Displacement damage effects on the charge-coupled device(CCD)induced by neutrons at the back-streaming white neutron source(Back-n)in the China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS)are analyzed according to an online irradi...Displacement damage effects on the charge-coupled device(CCD)induced by neutrons at the back-streaming white neutron source(Back-n)in the China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS)are analyzed according to an online irradiation experiment.The hot pixels,random telegraph signal(RTS),mean dark signal,dark current and dark signal non-uniformity(DSNU)induced by Back-n are presented.The dark current is calculated according to the mean dark signal at various integration times.The single-particle displacement damage and transient response are also observed based on the online measurement data.The trends of hot pixels,mean dark signal,DSNU and RTS degradation are related to the integration time and irradiation fluence.The mean dark signal,dark current and DSNU2 are nearly linear with neutron irradiation fluence when nearly all the pixels do not reach saturation.In addition,the mechanisms of the displacement damage effects on the CCD are demonstrated by combining the experimental results and technology computer-aided design(TCAD)simulation.Radiation-induced traps in the space charge region of the CCD will act as generation/recombination centers of electron-hole pairs,leading to an increase in the dark signal.展开更多
<div style="text-align:justify;"> In this study, a two-dimensional model describing thermal stress on a charge-coupled device (CCD) induced by ms laser pulses was examined. Considering the nonlinearity...<div style="text-align:justify;"> In this study, a two-dimensional model describing thermal stress on a charge-coupled device (CCD) induced by ms laser pulses was examined. Considering the nonlinearity of the CCD’s material parameters and the melting phase transition process of aluminum electrode materials was considered by using equivalent specific heat capacity method, the physical process where a laser pulse irradiating a CCD pixel array was simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The temperature field and thermal stress field were calculated and analyzed. In order to clarify the mechanism producing damage on the CCD detector, Raman spectra from silicon were measured with a micro-Raman spectrometer to determine stress change in the CCD chip. The procedure presented herein illustrates a method for evaluating strain in a CCD after laser irradiation. </div>展开更多
A method to measure the detailed performance of polycapillary x-ray optics by a pinhole and charge coupled device(CCD)detector was proposed in this study.The pinhole was located between the x-ray source and the polyca...A method to measure the detailed performance of polycapillary x-ray optics by a pinhole and charge coupled device(CCD)detector was proposed in this study.The pinhole was located between the x-ray source and the polycapillary x-ray optics to determine the illuminating region of the incident x-ray beam on the input side of the optics.The CCD detector placed downstream of the polycapillary x-ray optics ensured that the incident x-ray beam controlled by the pinhole irradiated a specific region of the input surface of the optics.The intensity of the output beam of the polycapillary x-ray optics was obtained from the far-field image of the output beam of the optics captured by CCD detector.As an application example,the focal spot size,gain in power density,transmission efficiency,and beam divergence of different parts of a polycapillary focusing x-ray lenses(PFXRL)were measured by a pinhole and CCD detector.Three pinholes with diameters of 500,1000,and 2000μm were used to adjust the diameter of the incident x-ray beam illuminating the PFXRL from 500μm to the entire surface of the input side of the PFXRL.The focal spot size of the PFXRL,gain in power density,transmission efficiency,and beam divergence ranged from 27.1μm to 34.6μm,400 to 3460,26.70%to 5.38%,and 16.8 mrad to 84.86 mrad,respectively.展开更多
A nonlinearity measurement of the charge-coupled device(CCD) array spectrometer using flux addition and comparison method is described. The light with various colors from the colorful light emitting diode(LED) light s...A nonlinearity measurement of the charge-coupled device(CCD) array spectrometer using flux addition and comparison method is described. The light with various colors from the colorful light emitting diode(LED) light source is applied to measure the nonlinearity of the spectrometer at different wavelengths, respectively. An high-end CCD array spectrometer is tested. For colorful LED light sources, the nonlinearity factors of the CCD array spectrometer(absolute value) are as follows: k<0.8% for white light, k <1.1% for red light, k <2.2% for green light and k<4.7% for blue light. By using those quasi-monochromatic light sources, it is shown that the nonlinearity depends on the wavelength. It is important to be wariness about the spectral nonlinearity and related uncertainty evaluation when the narrow-band light source is tested.展开更多
An experimental method to study the influence of surface contamination of a thinned, backside illuminated charge-coupled device(CCD) upon its quantum efficiency in soft X-ray region is suggested. A transmission gratin...An experimental method to study the influence of surface contamination of a thinned, backside illuminated charge-coupled device(CCD) upon its quantum efficiency in soft X-ray region is suggested. A transmission grating spectrometer(TGS), in which the transmission grating is coupled to a thinned, backside illuminated charge coupled device, is used to measure the continuum X-ray emission from the end of cylindrical target irradiated by laser. In the measured spectra, only the carbon K absorption edge at wavelength of 4.4 um due to condensation of the vacuum oil oil the CCD surface is clearly seen. The surface contamination is considered as an effective "carbon filter" and the filter absorption to correct the quantum efficiency of the CCD camera is taken into account. The effective thickness of the carbon filter is determined by comparing the jump height of the measured spectra at 4.4um with those of the carbon absorption coefficient curves obtained from various carbon thickness. The accuracy of this method is tested by comparing the X-ray spectrum measured by the TGS with that obtained by a soft X-ray spectrometer.展开更多
Two viologen derivatives containing fluorine substituent(F)with an asymmetric structures,1,1'-bis(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-[4,4'-bipyridine]dihexafluorophosphate(DFPV)and 1-benzyl-1'-(4-(trifluoromethyl)...Two viologen derivatives containing fluorine substituent(F)with an asymmetric structures,1,1'-bis(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-[4,4'-bipyridine]dihexafluorophosphate(DFPV)and 1-benzyl-1'-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-[4,4'-bipyridine]di-hexafluorophosphate(Bn-FPV),were synthesized.These viologen derivatives as active materials were used to assemble both flexible and rigid electrochromic devices(ECDs).ECDs based on DFPV exhibited reversible color change from colorless to deep green and ECDs based on Bn-FPV exhibited reversible color change from colorless to blue-green within applied voltage.It was found that the devices based on DFPV showed cycle stability,which could still maintain more than 90% after 1000 cycles.In addition,the modulation rate of the device to the solar irradiance is also calculated to characterize its application potential in smart windows.Among them,the rigid device(R-DFPV)based on the DFPV has a large solar irradiance modulation rate of 54.66%,which has the potential to be used as smart windows.展开更多
Memristors have emerged as a transformative technology in the realm of electronic devices,offering unique advantages such as fast switching speeds,low power consumption,and the ability to sensor-memory-compute.The app...Memristors have emerged as a transformative technology in the realm of electronic devices,offering unique advantages such as fast switching speeds,low power consumption,and the ability to sensor-memory-compute.The applications span across non-volatile memory,neuromorphic computing,hardware security,and beyond,prompting memristors to become a versatile solution for next-generation computing and data storage systems.Despite enormous potential of memristors,the transition from laboratory prototypes to large-scale applications is challenging in terms of material stability,device reproducibility,and array scalability.This review systematically explores recent advancements in high-performance memristor technologies,focusing on performance enhancement strategies through material engineering,structural design,pulse protocol optimization,and algorithm control.We provide an in-depth analysis of key performance metrics tailored to specific applications,including non-volatile memory,neuromorphic computing,and hardware security.Furthermore,we propose a co-design framework that integrates device-level optimizations with operational-level improvements,aiming to bridge the gap between theoretical models and practical implementations.展开更多
Photo-assisted flexible energy storage devices,combining photoelectric conversion and electrochemical energy storage,emerge as an innovative solution for sustainable energy systems.This review comprehensively summariz...Photo-assisted flexible energy storage devices,combining photoelectric conversion and electrochemical energy storage,emerge as an innovative solution for sustainable energy systems.This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in photo-assisted flexible energy storage technology,covering material design,working mechanisms,and practical applications.We systematically examine diverse electrode materials,such as metal oxides,metal sulfides,organic photosensitive materials,and composites,emphasizing their roles in boosting device performance.Special focus is placed on emerging technologies—including heterostructure engineering,surface modification,and intelligent control systems—that have notably enhanced energy conversion efficiency and storage capacity.The review also discusses current challenges,such as material stability,conversion efficiency,and standardization,and proposes strategic directions for future development.Recent breakthroughs in photo-assisted supercapacitors,lithium-based batteries,zinc-based batteries,and other innovative storage systems are critically assessed,offering key insights into their practical application potential in wearable electronics,self-powered sensors,and beyond.This comprehensive analysis establishes a framework for understanding the current status of photo-assisted flexible energy storage technology and guides future research toward high-performance,sustainable energy storage solutions.展开更多
The electrocaloric(EC)effect refers to the change in the polarization entropy and/or temperature of dielectric materials when an electric field is applied and removed.EC refrigeration has received increasing interest ...The electrocaloric(EC)effect refers to the change in the polarization entropy and/or temperature of dielectric materials when an electric field is applied and removed.EC refrigeration has received increasing interest as an alternative to conventional refrigeration technologies because it provides both high energy efficiency and zero global warming potential.In this review,we first introduce the thermodynamic fundamentals of the EC effect and the mechanism of EC refrigeration cycles.We then present recent advances in EC cooling technologies,from material improvements to device demonstrations,including a critical analysis of existing material and device characterization methodologies and a discussion of how to reliably measure the parameters of materials and devices.Finally,the current challenges and possible future prospects for EC cooling technology are outlined.展开更多
Cement stands as a dominant contributor to global energy consumption and carbon emissions in the construction industry.With the upgrading of infrastructure and the improvement of building standards,traditional cement ...Cement stands as a dominant contributor to global energy consumption and carbon emissions in the construction industry.With the upgrading of infrastructure and the improvement of building standards,traditional cement fails to reconcile ecological responsibility with advanced functional performance.By incorporating tailored fillers into cement matrices,the resulting composites achieve enhanced thermoelectric(TE)conversion capabilities.These materials can harness solar radiation from building envelopes and recover waste heat from indoor thermal gradients,facilitating bidirectional energy conversion.This review offers a comprehensive and timely overview of cementbased thermoelectric materials(CTEMs),integrating material design,device fabrication,and diverse applications into a holistic perspective.It summarizes recent advancements in TE performance enhancement,encompassing fillers optimization and matrices innovation.Additionally,the review consolidates fabrication strategies and performance evaluations of cement-based thermoelectric devices(CTEDs),providing detailed discussions on their roles in monitoring and protection,energy harvesting,and smart building.We also address sustainability,durability,and lifecycle considerations of CTEMs,which are essential for real-world deployment.Finally,we outline future research directions in materials design,device engineering,and scalable manufacturing to foster the practical application of CTEMs in sustainable and intelligent infrastructure.展开更多
With the global push for energy conservation and the rapid development of low-power,flexible and wearable optical displays,the demand for electrochromic technology has surged.Gel polymer electrolytes(GPEs),a crucial c...With the global push for energy conservation and the rapid development of low-power,flexible and wearable optical displays,the demand for electrochromic technology has surged.Gel polymer electrolytes(GPEs),a crucial component of electrochromic devices(ECDs),show great promise in applications.This is attributed to their efficient ion-transport capabilities,excellent mechanical properties and strong adhesion.All of these characteristics are conducive to enhancing the safety of the devices,streamlining the packaging process,significantly improving the electrochromic performance of ECDs and boosting their commercial application potential.This review provides a comprehensive overview of GPEs for ECDs,focusing on their basic designs,functional modifications and practical applications.Firstly,this review outlines the fundamental design of GPEs for ECDs,encompassing key performance index,classification,gelation mechanism and preparation methods.Building on this foundation,it provides an in-depth discussion of functionalized GPEs developed to enhance device performance or expand functionality,including electrochromic,temperature-responsive,photo-responsive and stretchable self-healing GPE.Furthermore,the integration of GPEs into various ECD applications,including smart windows,displays,energy storage devices and wearable electronic,are summarized to highlight the advantages that the design of GPEs brings to the practical application of ECDs.Finally,based on the summary of GPEs employed for ECDs,the challenges and development expectations in this direction were indicated.展开更多
Wearable ultrasound devices represent a transformative advancement in therapeutic applications,offering noninvasive,continuous,and targeted treatment for deep tissues.These systems leverage flexible materials(e.g.,pie...Wearable ultrasound devices represent a transformative advancement in therapeutic applications,offering noninvasive,continuous,and targeted treatment for deep tissues.These systems leverage flexible materials(e.g.,piezoelectric composites,biodegradable polymers)and conformable designs to enable stable integration with dynamic anatomical surfaces.Key innovations include ultrasound-enhanced drug delivery through cavitation-mediated transdermal penetration,accelerated tissue regeneration via mechanical and electrical stimulation,and precise neuromodulation using focused acoustic waves.Recent developments demonstrate wireless operation,real-time monitoring,and closed-loop therapy,facilitated by energy-efficient transducers and AI-driven adaptive control.Despite progress,challenges persist in material durability,clinical validation,and scalable manufacturing.Future directions highlight the integration of nanomaterials,3D-printed architectures,and multimodal sensing for personalized medicine.This technology holds significant potential to redefine chronic disease management,postoperative recovery,and neurorehabilitation,bridging the gap between clinical and home-based care.展开更多
Unlike conventional electrochromic devices,Zinc anode-based electrochromic devices(ZECDs)ensure excellent charge balance between the electrochromic layer and Zn anode during the coloring/bleaching by reversible metal ...Unlike conventional electrochromic devices,Zinc anode-based electrochromic devices(ZECDs)ensure excellent charge balance between the electrochromic layer and Zn anode during the coloring/bleaching by reversible metal deposition/stripping on the Zn anode.Meanwhile,the inherent potential difference between the metal anode and the electrochromic layer can drive the spontaneous coloration/bleaching of ZECDs,featuring energy retrieval functionality.This review discusses the working mechanisms,performance indexes of ZECDs,and the impact of material selection on ZECD performance.Furthermore,we comprehensively summarize the latest research progress of ZECDs in energy storage,smart windows,and multicolor displays.We argue that using high-transparency zinc mesh,additive manufacturing processes,and self-healing electrochromic materials can significantly advance the commercialization of large-area ZECDs.Finally,“electrode-free”device structures,renewable or replaceable electrolytes,and strategies to suppress zinc dendrites are prospected to overcome cost-effectiveness and lifespan issues of ZECDs.This review aims at enabling more efficient and advanced ZECDs for multifunctional applications.展开更多
New electronic devices based on the physical properties of electrically driven skyrmions are promising for logic computing and nonvolatile memory applications.However,achieving efficient and practical compute-storage ...New electronic devices based on the physical properties of electrically driven skyrmions are promising for logic computing and nonvolatile memory applications.However,achieving efficient and practical compute-storage integration remains challenging owing to the structural complexity,limited functionality,and low flexibility observed in most skyrmion-based devices.In this study,we designed a novel device architecture that integrates seven basic logic gates into a unified physical structure.Their operation can be enabled by physical mechanisms,such as spin-orbit torque,spin-transfer torque,skyrmion-edge repulsions,and skyrmion-skyrmion interactions.Furthermore,by incorporating voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy,the device achieved multi-input capability and reconfigurability functionality.Ultralow power consumption(<1 fJ/bit per logic function)and extremely high logic density were achieved.Significantly,the compatibility of this nanotrack design with existing skyrmion racetrack memory paves the way for advanced in-memory computing in spintronic architectures.展开更多
Micro/nano devices(MNDs)are characterized by miniaturization,high precision,and multifunctional integration,making them highly suitable for use in areas such as microrobotics,biomedical devices and electronic sensors....Micro/nano devices(MNDs)are characterized by miniaturization,high precision,and multifunctional integration,making them highly suitable for use in areas such as microrobotics,biomedical devices and electronic sensors.Their fabrication requires exceptional precision in structural integrity,material control,and functional integration.Traditional micro/nano fabrication techniques face inherent limitations in constructing complex three-dimensional(3D)architectures and integrating multiple materials.While additive manufacturing(AM)provides flexibility,challenges remain in material alignment control,microstructural organization,and multifunctional integration.To overcome these limitations,field-assisted additive manufacturing(FAM)has emerged as a promising approach that combines magnetic,acoustic,or electric fields to regulate material alignment,microstructural organization,and spatial alignment.This capability improves fabrication precision,enhances material anisotropy and facilitates functional integration.This review systematically explores the mechanisms,fabrication process,and functional integration of FAM in the framework of nozzle-based and vat photopolymerization-based,while further exploring their applications in microrobotics,biomedical devices,and electronic sensors.Moreover,this review provides a comparative overview of different FAM approaches,highlighting their respective characteristics,typical applications,and unique advantages.In addition,the major challenges facing FAM research are comprehensively assessed and future directions are explored,including advances in spatial precision control capability,intelligent control for process integration,and multi-field coupling optimization.This review establishes a foundational theoretical framework that can serve as a systematic reference for micro/nano manufacturing researchers to promote the development of FAM for high-performance micro/nano device fabrication.展开更多
Federated Learning(FL)provides an effective framework for efficient processing in vehicular edge computing.However,the dynamic and uncertain communication environment,along with the performance variations of vehicular...Federated Learning(FL)provides an effective framework for efficient processing in vehicular edge computing.However,the dynamic and uncertain communication environment,along with the performance variations of vehicular devices,affect the distribution and uploading processes of model parameters.In FL-assisted Internet of Vehicles(IoV)scenarios,challenges such as data heterogeneity,limited device resources,and unstable communication environments become increasingly prominent.These issues necessitate intelligent vehicle selection schemes to enhance training efficiency.Given this context,we propose a new scenario involving FL-assisted IoV systems under dynamic and uncertain communication conditions,and develop a dynamic interval multi-objective optimization algorithm to jointly optimize various factors including training experiments,system energy consumption,and bandwidth utilization to meet multi-criteria resource optimization requirements.For the problem at hand,we design a dynamic interval multi-objective optimization algorithm based on interval overlap detection.Simulation results demonstrate that our method outperforms other solutions in terms of accuracy,training cost,and server utilization.It effectively enhances training efficiency under wireless channel environments while rationally utilizing bandwidth resources,thus possessing significant scientific value and application potential in the field of IoV.展开更多
We discuss recent progress in using machine-learning(ML)-enabled inverse design techniques applied to photonic devices and components.Specifically,we highlight the design of optical sources,including fiber and semicon...We discuss recent progress in using machine-learning(ML)-enabled inverse design techniques applied to photonic devices and components.Specifically,we highlight the design of optical sources,including fiber and semiconductor lasers,as well as Raman and semiconductor optical amplifiers.Although inverse design approaches for optical detectors remain relatively underexplored,we examine optical layers,particularly metamaterial absorbers,as promising candidates for high-performance optical detection.In addition,we underscore advancements in inverse designing passive optical components,including beam splitters,gratings,and optical fibers.These optical blocks are fundamental in developing next-generation standalone optical communication systems and optical sensing networks,including integrated sensing and communication technologies.While categorizing various reported deep learning architectures across five paradigms,we offer a paradigm-based perspective that reveals how different ML techniques function within modern inverse design methods and enable fast,data-driven solutions that significantly reduce design time and computational demands compared with traditional optimization methods.展开更多
Silver bismuth sulfide(AgBiS_(2))has recently attracted increasing attention as a promising environmentally friendly semiconductor for next-generation optoelectronic applications,including photovoltaics and photodetec...Silver bismuth sulfide(AgBiS_(2))has recently attracted increasing attention as a promising environmentally friendly semiconductor for next-generation optoelectronic applications,including photovoltaics and photodetection,due to its favorable energy band structure,strong light absorption,high dielectric constant,and low toxicity.Despite notable advances,research on AgBiS_(2) remains in its early stages,with key challenges related to synthetic control,defect passivation,and device engineering.For example,while the power conversion efficiency of AgBiS_(2)-based solar cells has improved rapidly,the current record efficiency of 10.84%remains far below the theoretical Shockley-Queisser limit(-26%).Similarly,AgBiS_(2)-based photodetectors exhibit detectivities around 10^(12)Jones,lagging behind state-of-the-art materials.This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advances in the crystal structures,synthetic strategies,optoelectronic properties,and device architectures of AgBiS_(2).We highlight key achievements in solar cells,photodetectors,and thin-film transistors,while critically analyzing the remaining bottlenecks in material synthesis,defect modulation,and charge transport optimization.Finally,the broader application potential of AgBiS_(2) in flexible electronics,infrared imaging,buildingintegrated photovoltaics,photocatalysis,spintronics,and biomedicine is discussed.By offering insights into both current progress and future directions,this review aims to support the development of highperformance,multifunctional AgBiS_(2)-based optoelectronic devices.展开更多
A Princeton Instruments PI-LCX 1300 charge-coupled device （CCD） camera used for X-ray spectrum measurements in laser-plasma experiments is calibrated using three radioactive sources and investigated with the Monte C...A Princeton Instruments PI-LCX 1300 charge-coupled device （CCD） camera used for X-ray spectrum measurements in laser-plasma experiments is calibrated using three radioactive sources and investigated with the Monte Carlo code Geant4. The exposure level is controlled to make the CCD work in single photon counting mode. A summation algorithm for obtaining accurate X-ray spectra is developed to reconstruct the X-ray spectra, and the results show that the developed algorithm effectively reduces the low-energy tail caused by split pixel events. The obtained CCD energy response shows good linearity. The detection efficiency curves from both Monte Carlo simulations and the manufacturer agree well with the experimental results. This consistency demonstrates that event losses in charge collection processes are negligible when the developed summation algorithm of sDlit Dixel events is emDloved.展开更多
A peculiar and regular diffraction pattern is recorded while using either a color or a monochrome charge-coupled device (CCD) camera to capture the image of the micro air plasma produced by femtosecond laser pulses. T...A peculiar and regular diffraction pattern is recorded while using either a color or a monochrome charge-coupled device (CCD) camera to capture the image of the micro air plasma produced by femtosecond laser pulses. The diffraction pattern strongly disturbs the observation of the air plasma, so the origin and eliminating method of these diffraction patterns must be investigated. It is found that the Fourier transform of the periodic surface structure of either the mask mosaic of the color CCD or the pixel array of the monochrome CCD is responsible for the formation of the observed pattern. The residual surface reflection from the protection window of a CCD camera plays the essential role in forming the interesting two- dimensional diffraction spots on the same CCD sensor. Both experimental data and theoretical analyses confirm our understanding of this phenomenon. Therefore remov-ing the protection window of the CCD camera can eliminate these diffraction patterns.展开更多
基金Project supported by the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of China(Grant Nos.SKLIPR1903Z,1803)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.U2167208 and 11875223).
文摘Displacement damage effects on the charge-coupled device(CCD)induced by neutrons at the back-streaming white neutron source(Back-n)in the China Spallation Neutron Source(CSNS)are analyzed according to an online irradiation experiment.The hot pixels,random telegraph signal(RTS),mean dark signal,dark current and dark signal non-uniformity(DSNU)induced by Back-n are presented.The dark current is calculated according to the mean dark signal at various integration times.The single-particle displacement damage and transient response are also observed based on the online measurement data.The trends of hot pixels,mean dark signal,DSNU and RTS degradation are related to the integration time and irradiation fluence.The mean dark signal,dark current and DSNU2 are nearly linear with neutron irradiation fluence when nearly all the pixels do not reach saturation.In addition,the mechanisms of the displacement damage effects on the CCD are demonstrated by combining the experimental results and technology computer-aided design(TCAD)simulation.Radiation-induced traps in the space charge region of the CCD will act as generation/recombination centers of electron-hole pairs,leading to an increase in the dark signal.
文摘<div style="text-align:justify;"> In this study, a two-dimensional model describing thermal stress on a charge-coupled device (CCD) induced by ms laser pulses was examined. Considering the nonlinearity of the CCD’s material parameters and the melting phase transition process of aluminum electrode materials was considered by using equivalent specific heat capacity method, the physical process where a laser pulse irradiating a CCD pixel array was simulated using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The temperature field and thermal stress field were calculated and analyzed. In order to clarify the mechanism producing damage on the CCD detector, Raman spectra from silicon were measured with a micro-Raman spectrometer to determine stress change in the CCD chip. The procedure presented herein illustrates a method for evaluating strain in a CCD after laser irradiation. </div>
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11675019,12105020,and 12075031)the Bud Project of Beijing Academy of Science and Technology(Grant No.BGS202106)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2021YFF0701202)
文摘A method to measure the detailed performance of polycapillary x-ray optics by a pinhole and charge coupled device(CCD)detector was proposed in this study.The pinhole was located between the x-ray source and the polycapillary x-ray optics to determine the illuminating region of the incident x-ray beam on the input side of the optics.The CCD detector placed downstream of the polycapillary x-ray optics ensured that the incident x-ray beam controlled by the pinhole irradiated a specific region of the input surface of the optics.The intensity of the output beam of the polycapillary x-ray optics was obtained from the far-field image of the output beam of the optics captured by CCD detector.As an application example,the focal spot size,gain in power density,transmission efficiency,and beam divergence of different parts of a polycapillary focusing x-ray lenses(PFXRL)were measured by a pinhole and CCD detector.Three pinholes with diameters of 500,1000,and 2000μm were used to adjust the diameter of the incident x-ray beam illuminating the PFXRL from 500μm to the entire surface of the input side of the PFXRL.The focal spot size of the PFXRL,gain in power density,transmission efficiency,and beam divergence ranged from 27.1μm to 34.6μm,400 to 3460,26.70%to 5.38%,and 16.8 mrad to 84.86 mrad,respectively.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61505191)
文摘A nonlinearity measurement of the charge-coupled device(CCD) array spectrometer using flux addition and comparison method is described. The light with various colors from the colorful light emitting diode(LED) light source is applied to measure the nonlinearity of the spectrometer at different wavelengths, respectively. An high-end CCD array spectrometer is tested. For colorful LED light sources, the nonlinearity factors of the CCD array spectrometer(absolute value) are as follows: k<0.8% for white light, k <1.1% for red light, k <2.2% for green light and k<4.7% for blue light. By using those quasi-monochromatic light sources, it is shown that the nonlinearity depends on the wavelength. It is important to be wariness about the spectral nonlinearity and related uncertainty evaluation when the narrow-band light source is tested.
基金the National High-Technolog Project (No. 863-416-3)
文摘An experimental method to study the influence of surface contamination of a thinned, backside illuminated charge-coupled device(CCD) upon its quantum efficiency in soft X-ray region is suggested. A transmission grating spectrometer(TGS), in which the transmission grating is coupled to a thinned, backside illuminated charge coupled device, is used to measure the continuum X-ray emission from the end of cylindrical target irradiated by laser. In the measured spectra, only the carbon K absorption edge at wavelength of 4.4 um due to condensation of the vacuum oil oil the CCD surface is clearly seen. The surface contamination is considered as an effective "carbon filter" and the filter absorption to correct the quantum efficiency of the CCD camera is taken into account. The effective thickness of the carbon filter is determined by comparing the jump height of the measured spectra at 4.4um with those of the carbon absorption coefficient curves obtained from various carbon thickness. The accuracy of this method is tested by comparing the X-ray spectrum measured by the TGS with that obtained by a soft X-ray spectrometer.
基金Funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong(Nos.2014A030313241,2014B090901068,and 2016A010103003)。
文摘Two viologen derivatives containing fluorine substituent(F)with an asymmetric structures,1,1'-bis(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-[4,4'-bipyridine]dihexafluorophosphate(DFPV)and 1-benzyl-1'-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-[4,4'-bipyridine]di-hexafluorophosphate(Bn-FPV),were synthesized.These viologen derivatives as active materials were used to assemble both flexible and rigid electrochromic devices(ECDs).ECDs based on DFPV exhibited reversible color change from colorless to deep green and ECDs based on Bn-FPV exhibited reversible color change from colorless to blue-green within applied voltage.It was found that the devices based on DFPV showed cycle stability,which could still maintain more than 90% after 1000 cycles.In addition,the modulation rate of the device to the solar irradiance is also calculated to characterize its application potential in smart windows.Among them,the rigid device(R-DFPV)based on the DFPV has a large solar irradiance modulation rate of 54.66%,which has the potential to be used as smart windows.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Project from the Minister of Science and Technology(2024YFA1211500)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.62304130,62405158 and 62574123)+1 种基金the Shanghai youth science and technology star project(24QA2702800)Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chips and Systems for Intelligent Connected Vehicle。
文摘Memristors have emerged as a transformative technology in the realm of electronic devices,offering unique advantages such as fast switching speeds,low power consumption,and the ability to sensor-memory-compute.The applications span across non-volatile memory,neuromorphic computing,hardware security,and beyond,prompting memristors to become a versatile solution for next-generation computing and data storage systems.Despite enormous potential of memristors,the transition from laboratory prototypes to large-scale applications is challenging in terms of material stability,device reproducibility,and array scalability.This review systematically explores recent advancements in high-performance memristor technologies,focusing on performance enhancement strategies through material engineering,structural design,pulse protocol optimization,and algorithm control.We provide an in-depth analysis of key performance metrics tailored to specific applications,including non-volatile memory,neuromorphic computing,and hardware security.Furthermore,we propose a co-design framework that integrates device-level optimizations with operational-level improvements,aiming to bridge the gap between theoretical models and practical implementations.
基金funded by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3807105)National Natural Science Foundation of China(52090033)+3 种基金State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials(KF222318)Jiangsu Province Industry-University-Research Cooperation Project(BY2022799)Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(KYCX243534KYCX243521)。
文摘Photo-assisted flexible energy storage devices,combining photoelectric conversion and electrochemical energy storage,emerge as an innovative solution for sustainable energy systems.This review comprehensively summarizes recent advances in photo-assisted flexible energy storage technology,covering material design,working mechanisms,and practical applications.We systematically examine diverse electrode materials,such as metal oxides,metal sulfides,organic photosensitive materials,and composites,emphasizing their roles in boosting device performance.Special focus is placed on emerging technologies—including heterostructure engineering,surface modification,and intelligent control systems—that have notably enhanced energy conversion efficiency and storage capacity.The review also discusses current challenges,such as material stability,conversion efficiency,and standardization,and proposes strategic directions for future development.Recent breakthroughs in photo-assisted supercapacitors,lithium-based batteries,zinc-based batteries,and other innovative storage systems are critically assessed,offering key insights into their practical application potential in wearable electronics,self-powered sensors,and beyond.This comprehensive analysis establishes a framework for understanding the current status of photo-assisted flexible energy storage technology and guides future research toward high-performance,sustainable energy storage solutions.
基金supported by the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant Nos.2020YFA0711500 and 2020YFA0711503)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.T2488302,T2342010,52076127)+5 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shanghai(Grant Nos.20ZR1471700,22JC1401800,and 24Z511405472)the State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration(Grant Nos.MSVZD202211,MSVZD202301,and MSVZD202401)Shanghai Jiao Tong University 2030 InitiativeShanghai Jiao Tong University Si Yuan Scholar Programthe Student Innovation Center and the Instrumental Analysis Center at Shanghai Jiao Tong Universitysupport by Shanghai Jiao Tong University 2030 Initiative。
文摘The electrocaloric(EC)effect refers to the change in the polarization entropy and/or temperature of dielectric materials when an electric field is applied and removed.EC refrigeration has received increasing interest as an alternative to conventional refrigeration technologies because it provides both high energy efficiency and zero global warming potential.In this review,we first introduce the thermodynamic fundamentals of the EC effect and the mechanism of EC refrigeration cycles.We then present recent advances in EC cooling technologies,from material improvements to device demonstrations,including a critical analysis of existing material and device characterization methodologies and a discussion of how to reliably measure the parameters of materials and devices.Finally,the current challenges and possible future prospects for EC cooling technology are outlined.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52242305).
文摘Cement stands as a dominant contributor to global energy consumption and carbon emissions in the construction industry.With the upgrading of infrastructure and the improvement of building standards,traditional cement fails to reconcile ecological responsibility with advanced functional performance.By incorporating tailored fillers into cement matrices,the resulting composites achieve enhanced thermoelectric(TE)conversion capabilities.These materials can harness solar radiation from building envelopes and recover waste heat from indoor thermal gradients,facilitating bidirectional energy conversion.This review offers a comprehensive and timely overview of cementbased thermoelectric materials(CTEMs),integrating material design,device fabrication,and diverse applications into a holistic perspective.It summarizes recent advancements in TE performance enhancement,encompassing fillers optimization and matrices innovation.Additionally,the review consolidates fabrication strategies and performance evaluations of cement-based thermoelectric devices(CTEDs),providing detailed discussions on their roles in monitoring and protection,energy harvesting,and smart building.We also address sustainability,durability,and lifecycle considerations of CTEMs,which are essential for real-world deployment.Finally,we outline future research directions in materials design,device engineering,and scalable manufacturing to foster the practical application of CTEMs in sustainable and intelligent infrastructure.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52103299)。
文摘With the global push for energy conservation and the rapid development of low-power,flexible and wearable optical displays,the demand for electrochromic technology has surged.Gel polymer electrolytes(GPEs),a crucial component of electrochromic devices(ECDs),show great promise in applications.This is attributed to their efficient ion-transport capabilities,excellent mechanical properties and strong adhesion.All of these characteristics are conducive to enhancing the safety of the devices,streamlining the packaging process,significantly improving the electrochromic performance of ECDs and boosting their commercial application potential.This review provides a comprehensive overview of GPEs for ECDs,focusing on their basic designs,functional modifications and practical applications.Firstly,this review outlines the fundamental design of GPEs for ECDs,encompassing key performance index,classification,gelation mechanism and preparation methods.Building on this foundation,it provides an in-depth discussion of functionalized GPEs developed to enhance device performance or expand functionality,including electrochromic,temperature-responsive,photo-responsive and stretchable self-healing GPE.Furthermore,the integration of GPEs into various ECD applications,including smart windows,displays,energy storage devices and wearable electronic,are summarized to highlight the advantages that the design of GPEs brings to the practical application of ECDs.Finally,based on the summary of GPEs employed for ECDs,the challenges and development expectations in this direction were indicated.
基金the support from the start-up of the University of Missouri-Columbia。
文摘Wearable ultrasound devices represent a transformative advancement in therapeutic applications,offering noninvasive,continuous,and targeted treatment for deep tissues.These systems leverage flexible materials(e.g.,piezoelectric composites,biodegradable polymers)and conformable designs to enable stable integration with dynamic anatomical surfaces.Key innovations include ultrasound-enhanced drug delivery through cavitation-mediated transdermal penetration,accelerated tissue regeneration via mechanical and electrical stimulation,and precise neuromodulation using focused acoustic waves.Recent developments demonstrate wireless operation,real-time monitoring,and closed-loop therapy,facilitated by energy-efficient transducers and AI-driven adaptive control.Despite progress,challenges persist in material durability,clinical validation,and scalable manufacturing.Future directions highlight the integration of nanomaterials,3D-printed architectures,and multimodal sensing for personalized medicine.This technology holds significant potential to redefine chronic disease management,postoperative recovery,and neurorehabilitation,bridging the gap between clinical and home-based care.
基金supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62105185,52202320)the“Qilu Young Scholar”program(62460082163097)of Shandong University,open foundation of the State Key Laboratory of Vanadium and Titanium Resources Comprehensive Utilization(2023P4FZG08A)+1 种基金Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.862201013153)Shandong Excellent Young Scientists Fund Program(Overseas)(2023HWYQ-060).
文摘Unlike conventional electrochromic devices,Zinc anode-based electrochromic devices(ZECDs)ensure excellent charge balance between the electrochromic layer and Zn anode during the coloring/bleaching by reversible metal deposition/stripping on the Zn anode.Meanwhile,the inherent potential difference between the metal anode and the electrochromic layer can drive the spontaneous coloration/bleaching of ZECDs,featuring energy retrieval functionality.This review discusses the working mechanisms,performance indexes of ZECDs,and the impact of material selection on ZECD performance.Furthermore,we comprehensively summarize the latest research progress of ZECDs in energy storage,smart windows,and multicolor displays.We argue that using high-transparency zinc mesh,additive manufacturing processes,and self-healing electrochromic materials can significantly advance the commercialization of large-area ZECDs.Finally,“electrode-free”device structures,renewable or replaceable electrolytes,and strategies to suppress zinc dendrites are prospected to overcome cost-effectiveness and lifespan issues of ZECDs.This review aims at enabling more efficient and advanced ZECDs for multifunctional applications.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.12474101)support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos.52272202 and W2421027)support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No.52501307)。
文摘New electronic devices based on the physical properties of electrically driven skyrmions are promising for logic computing and nonvolatile memory applications.However,achieving efficient and practical compute-storage integration remains challenging owing to the structural complexity,limited functionality,and low flexibility observed in most skyrmion-based devices.In this study,we designed a novel device architecture that integrates seven basic logic gates into a unified physical structure.Their operation can be enabled by physical mechanisms,such as spin-orbit torque,spin-transfer torque,skyrmion-edge repulsions,and skyrmion-skyrmion interactions.Furthermore,by incorporating voltage-controlled magnetic anisotropy,the device achieved multi-input capability and reconfigurability functionality.Ultralow power consumption(<1 fJ/bit per logic function)and extremely high logic density were achieved.Significantly,the compatibility of this nanotrack design with existing skyrmion racetrack memory paves the way for advanced in-memory computing in spintronic architectures.
基金financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.52205590,52575652,52322502,52175009)State Key Laboratory of Robotics and Systems(HIT)(No.SKLRS-2024-KF11)+3 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(No.BK20220834)the Taihu Lake Innovation Fund for the School of Future Technology of Southeast University,the Start-up Research Fund of Southeast University(No.RF1028623098)the National Heilongjiang Providence Nature Science Foundation of China(YQ2022E022)the European Research Council(ERC)under the European Union’s Horizon Europe research and innovation programme(I-BOT Project,Grant Agreement No.101162939)。
文摘Micro/nano devices(MNDs)are characterized by miniaturization,high precision,and multifunctional integration,making them highly suitable for use in areas such as microrobotics,biomedical devices and electronic sensors.Their fabrication requires exceptional precision in structural integrity,material control,and functional integration.Traditional micro/nano fabrication techniques face inherent limitations in constructing complex three-dimensional(3D)architectures and integrating multiple materials.While additive manufacturing(AM)provides flexibility,challenges remain in material alignment control,microstructural organization,and multifunctional integration.To overcome these limitations,field-assisted additive manufacturing(FAM)has emerged as a promising approach that combines magnetic,acoustic,or electric fields to regulate material alignment,microstructural organization,and spatial alignment.This capability improves fabrication precision,enhances material anisotropy and facilitates functional integration.This review systematically explores the mechanisms,fabrication process,and functional integration of FAM in the framework of nozzle-based and vat photopolymerization-based,while further exploring their applications in microrobotics,biomedical devices,and electronic sensors.Moreover,this review provides a comparative overview of different FAM approaches,highlighting their respective characteristics,typical applications,and unique advantages.In addition,the major challenges facing FAM research are comprehensively assessed and future directions are explored,including advances in spatial precision control capability,intelligent control for process integration,and multi-field coupling optimization.This review establishes a foundational theoretical framework that can serve as a systematic reference for micro/nano manufacturing researchers to promote the development of FAM for high-performance micro/nano device fabrication.
基金supported in part by the Central Guidance for Local Science and Technology Development Funds under Grant No.YDZJSX2025D049Shanxi Provincial Graduate Innovation Research Program under Grant No.2024KY652.
文摘Federated Learning(FL)provides an effective framework for efficient processing in vehicular edge computing.However,the dynamic and uncertain communication environment,along with the performance variations of vehicular devices,affect the distribution and uploading processes of model parameters.In FL-assisted Internet of Vehicles(IoV)scenarios,challenges such as data heterogeneity,limited device resources,and unstable communication environments become increasingly prominent.These issues necessitate intelligent vehicle selection schemes to enhance training efficiency.Given this context,we propose a new scenario involving FL-assisted IoV systems under dynamic and uncertain communication conditions,and develop a dynamic interval multi-objective optimization algorithm to jointly optimize various factors including training experiments,system energy consumption,and bandwidth utilization to meet multi-criteria resource optimization requirements.For the problem at hand,we design a dynamic interval multi-objective optimization algorithm based on interval overlap detection.Simulation results demonstrate that our method outperforms other solutions in terms of accuracy,training cost,and server utilization.It effectively enhances training efficiency under wireless channel environments while rationally utilizing bandwidth resources,thus possessing significant scientific value and application potential in the field of IoV.
基金the School of Engineering and Built Environment at Anglia Ruskin University,UK,for the supportthe support of IRC-CSS and the Electrical Engineering Department,KFUPM,Saudi Arabia。
文摘We discuss recent progress in using machine-learning(ML)-enabled inverse design techniques applied to photonic devices and components.Specifically,we highlight the design of optical sources,including fiber and semiconductor lasers,as well as Raman and semiconductor optical amplifiers.Although inverse design approaches for optical detectors remain relatively underexplored,we examine optical layers,particularly metamaterial absorbers,as promising candidates for high-performance optical detection.In addition,we underscore advancements in inverse designing passive optical components,including beam splitters,gratings,and optical fibers.These optical blocks are fundamental in developing next-generation standalone optical communication systems and optical sensing networks,including integrated sensing and communication technologies.While categorizing various reported deep learning architectures across five paradigms,we offer a paradigm-based perspective that reveals how different ML techniques function within modern inverse design methods and enable fast,data-driven solutions that significantly reduce design time and computational demands compared with traditional optimization methods.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52272179,52503356,52325310,52203208,U24A6003)the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFB3800101)+7 种基金the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST(YESS20240571)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2025T180052)the Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Project at Southwest United Graduate School(202302AO370013)the Beijing Nova Program(20230484480)the R&D Fruit Fund(20210001)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province(BK20250977)the Natural Science Research Projects of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(25KJB430002)the Changzhou City Leading Innovative Talents Introduction and Cultivation Project(Basic Research Innovation Category)(CQ20240103)。
文摘Silver bismuth sulfide(AgBiS_(2))has recently attracted increasing attention as a promising environmentally friendly semiconductor for next-generation optoelectronic applications,including photovoltaics and photodetection,due to its favorable energy band structure,strong light absorption,high dielectric constant,and low toxicity.Despite notable advances,research on AgBiS_(2) remains in its early stages,with key challenges related to synthetic control,defect passivation,and device engineering.For example,while the power conversion efficiency of AgBiS_(2)-based solar cells has improved rapidly,the current record efficiency of 10.84%remains far below the theoretical Shockley-Queisser limit(-26%).Similarly,AgBiS_(2)-based photodetectors exhibit detectivities around 10^(12)Jones,lagging behind state-of-the-art materials.This review provides a comprehensive summary of recent advances in the crystal structures,synthetic strategies,optoelectronic properties,and device architectures of AgBiS_(2).We highlight key achievements in solar cells,photodetectors,and thin-film transistors,while critically analyzing the remaining bottlenecks in material synthesis,defect modulation,and charge transport optimization.Finally,the broader application potential of AgBiS_(2) in flexible electronics,infrared imaging,buildingintegrated photovoltaics,photocatalysis,spintronics,and biomedicine is discussed.By offering insights into both current progress and future directions,this review aims to support the development of highperformance,multifunctional AgBiS_(2)-based optoelectronic devices.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.10975121,10905051,10902051,and 11174259)the Foundation of CAEP(Nos.2009A0102003 and 2011B0102021)the Foundation of Science and Technology on Plasma Physics Laboratory(No.9140C6802041004)
文摘A Princeton Instruments PI-LCX 1300 charge-coupled device （CCD） camera used for X-ray spectrum measurements in laser-plasma experiments is calibrated using three radioactive sources and investigated with the Monte Carlo code Geant4. The exposure level is controlled to make the CCD work in single photon counting mode. A summation algorithm for obtaining accurate X-ray spectra is developed to reconstruct the X-ray spectra, and the results show that the developed algorithm effectively reduces the low-energy tail caused by split pixel events. The obtained CCD energy response shows good linearity. The detection efficiency curves from both Monte Carlo simulations and the manufacturer agree well with the experimental results. This consistency demonstrates that event losses in charge collection processes are negligible when the developed summation algorithm of sDlit Dixel events is emDloved.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11274185 and 61137001)the Natural Science Foundation of Tianjin City (No. 16JCQNJC01900).
文摘A peculiar and regular diffraction pattern is recorded while using either a color or a monochrome charge-coupled device (CCD) camera to capture the image of the micro air plasma produced by femtosecond laser pulses. The diffraction pattern strongly disturbs the observation of the air plasma, so the origin and eliminating method of these diffraction patterns must be investigated. It is found that the Fourier transform of the periodic surface structure of either the mask mosaic of the color CCD or the pixel array of the monochrome CCD is responsible for the formation of the observed pattern. The residual surface reflection from the protection window of a CCD camera plays the essential role in forming the interesting two- dimensional diffraction spots on the same CCD sensor. Both experimental data and theoretical analyses confirm our understanding of this phenomenon. Therefore remov-ing the protection window of the CCD camera can eliminate these diffraction patterns.
