non-depressed patients. Methods: Fourteen male adult patients with ADHD were included into the study. Chemical Shift Imaging of ACC was performed. Subgroups were defined based on scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and ratios of metabolites were compared between groups. Additionally correlation analyses of BDI scores with metabolite ratios were calculated. Results: Significantly lower Glx signals and N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) signals were found in the left anterior cingulate cortex of depressed ADHD patients. The Glx/Cr and NAAX/Cr ratios in the left ACC correlated significantly with BDI-scores. Conclusions: To our knowledge this is the first report about a relationship between depressive symptoms and metabolite disturbances in ACC of adult patients with ADHD. Our preliminary data produce first evidence for a putative link between neurochemical alterations in the ACC and depressive symptoms. They should be controlled for in further studies.展开更多
The ovipositor of parasitic insect is a highly specialized organ and crucial for parasitising. Morphology and structure of the ovipositor in female Macrocentrus cingulum, a polyembryonic parasitoid, are observed in SE...The ovipositor of parasitic insect is a highly specialized organ and crucial for parasitising. Morphology and structure of the ovipositor in female Macrocentrus cingulum, a polyembryonic parasitoid, are observed in SEM studies. The ovipositor of M. cingulum consists of the valvulae 1, 2 and 3. The valvulae 1 and 2 of ovipositor house in the valvulae 3 at rest and the valvulae 1 and 2 part from the valvulae 3 at probing and ovipositing. The cross-section of valvulae 3 shows that the valvulae 3 is hollow which may reduce the weight of ovipositor and make the ovipositor more flexible. The distal end of stylus （valvulae l, 2） becomes extremely sharp and the piercing tip of valvulae 1 and 2 form the arrangement of tongue-and-groove. This arrangement may support valvulae 2 slide longitudinally along the valvulae 1. Numbers of pores are distributed on the cuticle of the valvulae l and 2. The piecing tip of valvulae 1 and 2 have more pores than proximal and intermediate region. The out side of valvulae 3 is completely covered with chactica sensilla and the distal end of valvulae 3 has more sensilla than proximal and intermediate region. The function and structure of ovipositor of M. cingulum was discussed and compared with other species.展开更多
The human brain is known to contain a maximum of eight cholinergic nuclei： the basal forebrain region： the medial septal nucleus （Ch 1）, the vertical nucleus of the diagonal band （Ch 2）, the horizontal limb of t...The human brain is known to contain a maximum of eight cholinergic nuclei： the basal forebrain region： the medial septal nucleus （Ch 1）, the vertical nucleus of the diagonal band （Ch 2）, the horizontal limb of the diago- nal band （Ch 3）, and the nucleus basalis of Meynert （Ch 4）; the brainstem： the pedunculopontine nucleus （Ch 5）, the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus （Ch 6）, and the para- bigeminal nucleus （Ch 8）; and the thalamus： the medial habenular nucleus （Ch 7） （Nieuwenhuys et al., 2008; Naidich and Duvernoy, 2009）. The cingulum is the neu- ral tract extending from the orbitofrontal cortex to the medial temporal lobe （Mufson and Pandya, 1984）. The cingulum plays an important role in memory because it is a passage of the medial cholinergic pathway, which pro- vides cholinergic innervations to the cerebral cortex after originating from Ch 1 and Ch 2 as well as Ch 4 （mainly） （Selden et al., 1998; Nieuwenhuys et al., 2008; Hong and lang, 2010）.展开更多
Venom and ovarian proteins in braconid and ichneumonid wasps play an important role in the successful parasitism of their host, especially for immune suppression immediately after oviposition. In this study, we compar...Venom and ovarian proteins in braconid and ichneumonid wasps play an important role in the successful parasitism of their host, especially for immune suppression immediately after oviposition. In this study, we compared the effect of venom and ovarian proteins collected from the female wasps of Macrocentrus cingulum, a polyembryonic parasitoid of the larvae of Ostriniafunacalis, on the encapsulation capacity of Sephadex A- 25 beads at 4 h and 24 h post-injection both in vivo and in vitro. The results showed that the ovarian proteins significantly interfered with the encapsulation capacity of hemocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Spreading and viability of hemocytes in O. furnacalis was not disrupted by venom and ovarian proteins at various concentrations injected. It seems likely that the ovarian proteins from M. cingulum play a role in suppressing the encapsulation capacity of host hemocytes.展开更多
Two cornborer species, Ostrinia furnacalis （Lepidoptera： Crambidae） and O. nubilalis, are major corn pests in Asia and Europe, respectively. In both continents, the larval endoparasitoid Macrocentrus cingulum （Hym...Two cornborer species, Ostrinia furnacalis （Lepidoptera： Crambidae） and O. nubilalis, are major corn pests in Asia and Europe, respectively. In both continents, the larval endoparasitoid Macrocentrus cingulum （Hymenoptera： Braconidae） develops on another, closely related stemborer, O. scapulalis, which feeds on mugwort and other dicotyledons. M. cingulum also emerges from O. furnacalis in Asia and （9. nubilalis in North America, but not from O. nubilalis in Europe. We assessed the ability of three populations of each of the three Ostrinia species to encapsulate foreign bodies of a size similar to that of a M. cingulum egg. We conclude that variations in encapsulation ability alone cannot account for the differences observed in the field between parasite emergence rates in these different host species and geographic areas.展开更多
基金supported by the National Research Foundation(NRF)of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government(MSIP)(2015R1A2A2A01004073)
文摘In this study, we reported on a patient who showed a new neural tract between the injured anterior cingu- lums and the basal forebrain, as shown by diffusion tensor tractography （DTT）.
基金supported by the Medical Research Center Program(2015R1A5A2009124)through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science,ICT and Future Planning(to SHJ and SHK)
文摘The cingulum,connecting the orbitofrontal cortex to the medial temporal lobe,involves in diverse cognition functions including attention,memory,and motivation.To investigate the relationship between the cingulum injury and cognitive impairment in patients with chronic mild traumatic brain injury,we evaluated the integrity between the anterior cingulum and the basal forebrain using diffusion tensor tractography in 73 patients with chronic mild traumatic brain injury(39 males,34 females,age 43.29±11.42 years)and 40 healthy controls(22 males,18 females,age 40.11±16.81 years).The patients were divided into three subgroups based on the integrity between the anterior cingulum and the basal forebrain on diffusion tensor tractography:subgroup A(n=19 patients)– both sides of the anterior cingulum were intact;subgroup B(n=36 patients)– either side of the anterior cingulum was intact;and subgroup C(18 patients)– both sides of the anterior cingulum were discontinued.There were significant differences in total Memory Assessment Scale score between subgroups A and B and between subgroups A and C.There were no significant differences in diffusion tensor tractography parameters(fractional anisotropy,apparent diffusion coefficient,and fiber volume)between patients and controls.These findings suggest that the integrity between the anterior cingulum and the basal forebrain,but not diffusion tensor tractography parameter,can be used to predict the cognitive function of patients with chronic mild traumatic brain injury.This study was approved by Yeungnam University Hospital Institutional Review Board(approval No.YUMC-2014-01-425-010)on August 16,2017.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation(NRF)of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government(MSIP)No.2015R1A2A2A01004073
文摘The cingulum,the neural tract connecting the orbitofrontal cortex with the medial temporal lobe,plays an important role in cognition（Bush et al.,2000）.It is also important in memory because it provides cholinergic innervations to the cerebral cortex after obtaining innervation from the medial septal nucleus,the vertical nucleus of the diagonal band, and the nucleus basalis of Meynert via the medial cholinergic pathway （Nieuwenhuys et al., 2008; Naidich and Duvernoy, 2009; Hong and Jang, 2010a）.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Educa-tion,Science and Technology,No.2012R1A1A4A01001873
文摘The human brain is known to have six cholinergic nudei （Selden et al., 1998; Nieuwenhuys et al., 2008）. The cerebral cortex obtains cholinergic innervation mainly from the basalis nucleus of Meynert （Ch 4） in the bas- al forebrain through the medial and lateral cholinergic pathways （Selden et al., 1998; Mesulam et al., 1983）. The cingulum, the neural fiber bundle connecting the basal forebrain and the medial temporal lobe, contains the medial cholinergic pathway （Selden et al., 1998; Hong and Jang, 2010）.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education,Science and Technology,No.2012R1A1A4A01001873
文摘The cingulum is the neural fiber bundle that connects the basal forebrain and medial temporal lobe. The cingulum contains the medial cholinergic pathway, which originates from the basalis nucleus of Meynert in the basal forebrain. Therefore, it is important for memory function （Malykhin et al., 2008; Hong and Jang, 2010）. In the past, identification of the cingulum on conventional brain MRI has been impossible because it cannot discern the cingulum from other adjacent structures. Diffusion tensor tractography （DTT）, derived from diffusion tensor imaging （DTI）, allows three-dimensional visualization and estimation of the cingulum （Malykhin et al., 2008）.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education,No.2015R1D1A4A01020385
文摘~[he cingulum, a long neural tract extending from the orbitof- rontal cortex to the medial temporal lobe, obtains cholinergic innervation from three cholinergic nuclei in the basal fore- brain （the nucleus basalis of Meynert [Ch 4], the medial septal nucleus [Ch 1 ], and the vertical nucleus of the diagonal band [Ch 2]）, and is the passage of the medial cholinergic pathway which supplies cholinergic innervation from the basal forebrain to the cerebral cortex （Folstein et al., 1975; Selden et al., 1998; Lucas-Meunier et al., 2003）. Therefore, it is important for cog- nition, especially memory function （Selden et al., 1998）.
文摘Objectives: The anterior cingulate is thought to be essentially involved in impulsivity and affect regulation and in the pathogenesis of depression as well as of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. At the same time alterations in glutamatergic neurotransmission in the frontal forebrain have been found in imaging studies in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and in depressive patients. Therefore we hypothesized that glutamate/glutamine (Glx) signals in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) of depressed ADHD patients might differ from that in non-depressed patients. Methods: Fourteen male adult patients with ADHD were included into the study. Chemical Shift Imaging of ACC was performed. Subgroups were defined based on scores on the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and ratios of metabolites were compared between groups. Additionally correlation analyses of BDI scores with metabolite ratios were calculated. Results: Significantly lower Glx signals and N-acetyl-aspartate (NAA) signals were found in the left anterior cingulate cortex of depressed ADHD patients. The Glx/Cr and NAAX/Cr ratios in the left ACC correlated significantly with BDI-scores. Conclusions: To our knowledge this is the first report about a relationship between depressive symptoms and metabolite disturbances in ACC of adult patients with ADHD. Our preliminary data produce first evidence for a putative link between neurochemical alterations in the ACC and depressive symptoms. They should be controlled for in further studies.
基金Acknowledgements： This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （No. 30370195）. We thank Mr QIU, H. G and QIU, Z. L for culture of insects.
文摘The ovipositor of parasitic insect is a highly specialized organ and crucial for parasitising. Morphology and structure of the ovipositor in female Macrocentrus cingulum, a polyembryonic parasitoid, are observed in SEM studies. The ovipositor of M. cingulum consists of the valvulae 1, 2 and 3. The valvulae 1 and 2 of ovipositor house in the valvulae 3 at rest and the valvulae 1 and 2 part from the valvulae 3 at probing and ovipositing. The cross-section of valvulae 3 shows that the valvulae 3 is hollow which may reduce the weight of ovipositor and make the ovipositor more flexible. The distal end of stylus （valvulae l, 2） becomes extremely sharp and the piercing tip of valvulae 1 and 2 form the arrangement of tongue-and-groove. This arrangement may support valvulae 2 slide longitudinally along the valvulae 1. Numbers of pores are distributed on the cuticle of the valvulae l and 2. The piecing tip of valvulae 1 and 2 have more pores than proximal and intermediate region. The out side of valvulae 3 is completely covered with chactica sensilla and the distal end of valvulae 3 has more sensilla than proximal and intermediate region. The function and structure of ovipositor of M. cingulum was discussed and compared with other species.
基金supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education,Science and Technology,No.2012R1A1A4A01001873
文摘The human brain is known to contain a maximum of eight cholinergic nuclei： the basal forebrain region： the medial septal nucleus （Ch 1）, the vertical nucleus of the diagonal band （Ch 2）, the horizontal limb of the diago- nal band （Ch 3）, and the nucleus basalis of Meynert （Ch 4）; the brainstem： the pedunculopontine nucleus （Ch 5）, the laterodorsal tegmental nucleus （Ch 6）, and the para- bigeminal nucleus （Ch 8）; and the thalamus： the medial habenular nucleus （Ch 7） （Nieuwenhuys et al., 2008; Naidich and Duvernoy, 2009）. The cingulum is the neu- ral tract extending from the orbitofrontal cortex to the medial temporal lobe （Mufson and Pandya, 1984）. The cingulum plays an important role in memory because it is a passage of the medial cholinergic pathway, which pro- vides cholinergic innervations to the cerebral cortex after originating from Ch 1 and Ch 2 as well as Ch 4 （mainly） （Selden et al., 1998; Nieuwenhuys et al., 2008; Hong and lang, 2010）.
基金Acknowledgments We thank X.G. Qiu, and Z.L. Qiu, for culturing insects. This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China （30370195 30571248）.
文摘Venom and ovarian proteins in braconid and ichneumonid wasps play an important role in the successful parasitism of their host, especially for immune suppression immediately after oviposition. In this study, we compared the effect of venom and ovarian proteins collected from the female wasps of Macrocentrus cingulum, a polyembryonic parasitoid of the larvae of Ostriniafunacalis, on the encapsulation capacity of Sephadex A- 25 beads at 4 h and 24 h post-injection both in vivo and in vitro. The results showed that the ovarian proteins significantly interfered with the encapsulation capacity of hemocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Spreading and viability of hemocytes in O. furnacalis was not disrupted by venom and ovarian proteins at various concentrations injected. It seems likely that the ovarian proteins from M. cingulum play a role in suppressing the encapsulation capacity of host hemocytes.
文摘Two cornborer species, Ostrinia furnacalis （Lepidoptera： Crambidae） and O. nubilalis, are major corn pests in Asia and Europe, respectively. In both continents, the larval endoparasitoid Macrocentrus cingulum （Hymenoptera： Braconidae） develops on another, closely related stemborer, O. scapulalis, which feeds on mugwort and other dicotyledons. M. cingulum also emerges from O. furnacalis in Asia and （9. nubilalis in North America, but not from O. nubilalis in Europe. We assessed the ability of three populations of each of the three Ostrinia species to encapsulate foreign bodies of a size similar to that of a M. cingulum egg. We conclude that variations in encapsulation ability alone cannot account for the differences observed in the field between parasite emergence rates in these different host species and geographic areas.
