The effect of biodeteriogenic living organisms on historical and archeological sites is a well-known problem affecting the world’s cultural heritage. Indeed, the growth inside the bricks of shrubs and herbs roots can...The effect of biodeteriogenic living organisms on historical and archeological sites is a well-known problem affecting the world’s cultural heritage. Indeed, the growth inside the bricks of shrubs and herbs roots can cause breakage, collapse and, detachment of materials. The knowledge of the spontaneous vascular flora present on monuments is essential for protection and safeguarding of cultural heritage. In this paper, we identify and describe biodeteriogenic vascular flora of three historical Calabrian (Southern Italy) churches, showing the relationship between plant biodiversity and exposure and building material of churches. The species present on the wall and in perimeter for each church were sampled noting substrate type, surface inclination (vertical or horizontal) and exposure. The total number of plant species recorded was 27. Hemicryptophytes (41%) prevail over the other biological forms and the most represented families are that of the Asteraceae. Parietaria judaica is the only species present in all three sites. Substrate type, climatic condition and surface inclination affect the floristic composition. Sixteen out of 27 species grow on vertical surfaces, all Geophythes and Chamaephytes grow on horizontal surfaces, while Therophytes were rather on vertical surfaces. A significant difference was found in the Hazard Index values in the three churches. Only one site, presents a high average value of Hazard Index, due to the simultaneous presence of Ailanthus altissima, Ficus carica, Rubus ulmifolius and Sambucus nigra. The data collected indicate that the flora growing on wall of three Calabrian churches partially reflects the floristic context in which they are located. The diversity of the vegetational spectrum is remarkable, most of the plants are ruderal herbaceous, many weeds and invasive, and for the most part typical of the Mediterranean environment. The data collected contribute to the knowledge of the spontaneous vascular flora present on three historical Calabrian churches and their biodiversity, also in terms of conservation interest, considering its biodeteriogenic potential in the evaluation of the impact of the vegetation on each monument.展开更多
Christian buildings in Shaanxi already have more than 1,300 years development history since the first church was built in Chang＇an in 635 AD. The Rapid development of Christian buildings started from 1840 due to the ...Christian buildings in Shaanxi already have more than 1,300 years development history since the first church was built in Chang＇an in 635 AD. The Rapid development of Christian buildings started from 1840 due to the entry of foreign missionaries. Various types of Christian buildings rose up in the province, were constructed by local builder, but designed and funded by foreign missionaries. In comparison to other Christian buildings, churches have unique historical value, cultural value and also special meaning in architecture art. However, their cultural heritage value has not yet been sufficiently considered. They are facing the prospect of being damaged and demolished, even in nowadays. It is incumbent that their architecture to be historically evaluated and that ways to be found to preserve them. In this paper, the author will focus on the neoteric Christian churches and illustrate the architecture by taking examples from the churches in Shaanxi, along with the intention to clarify the relationship between social background and the history of evolution of these churches. In addition, the authors have taken the chance to understand more comprehensively about the fascinating history of these Christian churches by way of field surveys and taping into archival documents.展开更多
In my essay I would like to present the role of the Hungarian Catholic Church as a national“institution”after 1945.The communist dictatorship supplied the authority of the churches to reshape the society based on a ...In my essay I would like to present the role of the Hungarian Catholic Church as a national“institution”after 1945.The communist dictatorship supplied the authority of the churches to reshape the society based on a new ideology.One of the milestones of this process was the years after 1947 when the church schools were secularized and the monastic orders were disbanded.Cardinal József Mindszenty was the main character of the act of resisting.The second milestone was around 1956 when there was a limited cooperation:some of the schools became church school again but with a high control.From 1988 came the third milestone when the presentations of the bishops were bounded formal to the authority of state and after a short period the church became independent from it.In my paper,I would like to present these milestones and what were the effects on the Hungarian society in a juridical and cultural way.展开更多
The concentrated efforts for proper safeguarding the cultural heritage of a country are about preserving knowledge,skills,and history.It’s a way of transferring knowledge or communicating heritage from generation to ...The concentrated efforts for proper safeguarding the cultural heritage of a country are about preserving knowledge,skills,and history.It’s a way of transferring knowledge or communicating heritage from generation to generation to keep it alive.There is a risk lying that a certain element could die or disappear if the chain broke.Pakistan is home of the centuries-old civilizations like Mehrgarh,Indus Valley,and Gandhara.It hosts scores of archaeological sites dated back more than to 9,000 years.Many of them revered for not only the followers of the world’s three major religions namely Buddhism,Sikhism,and Hinduism but also from some pre-historic religions such as Aryan,Barhaman,and ancient Iranian and Greek religions.The northwestern Khyber Pakhtunkhawa Province of Pakistan hosts 70%of the sites in the country sacred to Sikhs and Buddhists religion.At present the ratio of visitors to religious archaeological sites and monuments is very low as compared to other developing countries,especially the neighboring countries.We can increase in number of tourists from abroad as our country has great potential to attract visitors from the world to visit Hindu Temples,Sikh Gurdwaras,Christians Churches,Buddhist Stupas&Monasteries,Jain Temples,Muslims religious shrines,tombs,and other establishments.The best practices of protection and its proper projection both at home and abroad will increase the volume of travel and religious tourism in our country.Further by adopting such proposed measures and steps will not only present a soft image of Pakistan to the world but can contribute at large for the socio-economic development in the country.展开更多
1 Exploring Transylvania,with its promises of ancient buildings,wall‑guarded churches and fantastic castles,is a genuine treat for nature lovers,but since October 2022,a new social project,Via Transilvanica,aims to in...1 Exploring Transylvania,with its promises of ancient buildings,wall‑guarded churches and fantastic castles,is a genuine treat for nature lovers,but since October 2022,a new social project,Via Transilvanica,aims to invite active travelers to explore the essence of Romanian culture.展开更多
The damage map is an important tool for the investigation of the conservation state of a building,especially when the surveyed element is a property with historical preservation interest.Thereby,we consider that the f...The damage map is an important tool for the investigation of the conservation state of a building,especially when the surveyed element is a property with historical preservation interest.Thereby,we consider that the full understanding of the construction techniques is crucial to diagnose anomalies found in the facades of the buildings.It is very important to know the materials used in the construction and the routine of building maintenance.It is also necessary to emphasize the importance of having historical information about interventions and modifications that the building’s structure suffered over the years in order to obtain data and requirements for the complete configuration of the analyzed building.This article results from a master's research in progress and it aims to present the process of the development of a damage map,seeking its implementation in a real case study,the facades of the Carmo’s Church in the city of Olinda.There are three reasons why we chose this church to study.First,this building is inserted in the Historic Centre of the Town of Olinda,which is inscribed on the UNESCO’s World Heritage list since 1982;second it was built in 1588 configuring the oldest church of the Carmelite Order in Brazil and finally the building has been restored and recovered recently in July 2012 and it is observed that,after four years,we observe some pathological manifestations in their facades.展开更多
This work provides a descriptive analysis of the so-called Black American community whose practical consciousness is a result of adopting,and reacting to,both white values and discriminatory terms to constitute their ...This work provides a descriptive analysis of the so-called Black American community whose practical consciousness is a result of adopting,and reacting to,both white values and discriminatory terms to constitute their practical activities and so-called cultural identity.Outside of the practices associated with these values and discriminatory terms,there is no sui generis Black American identity and community with its own form of system and social integration that is different from,or diametrically opposes,the Protestant Ethic and the spirit of capitalism of their white counterparts,which would emerge out of that relationship.展开更多
Are avant-garde elements added to historical objects as a temporary fashion to fulfill the aspirations of designers or an attempt to draw attention to themselves?It may be the exact opposite,and this type of controver...Are avant-garde elements added to historical objects as a temporary fashion to fulfill the aspirations of designers or an attempt to draw attention to themselves?It may be the exact opposite,and this type of controversial project is the best lifebelt for such monuments.This article explores issues related to external avant-garde elements added to adapted churches and their influence on the efficiency of such adaptation projects.Gothic churches located in the north of Europe that have changed their religious function,entirely or in part,were considered.This work examined former churches in Maastricht,namely,the Minorite Church,the Church of the Kruisheren Monastery,the Dominican Church,as well as Polish churches located in Gdansk,including St.John’s Church and St.Catherine’s Church.This article attempted to identify the factors that contribute to the successful adaptation of former churches and the benefits and drawbacks of adopting avant-garde design solutions.Results of this study might provide valuable inspiration for other churches that are losing worshippers.This study was conducted on the basis of a wide range of literature,statistical data,logical reasoning,and comparative methods.Observations from selected edifices were checked for their correlation over time.This study also included in situ investigations.展开更多
By the end of the 19th century,the missionaries had successfully planted Christianity in Ibadan,Nigeria with its distinguishable architecture.The history of church architecture in Ibadan is synonymous with the beginni...By the end of the 19th century,the missionaries had successfully planted Christianity in Ibadan,Nigeria with its distinguishable architecture.The history of church architecture in Ibadan is synonymous with the beginning of Christianity in Yoruba Country.Based on historical data obtained from the archives and field investigations,the paper traces the development of the church buildings of the missionary churches in Ibadan from the late 19th century to early 21st century.With shifts in the thinking about ideological and liturgical issues in church architecture globally,three distinct phases of development of church buildings in Ibadan are suggested beginning with the mission stations and ending with the modernist church buildings.The paper concludes that attempts to introduce modern architectural expressions in church buildings in Ibadan were increasingly common and strong but traditionalist and historicist approaches to architectural planning of church buildings remained predominant into the 21st century.展开更多
This work argues that Denmark Vesey,Nat Turner,Gabriel Prosser,David Walker,Henry Highland Garnet,amongst a few others were the reactionary(dialectical)exceptions to the black church,not the norm,an(ideological)instit...This work argues that Denmark Vesey,Nat Turner,Gabriel Prosser,David Walker,Henry Highland Garnet,amongst a few others were the reactionary(dialectical)exceptions to the black church,not the norm,an(ideological)institution established to interpellate and indoctrinate blacks to accept their conditions in slavery.In other words,the aforementioned were the enslaved who used Christian dogma to(negative dialectically)respond to the barbarity of slavery by violently convicting white Christian society for not living up to its values,ideas,and ideals given the treatment of African people by so-called Christians.In the latter sense it was reactionary;in the former,it was an ideological apparatus of domination and control for the institution of slavery.The contemporary attempt to racially vindicate the black church as a sui generis revolutionary institution overflowing with Africanisms is ahistorical and ideological reaped in pseudoscientific propositions stemming from postmodern and post-structural theories.展开更多
每年的11月5日是英国的烟火节(Guy FawkesDay 或 Guy Fawkes Night)。在这一天的夜里,人们燃放烟花(let off fireworks),点篝火(make abonfire),并将一个衣衫褴缕的假人(a raggeddummy)扔进篝火。Guy Fawkes Day 可直译为“盖伊·...每年的11月5日是英国的烟火节(Guy FawkesDay 或 Guy Fawkes Night)。在这一天的夜里,人们燃放烟花(let off fireworks),点篝火(make abonfire),并将一个衣衫褴缕的假人(a raggeddummy)扔进篝火。Guy Fawkes Day 可直译为“盖伊·福克斯日”,根据这个节日中人们的活动内容,也有人将其译为“烟火节”。 ’展开更多
2014年2月份至8月份期间,我受邀去英国埃克塞特大学做访问学者,同时我的女儿也在英国埃克塞特市的Sf Michael S Church of England Primary Academy读5年级。该小学5年级有2个班,每班28名学生,除了1名华裔,其他学生均为英国本地学生。...2014年2月份至8月份期间,我受邀去英国埃克塞特大学做访问学者,同时我的女儿也在英国埃克塞特市的Sf Michael S Church of England Primary Academy读5年级。该小学5年级有2个班,每班28名学生,除了1名华裔,其他学生均为英国本地学生。在英国实地考察的这半年中,我发现英国小学生认为上学读书是一件轻松愉快值得期待的事,每天都过得充实饱满,幸福感普遍较高。原因何在?走进英国小学。展开更多
The aim of this research is to investigate the patterns of vascular plant species richness,diversity,and distribution along an elevation gradient in the Abune Yosef mountain range,Ethiopia.Preferential systematic samp...The aim of this research is to investigate the patterns of vascular plant species richness,diversity,and distribution along an elevation gradient in the Abune Yosef mountain range,Ethiopia.Preferential systematic sampling was employed to collect vegetation and environmental data along the elevation gradient.We found that plant species richness declines monotonically from low to high elevations.Specifically,vascular plant species richness and diversity were lower in the Afroalpine grassland(high elevation)than in the Dry evergreen Afromontane forest and Ericaceous forest(low elevations).In contrast,endemic vascular plant richness was significantly higher in the Afroalpine grassland than in the Dry evergreen Afromontane forest and Ericaceous forest.Elevation showed a significant impact on the richness,diversity,and endemism of vascular plants.According to Sorensen's coefficient,the similarity between Dry evergreen Afromontane forest and Ericaceous forest vegetation types is higher(32%)than the similarity between Ericaceous forest and Afroalpine grassland(18%).Only 5%similarity was recorded between the Dry evergreen Afromontane forest and Afroalpine grassland.Growth forms showed different elevationai richness patterns.Trees and liana increased monotonically up to 3300 m.Shrub and herb richness patterns followed a hump-shaped and inverted hump-shaped pattern along the elevation gradient.The elevation patterns of vascular plant species richness,diversity,and growth form in the present study may be attributed to differences in management intensity,spatial heterogeneity,microclimatic variations,and anthropogenic disturbances.展开更多
A new ultrasound contrast imaging technique was proposed for eliminating the harmonic components from the emission signal transmitted by the broadband ultrasonic system.Reversal phase-inversion pulse was used for the ...A new ultrasound contrast imaging technique was proposed for eliminating the harmonic components from the emission signal transmitted by the broadband ultrasonic system.Reversal phase-inversion pulse was used for the first time to separate the contrast harmonics from the harmonics in the emission signal to improve the detection of contrast micro-bubbles.Based on the nonlinear acoustic theory of finite-amplitude effects and the associated distortion of the propagating wave,the Bessel-Fubini series model was applied to describe the nonlinear propagation effects of the reversal phase-inversion pulse,and the Church's equation for zero-thickness encapsulation model was used to produce the scattering-pulse of the bubble.For harmonic imaging,the experiment was performed using a 64-element linear array,which was simulated by Field II.The results show that the harmonic components from the emission signal can be completely cancelled,and the harmonics generated by the nonlinear propagation of the wave through the tissue,can be reduced by 15-30 dB.Compared with the short pulse,the reversal phase-inversion pulse can improve the contrast and definition of the harmonic image significantly.展开更多
El-Ashmonein is a significant archaeological site with different buildings from various eras. Between the villages of El-Idara and El-Ashmonein are there mains of Hermopolis, one of the ancient Egyptian metropolis cap...El-Ashmonein is a significant archaeological site with different buildings from various eras. Between the villages of El-Idara and El-Ashmonein are there mains of Hermopolis, one of the ancient Egyptian metropolis capitals of the fifteenth century of Upper Egypt, called the hare. The buildings in this archaeological site are exposed to many causes of destruction and damage. The remaining structures and granite free standing columns in this area are suffered from plenty of geo-environmental and geotechnical problems. The main objectives of this study are 1) to assess the current state of preservation of this important archaeological site, especially the basilica church with its free standing huge columns, 2) to analyze the different actions which cause the destruction of the archaeological site, in particular the old flash floods and earthquakes, and 3) to identify the geochemical and engineering properties of the construction materials of the granitic columns and other limestone structures of the basilica church by using different kind of sophisticated analytical and diagnostic tools and methods. The multi-criteria analysis allowed the integration of several elements for mapping the vulnerable zones. Results revealed that about 80% of the study area was exposed to high and medium old floods vulnerability because of the vicinity to the Nile River. The structural and non-structural measures recommended in this research will help the decision makers and planners to effectively develop strategies for future site management, intervention retrofitting and rehabilitation of this unique archaeological site.展开更多
Authoritarian societies that follow certain rules in the religious,cultural,and political realms tend to be little tolerant of other views and practices.There is a very revealing research niche for the study of“other...Authoritarian societies that follow certain rules in the religious,cultural,and political realms tend to be little tolerant of other views and practices.There is a very revealing research niche for the study of“otherness”in the regulated fields of human activity.Yet,a niche within a niche is a study of historical or,in any case,former practices that come back to life after a gap of many decades.This is the case with church music of the last decade of Soviet history that has returned to artistic practice after a sixty-year ban.The article examines the socio-cultural circumstances that accompanied the creation of a number of works in various church genres written by professional Soviet composers,supported by a brief description of these works.Information about atheistic ideology,cultural doctrine,music management,and church life in the USSR completes the range of topics discussed.展开更多
文摘The effect of biodeteriogenic living organisms on historical and archeological sites is a well-known problem affecting the world’s cultural heritage. Indeed, the growth inside the bricks of shrubs and herbs roots can cause breakage, collapse and, detachment of materials. The knowledge of the spontaneous vascular flora present on monuments is essential for protection and safeguarding of cultural heritage. In this paper, we identify and describe biodeteriogenic vascular flora of three historical Calabrian (Southern Italy) churches, showing the relationship between plant biodiversity and exposure and building material of churches. The species present on the wall and in perimeter for each church were sampled noting substrate type, surface inclination (vertical or horizontal) and exposure. The total number of plant species recorded was 27. Hemicryptophytes (41%) prevail over the other biological forms and the most represented families are that of the Asteraceae. Parietaria judaica is the only species present in all three sites. Substrate type, climatic condition and surface inclination affect the floristic composition. Sixteen out of 27 species grow on vertical surfaces, all Geophythes and Chamaephytes grow on horizontal surfaces, while Therophytes were rather on vertical surfaces. A significant difference was found in the Hazard Index values in the three churches. Only one site, presents a high average value of Hazard Index, due to the simultaneous presence of Ailanthus altissima, Ficus carica, Rubus ulmifolius and Sambucus nigra. The data collected indicate that the flora growing on wall of three Calabrian churches partially reflects the floristic context in which they are located. The diversity of the vegetational spectrum is remarkable, most of the plants are ruderal herbaceous, many weeds and invasive, and for the most part typical of the Mediterranean environment. The data collected contribute to the knowledge of the spontaneous vascular flora present on three historical Calabrian churches and their biodiversity, also in terms of conservation interest, considering its biodeteriogenic potential in the evaluation of the impact of the vegetation on each monument.
文摘Christian buildings in Shaanxi already have more than 1,300 years development history since the first church was built in Chang＇an in 635 AD. The Rapid development of Christian buildings started from 1840 due to the entry of foreign missionaries. Various types of Christian buildings rose up in the province, were constructed by local builder, but designed and funded by foreign missionaries. In comparison to other Christian buildings, churches have unique historical value, cultural value and also special meaning in architecture art. However, their cultural heritage value has not yet been sufficiently considered. They are facing the prospect of being damaged and demolished, even in nowadays. It is incumbent that their architecture to be historically evaluated and that ways to be found to preserve them. In this paper, the author will focus on the neoteric Christian churches and illustrate the architecture by taking examples from the churches in Shaanxi, along with the intention to clarify the relationship between social background and the history of evolution of these churches. In addition, the authors have taken the chance to understand more comprehensively about the fascinating history of these Christian churches by way of field surveys and taping into archival documents.
文摘In my essay I would like to present the role of the Hungarian Catholic Church as a national“institution”after 1945.The communist dictatorship supplied the authority of the churches to reshape the society based on a new ideology.One of the milestones of this process was the years after 1947 when the church schools were secularized and the monastic orders were disbanded.Cardinal József Mindszenty was the main character of the act of resisting.The second milestone was around 1956 when there was a limited cooperation:some of the schools became church school again but with a high control.From 1988 came the third milestone when the presentations of the bishops were bounded formal to the authority of state and after a short period the church became independent from it.In my paper,I would like to present these milestones and what were the effects on the Hungarian society in a juridical and cultural way.
文摘The concentrated efforts for proper safeguarding the cultural heritage of a country are about preserving knowledge,skills,and history.It’s a way of transferring knowledge or communicating heritage from generation to generation to keep it alive.There is a risk lying that a certain element could die or disappear if the chain broke.Pakistan is home of the centuries-old civilizations like Mehrgarh,Indus Valley,and Gandhara.It hosts scores of archaeological sites dated back more than to 9,000 years.Many of them revered for not only the followers of the world’s three major religions namely Buddhism,Sikhism,and Hinduism but also from some pre-historic religions such as Aryan,Barhaman,and ancient Iranian and Greek religions.The northwestern Khyber Pakhtunkhawa Province of Pakistan hosts 70%of the sites in the country sacred to Sikhs and Buddhists religion.At present the ratio of visitors to religious archaeological sites and monuments is very low as compared to other developing countries,especially the neighboring countries.We can increase in number of tourists from abroad as our country has great potential to attract visitors from the world to visit Hindu Temples,Sikh Gurdwaras,Christians Churches,Buddhist Stupas&Monasteries,Jain Temples,Muslims religious shrines,tombs,and other establishments.The best practices of protection and its proper projection both at home and abroad will increase the volume of travel and religious tourism in our country.Further by adopting such proposed measures and steps will not only present a soft image of Pakistan to the world but can contribute at large for the socio-economic development in the country.
文摘1 Exploring Transylvania,with its promises of ancient buildings,wall‑guarded churches and fantastic castles,is a genuine treat for nature lovers,but since October 2022,a new social project,Via Transilvanica,aims to invite active travelers to explore the essence of Romanian culture.
文摘The damage map is an important tool for the investigation of the conservation state of a building,especially when the surveyed element is a property with historical preservation interest.Thereby,we consider that the full understanding of the construction techniques is crucial to diagnose anomalies found in the facades of the buildings.It is very important to know the materials used in the construction and the routine of building maintenance.It is also necessary to emphasize the importance of having historical information about interventions and modifications that the building’s structure suffered over the years in order to obtain data and requirements for the complete configuration of the analyzed building.This article results from a master's research in progress and it aims to present the process of the development of a damage map,seeking its implementation in a real case study,the facades of the Carmo’s Church in the city of Olinda.There are three reasons why we chose this church to study.First,this building is inserted in the Historic Centre of the Town of Olinda,which is inscribed on the UNESCO’s World Heritage list since 1982;second it was built in 1588 configuring the oldest church of the Carmelite Order in Brazil and finally the building has been restored and recovered recently in July 2012 and it is observed that,after four years,we observe some pathological manifestations in their facades.
文摘This work provides a descriptive analysis of the so-called Black American community whose practical consciousness is a result of adopting,and reacting to,both white values and discriminatory terms to constitute their practical activities and so-called cultural identity.Outside of the practices associated with these values and discriminatory terms,there is no sui generis Black American identity and community with its own form of system and social integration that is different from,or diametrically opposes,the Protestant Ethic and the spirit of capitalism of their white counterparts,which would emerge out of that relationship.
文摘Are avant-garde elements added to historical objects as a temporary fashion to fulfill the aspirations of designers or an attempt to draw attention to themselves?It may be the exact opposite,and this type of controversial project is the best lifebelt for such monuments.This article explores issues related to external avant-garde elements added to adapted churches and their influence on the efficiency of such adaptation projects.Gothic churches located in the north of Europe that have changed their religious function,entirely or in part,were considered.This work examined former churches in Maastricht,namely,the Minorite Church,the Church of the Kruisheren Monastery,the Dominican Church,as well as Polish churches located in Gdansk,including St.John’s Church and St.Catherine’s Church.This article attempted to identify the factors that contribute to the successful adaptation of former churches and the benefits and drawbacks of adopting avant-garde design solutions.Results of this study might provide valuable inspiration for other churches that are losing worshippers.This study was conducted on the basis of a wide range of literature,statistical data,logical reasoning,and comparative methods.Observations from selected edifices were checked for their correlation over time.This study also included in situ investigations.
文摘By the end of the 19th century,the missionaries had successfully planted Christianity in Ibadan,Nigeria with its distinguishable architecture.The history of church architecture in Ibadan is synonymous with the beginning of Christianity in Yoruba Country.Based on historical data obtained from the archives and field investigations,the paper traces the development of the church buildings of the missionary churches in Ibadan from the late 19th century to early 21st century.With shifts in the thinking about ideological and liturgical issues in church architecture globally,three distinct phases of development of church buildings in Ibadan are suggested beginning with the mission stations and ending with the modernist church buildings.The paper concludes that attempts to introduce modern architectural expressions in church buildings in Ibadan were increasingly common and strong but traditionalist and historicist approaches to architectural planning of church buildings remained predominant into the 21st century.
文摘This work argues that Denmark Vesey,Nat Turner,Gabriel Prosser,David Walker,Henry Highland Garnet,amongst a few others were the reactionary(dialectical)exceptions to the black church,not the norm,an(ideological)institution established to interpellate and indoctrinate blacks to accept their conditions in slavery.In other words,the aforementioned were the enslaved who used Christian dogma to(negative dialectically)respond to the barbarity of slavery by violently convicting white Christian society for not living up to its values,ideas,and ideals given the treatment of African people by so-called Christians.In the latter sense it was reactionary;in the former,it was an ideological apparatus of domination and control for the institution of slavery.The contemporary attempt to racially vindicate the black church as a sui generis revolutionary institution overflowing with Africanisms is ahistorical and ideological reaped in pseudoscientific propositions stemming from postmodern and post-structural theories.
文摘每年的11月5日是英国的烟火节(Guy FawkesDay 或 Guy Fawkes Night)。在这一天的夜里,人们燃放烟花(let off fireworks),点篝火(make abonfire),并将一个衣衫褴缕的假人(a raggeddummy)扔进篝火。Guy Fawkes Day 可直译为“盖伊·福克斯日”,根据这个节日中人们的活动内容,也有人将其译为“烟火节”。 ’
文摘2014年2月份至8月份期间,我受邀去英国埃克塞特大学做访问学者,同时我的女儿也在英国埃克塞特市的Sf Michael S Church of England Primary Academy读5年级。该小学5年级有2个班,每班28名学生,除了1名华裔,其他学生均为英国本地学生。在英国实地考察的这半年中,我发现英国小学生认为上学读书是一件轻松愉快值得期待的事,每天都过得充实饱满,幸福感普遍较高。原因何在?走进英国小学。
基金Addis Ababa University office of vice president for research and Technology transfer for funding the thematic research, “Integrated approaches of Molecular Systematics and plant Biodiversity Informatics to Climate Change Mitigation and Monitoring in Ethiopian Mountains”
文摘The aim of this research is to investigate the patterns of vascular plant species richness,diversity,and distribution along an elevation gradient in the Abune Yosef mountain range,Ethiopia.Preferential systematic sampling was employed to collect vegetation and environmental data along the elevation gradient.We found that plant species richness declines monotonically from low to high elevations.Specifically,vascular plant species richness and diversity were lower in the Afroalpine grassland(high elevation)than in the Dry evergreen Afromontane forest and Ericaceous forest(low elevations).In contrast,endemic vascular plant richness was significantly higher in the Afroalpine grassland than in the Dry evergreen Afromontane forest and Ericaceous forest.Elevation showed a significant impact on the richness,diversity,and endemism of vascular plants.According to Sorensen's coefficient,the similarity between Dry evergreen Afromontane forest and Ericaceous forest vegetation types is higher(32%)than the similarity between Ericaceous forest and Afroalpine grassland(18%).Only 5%similarity was recorded between the Dry evergreen Afromontane forest and Afroalpine grassland.Growth forms showed different elevationai richness patterns.Trees and liana increased monotonically up to 3300 m.Shrub and herb richness patterns followed a hump-shaped and inverted hump-shaped pattern along the elevation gradient.The elevation patterns of vascular plant species richness,diversity,and growth form in the present study may be attributed to differences in management intensity,spatial heterogeneity,microclimatic variations,and anthropogenic disturbances.
基金Project(20070533131) supported by the National Research Foundation for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of ChinaProject(50275150) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘A new ultrasound contrast imaging technique was proposed for eliminating the harmonic components from the emission signal transmitted by the broadband ultrasonic system.Reversal phase-inversion pulse was used for the first time to separate the contrast harmonics from the harmonics in the emission signal to improve the detection of contrast micro-bubbles.Based on the nonlinear acoustic theory of finite-amplitude effects and the associated distortion of the propagating wave,the Bessel-Fubini series model was applied to describe the nonlinear propagation effects of the reversal phase-inversion pulse,and the Church's equation for zero-thickness encapsulation model was used to produce the scattering-pulse of the bubble.For harmonic imaging,the experiment was performed using a 64-element linear array,which was simulated by Field II.The results show that the harmonic components from the emission signal can be completely cancelled,and the harmonics generated by the nonlinear propagation of the wave through the tissue,can be reduced by 15-30 dB.Compared with the short pulse,the reversal phase-inversion pulse can improve the contrast and definition of the harmonic image significantly.
文摘El-Ashmonein is a significant archaeological site with different buildings from various eras. Between the villages of El-Idara and El-Ashmonein are there mains of Hermopolis, one of the ancient Egyptian metropolis capitals of the fifteenth century of Upper Egypt, called the hare. The buildings in this archaeological site are exposed to many causes of destruction and damage. The remaining structures and granite free standing columns in this area are suffered from plenty of geo-environmental and geotechnical problems. The main objectives of this study are 1) to assess the current state of preservation of this important archaeological site, especially the basilica church with its free standing huge columns, 2) to analyze the different actions which cause the destruction of the archaeological site, in particular the old flash floods and earthquakes, and 3) to identify the geochemical and engineering properties of the construction materials of the granitic columns and other limestone structures of the basilica church by using different kind of sophisticated analytical and diagnostic tools and methods. The multi-criteria analysis allowed the integration of several elements for mapping the vulnerable zones. Results revealed that about 80% of the study area was exposed to high and medium old floods vulnerability because of the vicinity to the Nile River. The structural and non-structural measures recommended in this research will help the decision makers and planners to effectively develop strategies for future site management, intervention retrofitting and rehabilitation of this unique archaeological site.
文摘Authoritarian societies that follow certain rules in the religious,cultural,and political realms tend to be little tolerant of other views and practices.There is a very revealing research niche for the study of“otherness”in the regulated fields of human activity.Yet,a niche within a niche is a study of historical or,in any case,former practices that come back to life after a gap of many decades.This is the case with church music of the last decade of Soviet history that has returned to artistic practice after a sixty-year ban.The article examines the socio-cultural circumstances that accompanied the creation of a number of works in various church genres written by professional Soviet composers,supported by a brief description of these works.Information about atheistic ideology,cultural doctrine,music management,and church life in the USSR completes the range of topics discussed.
