The rapid and accurate detection of cherry tomatoes is of great significance to realizing automatic picking by robots.However,so far,cherry tomatoes are detected as only one class for picking.Fruits occluded by branch...The rapid and accurate detection of cherry tomatoes is of great significance to realizing automatic picking by robots.However,so far,cherry tomatoes are detected as only one class for picking.Fruits occluded by branches or leaves are detected as pickable objects,which may cause damage to the plant or robot end-effector during picking.This study proposed the Feature Enhancement Network Block(FENB)based on YOLOv4-Tiny to solve the above problem.Firstly,according to the distribution characteristics and picking strategies of cherry tomatoes,cherry tomatoes were divided into four classes in the nighttime,and daytime included not occluded,occluded by branches,occluded by fruits,and occluded by leaves.Secondly,the CSPNet structure with the hybrid attention mechanism was used to design the FENB,which pays more attention to the effective features of different classes of cherry tomatoes while retaining the original features.Finally,the Feature Enhancement Network(FEN)was constructed based on the FENB to enhance the feature extraction ability and improve the detection accuracy of YOLOv4-Tiny.The experimental results show that under the confidence of 0.5,average precision(AP)of non-occluded,branch-occluded,fruit-occluded,and leaf-occluded fruit over the day test images were 95.86%,92.59%,89.66%,and 84.99%,respectively,which were 98.43%,95.62%,95.50%,and 89.33% on the night test images,respectively.The mean Average Precision(mAP)of four classes over the night test set was higher(94.72%)than that of the day(90.78%),which were both better than YOLOv4 and YOLOv4-Tiny.It cost 32.22 ms to process a 416×416 image on the GPU.The model size was 39.34 MB.Therefore,the proposed model can provide a practical and feasible method for the multi-class detection of cherry tomatoes.展开更多
Accurate irrigation and nitrogen application are essential for promoting the growth and yield of cherry tomatoes.In investigating the effects of irrigation and nitrogen on the growth,photosynthesis,and yield of cherry...Accurate irrigation and nitrogen application are essential for promoting the growth and yield of cherry tomatoes.In investigating the effects of irrigation and nitrogen on the growth,photosynthesis,and yield of cherry tomatoes,nine treatments including three levels of both irrigation and nitrogen were conducted over two growing seasons.Transverse stem diameter and horizontal stem diameter had the best performance at the irrigation level of 75%evaporation(E_(p)),although their responses to nitrogen were different for the two years.Plant height increased with the increase of irrigation and nitrogen.Plant dry matter(PDM)was significantly affected by irrigation and nitrogen interaction.The lowest PDM was found in the highest proportion of root dry matter,which occurred under low nitrogen level.The net photosynthetic rate(Pn)and transpiration rate enhanced with the increase of irrigation.Medium nitrogen showed promotion effect on all photosynthetic parameters in both growing seasons.Six of all fourteen indicators showed significant correlations with yield.Especially,single plant fruit number and PDM in 2018 Fall had significant positive direct effects on yield with the path coefficients of 0.648 and 1.159,while the significant direct path coefficients were 0.362 and 0.294 in Fruit dry matter and Pn for 2019 Spring,respectively.Based on the comprehensive evaluation of growth and yield by TOPSIS,the irrigation level of 75%E_(p) combined with medium nitrogen application produced higher yields by promoting the growth and photosynthesis of cherry tomatoes.It provides a strategy for water and nitrogen management of cherry tomatoes in Northwest China.展开更多
This study was conducted to elucidate the regulating mechanism of sodium nitroprussiate on seed germination and seedling growth of cherry tomato. After the treatment with different concentrations of sodium nitroprussi...This study was conducted to elucidate the regulating mechanism of sodium nitroprussiate on seed germination and seedling growth of cherry tomato. After the treatment with different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside, the effects on the metabolites and key enzyme activities in carbon-nitrogen metabolism of cherry tomato cuhivar Zhuyun as an experimental material were investigated. The results showed that from seed germination to seedling period, the contents of starch and total nitrogen decreased, but the contents of soluble sugar, reducing sugar, sucrose and soluble protein increased firstly and then decreased; and free amino acids content increased gradually. Sodium nitroprusside made the contents of starch, sucrose and free amino acids higher than CK. From seed germination to seedling period in cherry tomato, the activities of amylase, glutamine synthetase （GS） and sucrose phosphate synthase （SPS） decreased; the activities of nitrate reductase （NR） and glutamate synthase （GOGAT） increased at first and decreased then; and the CK and the 0.25 mmol/L sodium nitroprusside treatments exhibited de- creased sucrose synthase （SS） activity, and the trend was increasing at first and decreasing then after the treatment with 0.50 and 1.00 mmol/L sodium nitroprus- side. Sodium nitroprusside treatment improved amylase activity; and the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the CK increased at first and decreased then, while the values of other treatments tended to decrease. In addition, sodium nitroprusside did not affect seed germination potential and germination rate, but significantly improved biomass accumulation, root length and height of seedlings. These data suggest that sodium nitroprusside could affect the conversion of starch and sugar accumulation, delay the decomposition of total nitrogen and soluble protein, and achieve the effects of accelerating the accumulation of free amino acids, and promoting seed germination and seedling growth, and 0.50 mmol/L sodium nitroprusside has the best effect.展开更多
The effects of hot water treatment in alleviating chilling injury and reducing ultrastructural damage of mature-green cherry tomatoes(Lycopersicun esculentum cv.cerasiform Alef)were investigated.Mature-green cherry to...The effects of hot water treatment in alleviating chilling injury and reducing ultrastructural damage of mature-green cherry tomatoes(Lycopersicun esculentum cv.cerasiform Alef)were investigated.Mature-green cherry tomato fruits were treated in water at 40℃or 45℃for 5 min or 15 min,and then stored at 5℃for 19 days followed by ripening at 20℃.Water treatment at 40℃for 15 min increased tolerance of cherry tomato fruits to chilling stress,indicating as low outbreak of skin lesion,high color a*value,and low electrolyte leakage.Treated fruits showed typical climacteric respiration and developed normal red color with chlorophyll degradation and lycopene accumulation during ripening,while fruits without treatment failed to develop red color and suffered skin lesion.After 19 days of chilling,heated fruits showed the conversion of chloroplast to chromoplast with the disappearance of thylakoids.Mitochondria and other cell organelles were not adversely affected in treated fruits.However,ultrastructures in pericarp cells in control fruits severely damaged with extensive disorganization of cytoplasm,swelled chloroplasts,distorted and unstacked thylakoids.Chloroplast was the first and most severely impacted organelle by chilling stress.Hot water treatment(40℃for 15 min)before storage alleviated chilling injury in cherry tomato fruits.The results suggest that chilling injury is related with the damage of cell structure under chilling stress.展开更多
High harvesting success rate is part of the key technologies for robotic cherry tomato harvesting,which is closely related to the structural design of the end-effector.To obtain a high success rate of fruit harvesting...High harvesting success rate is part of the key technologies for robotic cherry tomato harvesting,which is closely related to the structural design of the end-effector.To obtain a high success rate of fruit harvesting,this paper presents a compliant end-effector with bio-inspired tarsus compliant gripper inspired by the structure and mechanics of the tarsal chain in the Serica orientalis Motschulsky.Response Surface Methodology(RSM)based on Box Behnken Design(BBD)technique has been used to optimize the key structural parameters of the bionic compliant end-effector for achieving the expected results in pulling pattern for robotic cherry tomato harvesting.Experiments were designed by maintaining three levels of four process parameters—Length of the Offset Segment Tarsomere(OSTL),Angle of the Inclined Segment Tarsomere(ISTA),Thickness of the Extended Segment Tarsomere(ESTT)and Length of the Extended Segment Tarsomere(ESTL).According to the optimization analysis results,the best parameter combination is OSTL 23 mm,ISTA 14°,ESTT 5.0 mm,ESTL 23 mm.Besides,the harvesting performance of the optimized bionic compliant end-effector was verified by experiments.The results indicated the harvesting success rate of fruits with different equatorial diameters was not less than 76%.展开更多
In order to choose main factors of soil nutrient affecting cherry tomato fruit quality, the soil nutrient content and total soluble solids （TSS） content of cherry tomato in different regions of Lingshui County in Ha...In order to choose main factors of soil nutrient affecting cherry tomato fruit quality, the soil nutrient content and total soluble solids （TSS） content of cherry tomato in different regions of Lingshui County in Hainan Province was determined, with Millennium cherry tomato as material. The results showed that the TSS content in mature cherry tomato fruit was extremely significant positive to available potassium and exchangeable calcium content in soil, with correlation coefficients of 0.587＊＊ and 0.514＊＊, respectively. The TSS content was significant positive to zinc content, with a correlation coefficient of 0.324＊, And the TSS content showed extremely significant negative to copper content with correlation coefficient of-0.613＊＊ and significant negative to sulfur content with a correlation coefficient reaching -0.332＊. In certain range of contents, the quality of cherry tomato fruit in Lingshui County could be improved through increasing the content of available potassium, exchangeable calcium and zinc in soil, as well as control copper and sulfur content.展开更多
Bacterial wilt has become an important obstacle restricting high quality and high yield of cherry tomato. In this paper, the antibacterial activities of ex- tracts from Allium sativum, Ginkgo biloba and Lygodium japon...Bacterial wilt has become an important obstacle restricting high quality and high yield of cherry tomato. In this paper, the antibacterial activities of ex- tracts from Allium sativum, Ginkgo biloba and Lygodium japonicum against Ralstonia solanacearum were compared. The results indicated that with the increasing concentrations of three extracts, the antibacterial effect enhanced gradually. The lowest concentrations of three extracts with the inhibitory effects significantly higher than that of pesticide control were 20% A. sativum extract, 40% G. biloba extract and 60% L japonicum extract, and the antibacterial effect of 20% A. sativum extract was significantly higher than those of other two plant extracts. The inhibition zone diameters of R. solanacearum strains B2. 1.2.2, I1.2. 1.1, KS. 1.1.1 and 1.5.3.1.2 were 9.23, 8.30, 8.12 and 9.19 mm, respectively. The antibacterial effects of three plant extracts reached the maximums when the concentration was 100%, but A. sativum extract had the strongest antibacterial effect against test strains. Therefore, A. sativum can be used as the main raw material for development of plant protectant for cherry tomato.展开更多
In order to reduce the occurrence of soil-borne diseases,such as tomato bacterial wilt and Fusarium wilt,and to improve the yield of cherry tomato in Hainan,the paper had summarized grafting and seedling technology of...In order to reduce the occurrence of soil-borne diseases,such as tomato bacterial wilt and Fusarium wilt,and to improve the yield of cherry tomato in Hainan,the paper had summarized grafting and seedling technology of cherry tomato from the aspects of rootstock selection,rootstock seedling cultivation,scion seedling cultivation,preparation before grafting,grafting method and seedling management after grafting.It was found that the technique could significantly improve the yield and disease resistance of cherry tomato.展开更多
The Shenzhou‑18 crew,consisting of three taikonauts,returned to Earth safely in the early hours of November 4,2024,after completing a six‑month space station mission.Their first meal on Earth after half a year became ...The Shenzhou‑18 crew,consisting of three taikonauts,returned to Earth safely in the early hours of November 4,2024,after completing a six‑month space station mission.Their first meal on Earth after half a year became a hot topic immediately.The well‑established Chinese tradition embodied by the saying“dumplings before departure,noodles upon return”means that a steaming bowl of noodles was a must‑have for their first meal back.Additionally,specific fruits were included in their first meal for symbolic purposes:cherry tomatoes,representing prosperity;Hami melons,symbolizing sweetness;and grapes,which signify harmony and unity.Meanwhile,all three taikonauts coincidentally ordered a serving of steamed egg custard.展开更多
Inducing fruit resistance helps control postharvest diseases effectively.The early signal response plays a crucial role in the subsequent series of fruit resistance reactions.Pichia kudriavzevii was identified as the ...Inducing fruit resistance helps control postharvest diseases effectively.The early signal response plays a crucial role in the subsequent series of fruit resistance reactions.Pichia kudriavzevii was identified as the effective biological elictior for enhancing induced resistance of cherry tomato fruit in this study and the early response signal and its regulatory mechanism subsequently was investigated by RNA sequencing analysis and reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR(RT-qPCR).Profile trend analysis revealed that,in the early stages of induction(0.5 h and 1 h),the genes related to fruit Ca^(2+)signalling(CML1,CDPK4,CIPK1,and GLR2.9),MAPK signalling(MPK9),the ethylene signalling pathway(ETR2 and EFR1B),and the phenylpropane biosynthesis pathway(PAL5 and 4CL6)respond first.Moreover,the transcription of glutathione pathway genes(GSTU7 and HSP26-A)was upregulated to maintain the balance of reactive oxygen species(ROS)in fruits.After 24 h of induction by P.kudriavzevii,secondary metabolites such as lignin and terpenes in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway(4CL2,4CL6,CCOAOMT,HMG2,and FPS1),as well as salicylic acid(SA),jasmonic acid(JA),and brassinosteroid(BR)signalling pathways in the plant hormone signalling pathway(TGA1A,TGA9,GH3.5,BAK1,CURL1),were activated.Additionally,upstream genes(PAL5 and 4CL6)in the phenylpropanoid pathway directly activate downstream gene transcription,promoting the production of resistance-related metabolites.P.kudriavzevii induces the activation of early signals such as Ca^(2+) signalling,MAPK signalling,and ethylene signalling,which in turn promote the activation of secondary metabolism and JA,BR,and SA hormone signalling in fruits to regulate resistance responses in fruits.展开更多
Photothermal packaging materials are utilized for the thermal sterilization of food.However,these materials are usually constructed from precious metals or inorganic nanoparticles,which leads to concern about their sa...Photothermal packaging materials are utilized for the thermal sterilization of food.However,these materials are usually constructed from precious metals or inorganic nanoparticles,which leads to concern about their safety and environmental impact.This study presents a cost-effective,sustainable photothermal packaging solution using agricultural waste-derived purple corn cob extract(PCCE),ferric ions,and biodegradable chitosan(CS).A simple one-pot method was employed to create CS-PCCE/Fe composite films that exhibit high photothermal efficiency.The PCCE/Fe complex was prepared by mixing PCCE containing anthocyanins with ferric ions,and then this PCCE/Fe complex was mixed with CS to form the CS-PCCE/Fe composite film.Microstructural analysis revealed that the PCCE/Fe complex was uniformly dispersed in the CS matrix,enhancing the films’tensile strength,water vapor barrier property,and thermal stability.In vitro tests showed potent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.A 24-day storage test demonstrated that cherry tomatoes wrapped in the CS-PCCE/Fe photothermal film had less weight loss,pH change,and hardness reduction compared to those wrapped in polyethylene(PE)and CS films,indicating superior quality preservation.These results suggest that the CS-PCCE/Fe composite film offers a promising,environmentally friendly solution for food packaging with enhanced thermal sterilization and improved shelf-life extension.展开更多
As crop harvesting becomes more difficult in environments affected by climate change,the application of artificial intelligence technology to crop management through accurate yield prediction is receiving worldwide at...As crop harvesting becomes more difficult in environments affected by climate change,the application of artificial intelligence technology to crop management through accurate yield prediction is receiving worldwide attention.This study proposes a convolutional neural network(CNN)-based transfer learning framework to increase the productivity and improve the economic feasibility of cherry tomatoes(solanum lycopersicum)in South Korea.You-Only-Look-Once 10 Nano(YOLOv10n)is adopted as a CNN-based algorithm.The source model for transfer learning is trained using cherry tomato imagery from the Tomato Plantfactory Dataset,while the target model is trained based on field survey data collected by the National Institute of Horticultural&Herbal Science,Rural Development Administration,Korea.In that process,an image segmentation technique is developed to improve the prediction accuracy,which reduces the root-mean-square deviation of the existing YOLOv10n from 32.3 to 19.8,a 38.7% reduction.Also,the devised economic feasibility analysis method finds the cost of producing cherry tomatoes in South Korea to be 11.12 USD/m^(2),while the maximum revenue can reach 22.44 USD/m^(2).As a result,the proposed transfer learning framework helps general farms where it is difficult to collect big data to use machine learning techniques to predict crop or vegetable production.展开更多
Pectinex XXL,a commercially prepared pectinase,was investigated for its potential application in the fruit juice industry.Polygalacturonic acid was used as the substrate for determining the enzymatic properties of Pec...Pectinex XXL,a commercially prepared pectinase,was investigated for its potential application in the fruit juice industry.Polygalacturonic acid was used as the substrate for determining the enzymatic properties of Pectinex XXL using the DNS method.According to the results,the optimal pH for Pectinex XXL activity was 4.5,and the enzyme was stable in the pH range of 3.0~4.5.The optimal pH and pH stability range are consistent with those of some tropical and subtropical fruits.The optimal temperature for Pectinex XXL activity was 60℃,and the enzyme remained stable after one hour in a water bath set at 40℃.Additionally,the enzymatic activity was not inhibited in the presence of 1 mmol/L of Na^(+),Mg^(2+),Ba^(2+),Co^(2+),Zn^(2+),and Fe^(2+),whereas it was slightly inhibited in the presence of 2 mmol/L of K^(+)and Fe^(2+)and partially inhibited in the presence of 1 and 2 mmol/L of Ca^(2+)and Mn^(2+),demonstrating its good stability in acids and excellent thermal catalytic performance.Based on the above experimental results,depectinization experiments were performed on plantain and cherry tomato juices using different amounts of Pectinex XXL.After one hour reaction with 16 U/mL of the enzyme,the yields of the plantain and cherry tomato juices were substantially increased by 119.03%and 15.97%,respectively,while their light transmittance was remarkably enhanced by 37.65%and 12.35%,respectively.Furthermore,the enzyme reduced the viscosity of the plantain and cherry tomato juices by 88.29%and 29.50%,respectively.The juice production experiments confirmed that this enzyme can significantly improve the yield and light transmittance of plantain juice,while effectively reducing its viscosity.These findings indicate the potential of Pectinex XXL in the industrial production of plantain juice.展开更多
This study has investigated cuproptosis caused by copper sulfate(CuSO_(4))in Escherichia coli O157:H7 and its mechanism.Meanwhile,the mechanism of CuSO_(4) combined with natamycin(Nata)against E.coli O157:H7 planktoni...This study has investigated cuproptosis caused by copper sulfate(CuSO_(4))in Escherichia coli O157:H7 and its mechanism.Meanwhile,the mechanism of CuSO_(4) combined with natamycin(Nata)against E.coli O157:H7 planktonic and biofilm cells were also investigated.Finally,we prepared an agar-based film,researched its properties,and used it for packaging cherry tomatoes and purple kale.The results indicated that CuSO_(4) could cause cuproptosis in E.coli O157:H7 and lead the genes related to Fe-S cluster protein(hyfA,sufB,xdhC,and narY)to down-regulate and cuproptosis-related proteins to change.Then,CuSO_(4) combined with Nata could synergistically decrease E.coli O157:H7 bacterial counts in planktonic condition and biofilm by synergistically affecting the membrane potential,cytoplasm leakage,permeability of outer membrane and inner membrane.After that,CuSO_(4) and Nata could change the mechanical properties,color and optical characteristics of agarbased film,and decrease the water vapor permeability and oxygen permeability value.Finally,CuSO_(4)@Nata@Carboxymethylcellulose@Agar film effectively lowered the counts of E.coli O157:H7 in cherry tomatoes and purple kale during the storage.展开更多
Harvesting of fresh-eating cherry tomato was highly costly on labor and time.In order to achieve mechanical harvesting for the fresh-eating tomato,a new harvesting robot was designed,which consisted of a stereo visual...Harvesting of fresh-eating cherry tomato was highly costly on labor and time.In order to achieve mechanical harvesting for the fresh-eating tomato,a new harvesting robot was designed,which consisted of a stereo visual unit,an end-effector,manipulator,a fruit collector,and a railed vehicle.The robot configuration and workflow design focused on the special cultivating condition.Three key parts were introduced in detail:a railroad vehicle capably moving on both ground and rail was adopted as the robot’s carrier,a visual servo unit was used to identify and locate the mature fruits bunch,and the end-effector to hold and separate the fruit bunch was designed based on the stalk’s mechanical features.The field test of the new developed robot was conducted and the results were analyzed.The successful harvest rate of the robot was 83%,however,each successful harvest averagely needed 1.4 times attempt,and a single successful harvesting cycle cost 8 s excluding the time cost on moving.展开更多
Irrigation and fertilizer interaction is an efficient cultivation management strategy for facility agriculture.However,the effects of irrigation and fertilizer management on tomato growth and its physiological factors...Irrigation and fertilizer interaction is an efficient cultivation management strategy for facility agriculture.However,the effects of irrigation and fertilizer management on tomato growth and its physiological factors remain unclarified.In this study,two irrigation patterns(W1,conventional irrigation;W2,water-saving irrigation)and four fertilizer application patterns(CF,chemical fertilizer;BOF,biological organic fertilizer;NPK,nutrient compound fertilizer;BOF+NPK)were selected to observe the effects of their interaction on cherry tomato plant growth,leaf photosynthesis and fruit quality through pot experiments.The results showed that W2 treatments promoted plant height growth compared to W1 under the same fertilizer addition.Moreover,irrigation and fertilizer management had significant effects on net photosynthetic rate,intercellular oxidation concentration,stomatal conductance and transpiration rate at the first sequence flowering and fruiting stages.The maximum tomato plant height(99.0 cm)was achieved under the irrigation and fertilizer pattern of BOF and W2,along with the highest fruit yield of 1.98 kg/plant,which was approximately 31.1%higher than the minimum yield under the combined CF and W2 treatment.Under W2 treatments,the application of either NPK or BOF increased the soluble sugar content of tomatoes.The structural equation models showed that the soil alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen could directly significantly affect the yield and soluble sugar.The findings suggest that optimization of irrigation-fertilizer interactions positively regulates tomato growth,providing an efficient model for tomato irrigation and fertilizer management and a reference for sustainable development of facility agriculture.展开更多
Cherry tomatoes are highly perishable due to their delicate skin and high respiration rates.A commonly used preservative for cherry tomatoes is chitosan,which is typically derived from marine sources.Marine chitosan i...Cherry tomatoes are highly perishable due to their delicate skin and high respiration rates.A commonly used preservative for cherry tomatoes is chitosan,which is typically derived from marine sources.Marine chitosan is limited by seasonal supply fluctuations,rising raw material costs,and allergenicity.This study extracted chitosan from the post-extraction biomass of Taiwanofungus camphoratus and investigated its morphological,crystalline,and thermal properties.Its antimicrobial properties and antioxidant activities were also evaluated,along with its potential application as an edible coating for cherry tomatoes.The fungal extracts yielded 4%chitosan with 81.65%degree of deacetylation.FESEM revealed flake-like morphology,XRD confirmed the presence ofα-chitin,and TGA revealed two major decomposition stages for fungal chitin(6.44%)and fungal chitosan(4.03%)below 100℃and pronounced mass loss above 300℃.The fungal chitosan exhibited strong antioxidant activity,(IC_(50)value of 0.37 mg/mL)and inhibited Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus at 10 mg/mL.When applied as a coating,the fungal chitosan reduced cherry tomatoes weight loss from 27%to 7.37%over 12 days,and better maintained titratable acidity(from 0.58%to 0.39%)compared with shrimp chitosan(0.50%-0.10%).Total soluble solids also slightly declined from 6.6%to 5.8%.These findings indicate that T.camphoratusderived chitosan possesses favorable deacetylation,crystallinity,and molecular characteristics,suitable for application as an effective,non-marine edible coating for fresh fruit.展开更多
基金financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52075149)Frontier Exploration Projects of Longmen Laboratory(Grant No.LMQYTSKT032)+3 种基金Scientific and Technological Project of Henan Province(Grant No.212102110029)High-tech Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment and Intelligence of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.JNZ201901)Colleges and Universities of Henan Province Youth Backbone Teacher Training Program(Grant No.2017GGJS062)Postgraduate Education Reform Project of Henan Province(Grant No.2021SJGLX005Y,2019SJGLX063Y).
文摘The rapid and accurate detection of cherry tomatoes is of great significance to realizing automatic picking by robots.However,so far,cherry tomatoes are detected as only one class for picking.Fruits occluded by branches or leaves are detected as pickable objects,which may cause damage to the plant or robot end-effector during picking.This study proposed the Feature Enhancement Network Block(FENB)based on YOLOv4-Tiny to solve the above problem.Firstly,according to the distribution characteristics and picking strategies of cherry tomatoes,cherry tomatoes were divided into four classes in the nighttime,and daytime included not occluded,occluded by branches,occluded by fruits,and occluded by leaves.Secondly,the CSPNet structure with the hybrid attention mechanism was used to design the FENB,which pays more attention to the effective features of different classes of cherry tomatoes while retaining the original features.Finally,the Feature Enhancement Network(FEN)was constructed based on the FENB to enhance the feature extraction ability and improve the detection accuracy of YOLOv4-Tiny.The experimental results show that under the confidence of 0.5,average precision(AP)of non-occluded,branch-occluded,fruit-occluded,and leaf-occluded fruit over the day test images were 95.86%,92.59%,89.66%,and 84.99%,respectively,which were 98.43%,95.62%,95.50%,and 89.33% on the night test images,respectively.The mean Average Precision(mAP)of four classes over the night test set was higher(94.72%)than that of the day(90.78%),which were both better than YOLOv4 and YOLOv4-Tiny.It cost 32.22 ms to process a 416×416 image on the GPU.The model size was 39.34 MB.Therefore,the proposed model can provide a practical and feasible method for the multi-class detection of cherry tomatoes.
基金the research grants from the Scientific&Technological Innovative Research Team of Shaanxi in China(Grant No.2021TD-34)the Agricultural Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shaanxi in China(Grant No.NYKJ-2021-YL(XN)04)+1 种基金the Xi’an Science and Technology Plan Project of China(Grant No.2021JH-04-0024)the China Agriculture Research System(Grant No.CARS-23-D06).
文摘Accurate irrigation and nitrogen application are essential for promoting the growth and yield of cherry tomatoes.In investigating the effects of irrigation and nitrogen on the growth,photosynthesis,and yield of cherry tomatoes,nine treatments including three levels of both irrigation and nitrogen were conducted over two growing seasons.Transverse stem diameter and horizontal stem diameter had the best performance at the irrigation level of 75%evaporation(E_(p)),although their responses to nitrogen were different for the two years.Plant height increased with the increase of irrigation and nitrogen.Plant dry matter(PDM)was significantly affected by irrigation and nitrogen interaction.The lowest PDM was found in the highest proportion of root dry matter,which occurred under low nitrogen level.The net photosynthetic rate(Pn)and transpiration rate enhanced with the increase of irrigation.Medium nitrogen showed promotion effect on all photosynthetic parameters in both growing seasons.Six of all fourteen indicators showed significant correlations with yield.Especially,single plant fruit number and PDM in 2018 Fall had significant positive direct effects on yield with the path coefficients of 0.648 and 1.159,while the significant direct path coefficients were 0.362 and 0.294 in Fruit dry matter and Pn for 2019 Spring,respectively.Based on the comprehensive evaluation of growth and yield by TOPSIS,the irrigation level of 75%E_(p) combined with medium nitrogen application produced higher yields by promoting the growth and photosynthesis of cherry tomatoes.It provides a strategy for water and nitrogen management of cherry tomatoes in Northwest China.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31660559)Scientific Research Project of Kunming University(XJZZ1604)Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Special Biological Resource Development and Utilization of Universities in Yunnan Province(GXKJ201615)
文摘This study was conducted to elucidate the regulating mechanism of sodium nitroprussiate on seed germination and seedling growth of cherry tomato. After the treatment with different concentrations of sodium nitroprusside, the effects on the metabolites and key enzyme activities in carbon-nitrogen metabolism of cherry tomato cuhivar Zhuyun as an experimental material were investigated. The results showed that from seed germination to seedling period, the contents of starch and total nitrogen decreased, but the contents of soluble sugar, reducing sugar, sucrose and soluble protein increased firstly and then decreased; and free amino acids content increased gradually. Sodium nitroprusside made the contents of starch, sucrose and free amino acids higher than CK. From seed germination to seedling period in cherry tomato, the activities of amylase, glutamine synthetase （GS） and sucrose phosphate synthase （SPS） decreased; the activities of nitrate reductase （NR） and glutamate synthase （GOGAT） increased at first and decreased then; and the CK and the 0.25 mmol/L sodium nitroprusside treatments exhibited de- creased sucrose synthase （SS） activity, and the trend was increasing at first and decreasing then after the treatment with 0.50 and 1.00 mmol/L sodium nitroprus- side. Sodium nitroprusside treatment improved amylase activity; and the carbon-nitrogen ratio of the CK increased at first and decreased then, while the values of other treatments tended to decrease. In addition, sodium nitroprusside did not affect seed germination potential and germination rate, but significantly improved biomass accumulation, root length and height of seedlings. These data suggest that sodium nitroprusside could affect the conversion of starch and sugar accumulation, delay the decomposition of total nitrogen and soluble protein, and achieve the effects of accelerating the accumulation of free amino acids, and promoting seed germination and seedling growth, and 0.50 mmol/L sodium nitroprusside has the best effect.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30771513)
文摘The effects of hot water treatment in alleviating chilling injury and reducing ultrastructural damage of mature-green cherry tomatoes(Lycopersicun esculentum cv.cerasiform Alef)were investigated.Mature-green cherry tomato fruits were treated in water at 40℃or 45℃for 5 min or 15 min,and then stored at 5℃for 19 days followed by ripening at 20℃.Water treatment at 40℃for 15 min increased tolerance of cherry tomato fruits to chilling stress,indicating as low outbreak of skin lesion,high color a*value,and low electrolyte leakage.Treated fruits showed typical climacteric respiration and developed normal red color with chlorophyll degradation and lycopene accumulation during ripening,while fruits without treatment failed to develop red color and suffered skin lesion.After 19 days of chilling,heated fruits showed the conversion of chloroplast to chromoplast with the disappearance of thylakoids.Mitochondria and other cell organelles were not adversely affected in treated fruits.However,ultrastructures in pericarp cells in control fruits severely damaged with extensive disorganization of cytoplasm,swelled chloroplasts,distorted and unstacked thylakoids.Chloroplast was the first and most severely impacted organelle by chilling stress.Hot water treatment(40℃for 15 min)before storage alleviated chilling injury in cherry tomato fruits.The results suggest that chilling injury is related with the damage of cell structure under chilling stress.
基金This work was supported by Anhui Provincial Major Science and Technology Project(Project No.202203a06020002)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.BC210202084).
文摘High harvesting success rate is part of the key technologies for robotic cherry tomato harvesting,which is closely related to the structural design of the end-effector.To obtain a high success rate of fruit harvesting,this paper presents a compliant end-effector with bio-inspired tarsus compliant gripper inspired by the structure and mechanics of the tarsal chain in the Serica orientalis Motschulsky.Response Surface Methodology(RSM)based on Box Behnken Design(BBD)technique has been used to optimize the key structural parameters of the bionic compliant end-effector for achieving the expected results in pulling pattern for robotic cherry tomato harvesting.Experiments were designed by maintaining three levels of four process parameters—Length of the Offset Segment Tarsomere(OSTL),Angle of the Inclined Segment Tarsomere(ISTA),Thickness of the Extended Segment Tarsomere(ESTT)and Length of the Extended Segment Tarsomere(ESTL).According to the optimization analysis results,the best parameter combination is OSTL 23 mm,ISTA 14°,ESTT 5.0 mm,ESTL 23 mm.Besides,the harvesting performance of the optimized bionic compliant end-effector was verified by experiments.The results indicated the harvesting success rate of fruits with different equatorial diameters was not less than 76%.
基金Support by Special Fund for talents of Lingshui Li Autonomous County~~
文摘In order to choose main factors of soil nutrient affecting cherry tomato fruit quality, the soil nutrient content and total soluble solids （TSS） content of cherry tomato in different regions of Lingshui County in Hainan Province was determined, with Millennium cherry tomato as material. The results showed that the TSS content in mature cherry tomato fruit was extremely significant positive to available potassium and exchangeable calcium content in soil, with correlation coefficients of 0.587＊＊ and 0.514＊＊, respectively. The TSS content was significant positive to zinc content, with a correlation coefficient of 0.324＊, And the TSS content showed extremely significant negative to copper content with correlation coefficient of-0.613＊＊ and significant negative to sulfur content with a correlation coefficient reaching -0.332＊. In certain range of contents, the quality of cherry tomato fruit in Lingshui County could be improved through increasing the content of available potassium, exchangeable calcium and zinc in soil, as well as control copper and sulfur content.
文摘Bacterial wilt has become an important obstacle restricting high quality and high yield of cherry tomato. In this paper, the antibacterial activities of ex- tracts from Allium sativum, Ginkgo biloba and Lygodium japonicum against Ralstonia solanacearum were compared. The results indicated that with the increasing concentrations of three extracts, the antibacterial effect enhanced gradually. The lowest concentrations of three extracts with the inhibitory effects significantly higher than that of pesticide control were 20% A. sativum extract, 40% G. biloba extract and 60% L japonicum extract, and the antibacterial effect of 20% A. sativum extract was significantly higher than those of other two plant extracts. The inhibition zone diameters of R. solanacearum strains B2. 1.2.2, I1.2. 1.1, KS. 1.1.1 and 1.5.3.1.2 were 9.23, 8.30, 8.12 and 9.19 mm, respectively. The antibacterial effects of three plant extracts reached the maximums when the concentration was 100%, but A. sativum extract had the strongest antibacterial effect against test strains. Therefore, A. sativum can be used as the main raw material for development of plant protectant for cherry tomato.
基金Supported by Science and Technology Project of Hainan Province(ZDYF2020055)。
文摘In order to reduce the occurrence of soil-borne diseases,such as tomato bacterial wilt and Fusarium wilt,and to improve the yield of cherry tomato in Hainan,the paper had summarized grafting and seedling technology of cherry tomato from the aspects of rootstock selection,rootstock seedling cultivation,scion seedling cultivation,preparation before grafting,grafting method and seedling management after grafting.It was found that the technique could significantly improve the yield and disease resistance of cherry tomato.
文摘The Shenzhou‑18 crew,consisting of three taikonauts,returned to Earth safely in the early hours of November 4,2024,after completing a six‑month space station mission.Their first meal on Earth after half a year became a hot topic immediately.The well‑established Chinese tradition embodied by the saying“dumplings before departure,noodles upon return”means that a steaming bowl of noodles was a must‑have for their first meal back.Additionally,specific fruits were included in their first meal for symbolic purposes:cherry tomatoes,representing prosperity;Hami melons,symbolizing sweetness;and grapes,which signify harmony and unity.Meanwhile,all three taikonauts coincidentally ordered a serving of steamed egg custard.
基金supported by the Project Program of Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Health,China(No.TJS202302)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31801602)+1 种基金the Fundamental Research Program of Shanxi Province(No.202203021211279)the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(LTGN24C150004).
文摘Inducing fruit resistance helps control postharvest diseases effectively.The early signal response plays a crucial role in the subsequent series of fruit resistance reactions.Pichia kudriavzevii was identified as the effective biological elictior for enhancing induced resistance of cherry tomato fruit in this study and the early response signal and its regulatory mechanism subsequently was investigated by RNA sequencing analysis and reverse transcription quantitative real-time PCR(RT-qPCR).Profile trend analysis revealed that,in the early stages of induction(0.5 h and 1 h),the genes related to fruit Ca^(2+)signalling(CML1,CDPK4,CIPK1,and GLR2.9),MAPK signalling(MPK9),the ethylene signalling pathway(ETR2 and EFR1B),and the phenylpropane biosynthesis pathway(PAL5 and 4CL6)respond first.Moreover,the transcription of glutathione pathway genes(GSTU7 and HSP26-A)was upregulated to maintain the balance of reactive oxygen species(ROS)in fruits.After 24 h of induction by P.kudriavzevii,secondary metabolites such as lignin and terpenes in the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway(4CL2,4CL6,CCOAOMT,HMG2,and FPS1),as well as salicylic acid(SA),jasmonic acid(JA),and brassinosteroid(BR)signalling pathways in the plant hormone signalling pathway(TGA1A,TGA9,GH3.5,BAK1,CURL1),were activated.Additionally,upstream genes(PAL5 and 4CL6)in the phenylpropanoid pathway directly activate downstream gene transcription,promoting the production of resistance-related metabolites.P.kudriavzevii induces the activation of early signals such as Ca^(2+) signalling,MAPK signalling,and ethylene signalling,which in turn promote the activation of secondary metabolism and JA,BR,and SA hormone signalling in fruits to regulate resistance responses in fruits.
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(No.S2025-YF-YBNY-0141)Northwest A&F University Experimental Technology Research and Laboratory Management Innovation Project(SY20250208).
文摘Photothermal packaging materials are utilized for the thermal sterilization of food.However,these materials are usually constructed from precious metals or inorganic nanoparticles,which leads to concern about their safety and environmental impact.This study presents a cost-effective,sustainable photothermal packaging solution using agricultural waste-derived purple corn cob extract(PCCE),ferric ions,and biodegradable chitosan(CS).A simple one-pot method was employed to create CS-PCCE/Fe composite films that exhibit high photothermal efficiency.The PCCE/Fe complex was prepared by mixing PCCE containing anthocyanins with ferric ions,and then this PCCE/Fe complex was mixed with CS to form the CS-PCCE/Fe composite film.Microstructural analysis revealed that the PCCE/Fe complex was uniformly dispersed in the CS matrix,enhancing the films’tensile strength,water vapor barrier property,and thermal stability.In vitro tests showed potent antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus.A 24-day storage test demonstrated that cherry tomatoes wrapped in the CS-PCCE/Fe photothermal film had less weight loss,pH change,and hardness reduction compared to those wrapped in polyethylene(PE)and CS films,indicating superior quality preservation.These results suggest that the CS-PCCE/Fe composite film offers a promising,environmentally friendly solution for food packaging with enhanced thermal sterilization and improved shelf-life extension.
基金supported by a Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Education(Grant No.RS-2023-00239448)the support of the Korea International Cooperation Agency(KOICA).
文摘As crop harvesting becomes more difficult in environments affected by climate change,the application of artificial intelligence technology to crop management through accurate yield prediction is receiving worldwide attention.This study proposes a convolutional neural network(CNN)-based transfer learning framework to increase the productivity and improve the economic feasibility of cherry tomatoes(solanum lycopersicum)in South Korea.You-Only-Look-Once 10 Nano(YOLOv10n)is adopted as a CNN-based algorithm.The source model for transfer learning is trained using cherry tomato imagery from the Tomato Plantfactory Dataset,while the target model is trained based on field survey data collected by the National Institute of Horticultural&Herbal Science,Rural Development Administration,Korea.In that process,an image segmentation technique is developed to improve the prediction accuracy,which reduces the root-mean-square deviation of the existing YOLOv10n from 32.3 to 19.8,a 38.7% reduction.Also,the devised economic feasibility analysis method finds the cost of producing cherry tomatoes in South Korea to be 11.12 USD/m^(2),while the maximum revenue can reach 22.44 USD/m^(2).As a result,the proposed transfer learning framework helps general farms where it is difficult to collect big data to use machine learning techniques to predict crop or vegetable production.
文摘Pectinex XXL,a commercially prepared pectinase,was investigated for its potential application in the fruit juice industry.Polygalacturonic acid was used as the substrate for determining the enzymatic properties of Pectinex XXL using the DNS method.According to the results,the optimal pH for Pectinex XXL activity was 4.5,and the enzyme was stable in the pH range of 3.0~4.5.The optimal pH and pH stability range are consistent with those of some tropical and subtropical fruits.The optimal temperature for Pectinex XXL activity was 60℃,and the enzyme remained stable after one hour in a water bath set at 40℃.Additionally,the enzymatic activity was not inhibited in the presence of 1 mmol/L of Na^(+),Mg^(2+),Ba^(2+),Co^(2+),Zn^(2+),and Fe^(2+),whereas it was slightly inhibited in the presence of 2 mmol/L of K^(+)and Fe^(2+)and partially inhibited in the presence of 1 and 2 mmol/L of Ca^(2+)and Mn^(2+),demonstrating its good stability in acids and excellent thermal catalytic performance.Based on the above experimental results,depectinization experiments were performed on plantain and cherry tomato juices using different amounts of Pectinex XXL.After one hour reaction with 16 U/mL of the enzyme,the yields of the plantain and cherry tomato juices were substantially increased by 119.03%and 15.97%,respectively,while their light transmittance was remarkably enhanced by 37.65%and 12.35%,respectively.Furthermore,the enzyme reduced the viscosity of the plantain and cherry tomato juices by 88.29%and 29.50%,respectively.The juice production experiments confirmed that this enzyme can significantly improve the yield and light transmittance of plantain juice,while effectively reducing its viscosity.These findings indicate the potential of Pectinex XXL in the industrial production of plantain juice.
基金grateful to Mingming Guo for her supply of E.coli O157:H7 for experiments.The research was supported by Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.LTGN23C200014.
文摘This study has investigated cuproptosis caused by copper sulfate(CuSO_(4))in Escherichia coli O157:H7 and its mechanism.Meanwhile,the mechanism of CuSO_(4) combined with natamycin(Nata)against E.coli O157:H7 planktonic and biofilm cells were also investigated.Finally,we prepared an agar-based film,researched its properties,and used it for packaging cherry tomatoes and purple kale.The results indicated that CuSO_(4) could cause cuproptosis in E.coli O157:H7 and lead the genes related to Fe-S cluster protein(hyfA,sufB,xdhC,and narY)to down-regulate and cuproptosis-related proteins to change.Then,CuSO_(4) combined with Nata could synergistically decrease E.coli O157:H7 bacterial counts in planktonic condition and biofilm by synergistically affecting the membrane potential,cytoplasm leakage,permeability of outer membrane and inner membrane.After that,CuSO_(4) and Nata could change the mechanical properties,color and optical characteristics of agarbased film,and decrease the water vapor permeability and oxygen permeability value.Finally,CuSO_(4)@Nata@Carboxymethylcellulose@Agar film effectively lowered the counts of E.coli O157:H7 in cherry tomatoes and purple kale during the storage.
基金We acknowledge that this work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(61703048)Beijing Excellent Talent Training to Support Young Key Individual Projects(2015000020060G134)BAAFS Youth Research Fund(QNJJ201722).
文摘Harvesting of fresh-eating cherry tomato was highly costly on labor and time.In order to achieve mechanical harvesting for the fresh-eating tomato,a new harvesting robot was designed,which consisted of a stereo visual unit,an end-effector,manipulator,a fruit collector,and a railed vehicle.The robot configuration and workflow design focused on the special cultivating condition.Three key parts were introduced in detail:a railroad vehicle capably moving on both ground and rail was adopted as the robot’s carrier,a visual servo unit was used to identify and locate the mature fruits bunch,and the end-effector to hold and separate the fruit bunch was designed based on the stalk’s mechanical features.The field test of the new developed robot was conducted and the results were analyzed.The successful harvest rate of the robot was 83%,however,each successful harvest averagely needed 1.4 times attempt,and a single successful harvesting cycle cost 8 s excluding the time cost on moving.
基金supported by the foundation of the Basic Research Program of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BK20230112)The Key Research and Development Project of Jiangsu Province(Grant No.BE2019378)+2 种基金The Basic scientific research project of Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Grant No.ZX(18)7003)The High-level Scientific Research Foundation for the introduction of talent of Jinling Institute of Technology(Grant No.jit-b-201914)Jiangsu College students Innovation and entrepreneurship provincial key innovation training program(Grant No.202213573031Z)。
文摘Irrigation and fertilizer interaction is an efficient cultivation management strategy for facility agriculture.However,the effects of irrigation and fertilizer management on tomato growth and its physiological factors remain unclarified.In this study,two irrigation patterns(W1,conventional irrigation;W2,water-saving irrigation)and four fertilizer application patterns(CF,chemical fertilizer;BOF,biological organic fertilizer;NPK,nutrient compound fertilizer;BOF+NPK)were selected to observe the effects of their interaction on cherry tomato plant growth,leaf photosynthesis and fruit quality through pot experiments.The results showed that W2 treatments promoted plant height growth compared to W1 under the same fertilizer addition.Moreover,irrigation and fertilizer management had significant effects on net photosynthetic rate,intercellular oxidation concentration,stomatal conductance and transpiration rate at the first sequence flowering and fruiting stages.The maximum tomato plant height(99.0 cm)was achieved under the irrigation and fertilizer pattern of BOF and W2,along with the highest fruit yield of 1.98 kg/plant,which was approximately 31.1%higher than the minimum yield under the combined CF and W2 treatment.Under W2 treatments,the application of either NPK or BOF increased the soluble sugar content of tomatoes.The structural equation models showed that the soil alkali hydrolyzed nitrogen could directly significantly affect the yield and soluble sugar.The findings suggest that optimization of irrigation-fertilizer interactions positively regulates tomato growth,providing an efficient model for tomato irrigation and fertilizer management and a reference for sustainable development of facility agriculture.
文摘Cherry tomatoes are highly perishable due to their delicate skin and high respiration rates.A commonly used preservative for cherry tomatoes is chitosan,which is typically derived from marine sources.Marine chitosan is limited by seasonal supply fluctuations,rising raw material costs,and allergenicity.This study extracted chitosan from the post-extraction biomass of Taiwanofungus camphoratus and investigated its morphological,crystalline,and thermal properties.Its antimicrobial properties and antioxidant activities were also evaluated,along with its potential application as an edible coating for cherry tomatoes.The fungal extracts yielded 4%chitosan with 81.65%degree of deacetylation.FESEM revealed flake-like morphology,XRD confirmed the presence ofα-chitin,and TGA revealed two major decomposition stages for fungal chitin(6.44%)and fungal chitosan(4.03%)below 100℃and pronounced mass loss above 300℃.The fungal chitosan exhibited strong antioxidant activity,(IC_(50)value of 0.37 mg/mL)and inhibited Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus at 10 mg/mL.When applied as a coating,the fungal chitosan reduced cherry tomatoes weight loss from 27%to 7.37%over 12 days,and better maintained titratable acidity(from 0.58%to 0.39%)compared with shrimp chitosan(0.50%-0.10%).Total soluble solids also slightly declined from 6.6%to 5.8%.These findings indicate that T.camphoratusderived chitosan possesses favorable deacetylation,crystallinity,and molecular characteristics,suitable for application as an effective,non-marine edible coating for fresh fruit.
