A nonlinear multi-scale interaction(NMI)model was proposed and developed by the first author for nearly 30 years to represent the evolution of atmospheric blocking.In this review paper,we first review the creation and...A nonlinear multi-scale interaction(NMI)model was proposed and developed by the first author for nearly 30 years to represent the evolution of atmospheric blocking.In this review paper,we first review the creation and development of the NMI model and then emphasize that the NMI model represents a new tool for identifying the basic physics of how climate change influences mid-to-high latitude weather extremes.The building of the NMI model took place over three main periods.In the 1990s,a nonlinear Schr?dinger(NLS)equation model was presented to describe atmospheric blocking as a wave packet;however,it could not depict the lifetime(10-20 days)of atmospheric blocking.In the 2000s,we proposed an NMI model of atmospheric blocking in a uniform basic flow by making a scale-separation assumption and deriving an eddyforced NLS equation.This model succeeded in describing the life cycle of atmospheric blocking.In the 2020s,the NMI model was extended to include the impact of a changing climate mainly by altering the basic zonal winds and the magnitude of the meridional background potential vorticity gradient(PVy).Model results show that when PVy is smaller,blocking has a weaker dispersion and a stronger nonlinearity,so blocking can be more persistent and have a larger zonal scale and weaker eastward movement,thus favoring stronger weather extremes.However,when PVy is much smaller and below a critical threshold under much stronger winter Arctic warming of global warming,atmospheric blocking becomes locally less persistent and shows a much stronger westward movement,which acts to inhibit local cold extremes.Such a case does not happen in summer under global warming because PVy fails to fall below the critical threshold.Thus,our theory indicates that global warming can render summer-blocking anticyclones and mid-to-high latitude heatwaves more persistent,intense,and widespread.展开更多
Making plans is a good idea,but every one's schedule looks differe nt.You may have to talk about your plans before you're able to make some.It could sound like this:You ask,"Do you have plans this Friday ...Making plans is a good idea,but every one's schedule looks differe nt.You may have to talk about your plans before you're able to make some.It could sound like this:You ask,"Do you have plans this Friday night?"If the person already has plans,they may say,"I do.But I'm free on Saturday."If that day doesn't work for you,you can say,"I'm not available that day.How about Sunday after no on?"After you figure out the day and time,mark it on your calendar.展开更多
This study,based on the theory of shifting essence and changing Qi in Inner Canon of Huangdi,deeply explores the theoretical basis,operation method of Conception Vessel Dredging Therapy and its influence on human heal...This study,based on the theory of shifting essence and changing Qi in Inner Canon of Huangdi,deeply explores the theoretical basis,operation method of Conception Vessel Dredging Therapy and its influence on human health.Through case analysis and the statistical analysis of medical records during the pandemic,it reveals the remarkable effects of this method in regulating the endocrine system,improving metabolism,and relieving physical and mental diseases.It provides a theoretical and practical basis for the application of traditional Chinese medicine anti-aging therapy in the modern health field,and helps to explore new ways to delay aging and improve physical and mental health.展开更多
The El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)is a key driver of global climate variability,profoundly influencing regional fire activities and associated pollutant emissions.This study investigates the impacts of ENSO o...The El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)is a key driver of global climate variability,profoundly influencing regional fire activities and associated pollutant emissions.This study investigates the impacts of ENSO on global fire emissions and fire-induced PM_(2.5)concentrations in 2000-2023.During El Niño events,global fire emissions increase by 5.9%-20.0%with regional hotspots in Indonesia,North America,and Australia,driven by anomalous warming and rainfall deficits.In contrast,La Niña events result in a 3.2%-9.9%reduction in global fire emissions,with regional variability depending on the fire inventories used.In response,fire-induced PM_(2.5)concentrations increase substantially during El Niño,rising by 27.5%-71.0%in Indonesia,49.2%-116.5%in North America,and 17.5%-42.6%in Australia.Conversely,La Niña events lead to decreases of 26.6%-52.5%,19.4%-37.3%,14.5%-24.4%in these regions,respectively.These findings highlight the critical role of ENSO in shaping fire emissions and air pollution from regional to global scales,providing valuable insights for mitigating the impacts of climatic extremes on air quality.展开更多
Protecting rare,endemic,and endangered species requires careful habitat evaluation to set strategic plans for mitigating biodiversity loss and prioritizing conservation goals.The endangered Asian elephant(Elephas maxi...Protecting rare,endemic,and endangered species requires careful habitat evaluation to set strategic plans for mitigating biodiversity loss and prioritizing conservation goals.The endangered Asian elephant(Elephas maximus)exemplifies the urgent need for targeted conservation efforts,given its challenging habitat conditions.This study examines the impact of climate and land use changes on the suitable habitat distribution of Asian elephants.Utilizing ten predictor variables,including climatic,topographic,and land use data,and employing six ensemble Species Distribution Models(SDMs)alongside Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 data,the study estimates spatial changes and potential habitat expansions for Asian elephants across Tropical Asia.Occurrence data were gathered from field surveys in Bangladesh and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility database for Sri Lanka,Myanmar,Bhutan,Cambodia,India,Laos,Nepal,Thailand,and Vietnam.To evaluate habitat suitability,the analysis considered two distinct socioeconomic pathways(SSP 245 and SSP 370)across two future periods(2041–2060 and 2061–2080).Results reveal a strong correlation between isothermality and habitat suitability,with higher isothermality enhancing the habitat conditions for Asian elephants.Among the SDMs,the random forest model demonstrated the highest performance.Projected scenarios indicate significant habitat fragmentation by 2061–2080,heightening the risk of species’vulnerability.Specifically,in SSP 245,the north zone is anticipated to experience a higher rate of habitat loss(588.443 km^(2)/year),whereas,in SSP 370,the west zone is expected to face a more severe rate of habitat loss(1,798.56 km^(2)/year).The eastern zone,which includes Cambodia,Vietnam,Laos,Thailand,and southern Myanmar,is notably at risk,with an estimated habitat loss of 14.8 million hectares.Anticipated changes in climate and land cover will impact the availability of essential resources such as food,water,and shelter,potentially driving the species to relocate to different elevation belts.The outcomes of the consensus map highlighting critical habitats and future fragmentation scenarios will support effective conservation and management strategies for the species.展开更多
The interactions between fire,ecosystems,and climate are complex.Tropical ecosystems have dominated global active fires nowadays,yet its causes,mechanisms,and consequences remain relatively poorly understood.To in-ves...The interactions between fire,ecosystems,and climate are complex.Tropical ecosystems have dominated global active fires nowadays,yet its causes,mechanisms,and consequences remain relatively poorly understood.To in-vestigate temporal response of remotely-sensed active fires to intra-annual climate change,several 1-km datasets,including the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Collection 6(MODIS C6)active fires and the Cli-matologies at High Resolution for the Earth’s Land Surface Areas(CHELSA)climate variables,were gathered to examine the climatic characteristics of active fire incidences,fire-climate correlations,and the average monthly response of active fire occurrences to climate change using the Geographic Information System(GIS)Fishnet tool,Theil-Sen Median slope estimation,Mann-Kendall significance test,and Pearson’s correlation.We concluded that climate variables’trends of nearly two-decade active fires displayed varied degrees of increment in precipitation(Pre),temperature(Tas),and surface downwelling shortwave radiation(Rsds)and inconsistent decrement in near-surface relative humidity(Hurs)and near-surface wind speed(sfcWind).MODIS multi-year(2003-2018)active fires were moderately to strongly correlated negatively with Pre and Hurs at 10 km grid-resolution but positively with sfcWind and Rsds,showing marked geographical variations in correlation direction and strength.The most significant finding is the newly observed inverse relationship between active fires and precipitation on both sides of the equator.High occurrence areas of active fires regularly appear back and forth along with latitudinal changes(at one-degree intervals)in monthly minimum precipitation between the tropical Northern and Southern Hemispheres.The present study contributes to exploring the underlying mechanism of fire-climate interactions against the backdrop of climate warming.展开更多
The sustainability of rice production continues to be a subject of uncertainty and inquiry attributed to shifts in climatic conditions. In light of the impending climate change crisis and the high labor and water cost...The sustainability of rice production continues to be a subject of uncertainty and inquiry attributed to shifts in climatic conditions. In light of the impending climate change crisis and the high labor and water costs accompanying it, direct-seeded rice(DSR) is unquestionably one of the most practical solutions. Despite its resource and climate-friendly advantages, early maturing rice faces weed competitiveness and seedling establishment challenges. Resolving these issues is crucial for promoting its wider adoption among farmers, presenting it as a more effective sustainable rice cultivation method globally. Diverse traditional and contemporary breeding methods are employed to mitigate the limitations of the DSR approach, leveraging advanced techniques such as speed breeding and genome editing. Focusing on key traits like mesocotyl length elongation, early seedling vigor, root system architecture, and weed competitiveness holds promise for transformative improvements in DSR adaptation at a broader scale within farming communities. This review aims to summarize how these features contribute to increased crop production in DSR conditions and explore the research efforts focusing on enhancing DSR adaptation through these traits. Emphasizing the pivotal role of these game-changing traits in DSR adaptation, our analysis sheds light on their potential transformative impact and offers valuable insights for advancing DSR practices.展开更多
There is 78%permafrost and seasonal frozen soil in the Yangtze River’s Source Region(SRYR),which is situated in the middle of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.Three distinct scenarios were developed in the Soil and Water A...There is 78%permafrost and seasonal frozen soil in the Yangtze River’s Source Region(SRYR),which is situated in the middle of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.Three distinct scenarios were developed in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT)to model the effects of land cover change(LCC)on various water balance components.Discharge and percolation of groundwater have decreased by mid-December.This demonstrates the seasonal contributions of subsurface water,which diminish when soil freezes.During winter,when surface water inputs are low,groundwater storage becomes even more critical to ensure water supply due to this periodic trend.An impermeable layer underneath the active layer thickness decreases GWQ and PERC in LCC+permafrost scenario.The water transport and storage phase reached a critical point in August when precipitation,permafrost thawing,and snowmelt caused LATQ to surge.To prevent waterlogging and save water for dry periods,it is necessary to control this peak flow phase.Hydrological processes,permafrost dynamics,and land cover changes in the SRYR are difficult,according to the data.These interactions enhance water circulation throughout the year,recharge of groundwater supplies,surface runoff,and lateral flow.For the region’s water resource management to be effective in sustaining ecohydrology,ensuring appropriate water storage,and alleviating freshwater scarcity,these dynamics must be considered.展开更多
The Canada Basin is the largest basin in the Arctic Ocean.Its unique physical features have the highest concentration of nutrients being found in the subsurface layer,referred to as the subsurface nutrient maximum lay...The Canada Basin is the largest basin in the Arctic Ocean.Its unique physical features have the highest concentration of nutrients being found in the subsurface layer,referred to as the subsurface nutrient maximum layer(SNM).Under climate change in the Arctic,the SNM is an essential material base for primary productivity.However,long-term trends of nutrient variations and dominant factors related to nutrient levels in the SNM are still unclear.In this study,we analyzed the SNM variations and main influencing factors of the Canada Basin based on the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project Version 2 between 1990 and 2015 and the Chinese Arctic Research Expedition between 2010 and 2016.We found that the nutrient concentrations in the SNM were relatively stable for decades[average concentrations of nitrate,phosphate,and silicate were(13.6±2.4)μmol/L,(1.8±0.2)μmol/L,and(31.5±5.7)μmol/L,respectively].Nutrient reservoirs were dominated by physical processes.Inflow and outflow water of the SNM contributed about 60.4%and-50.2%to the nutrient stocks,respectively,while particle deposition and remineralization in the Canada Basin contributed approximately one-third to the nutrient stocks.Nitrogen fixation and denitrification in the Canada Basin had no substantial impact on nutrient stocks.The overall stabilization of the SNM over the past few decades implied that the SNM would not substantially affect short term primary productivity.Understanding the long-term trends and dominant factors of reservoirs in the SNM will provide useful insights into the changing Canada Basin ecosystem.展开更多
Nowadays buildings contain innovative materials,materials from local resources,production surpluses and rapidly renewable natural resources.Phase Change Materials(PCM)are one such group of novel materials which reduce...Nowadays buildings contain innovative materials,materials from local resources,production surpluses and rapidly renewable natural resources.Phase Change Materials(PCM)are one such group of novel materials which reduce building energy consumption.With the wider availability of microencapsulated PCM,there is an opportunity to develop a new type of insulating materials,combinate PCM with traditional insulation materials for latent heat energy storage.These materials are typically flammable and are located on the interior wall finishing yet there has been no detailed assessment of their fire performance.In this research work prototypes of low-density insulating boards for indoor spaces from hemp shives using carbamide resin binder and cold pressing were studied.Bench-scale cone calorimeter tests were conducted to evaluate fire risk,with a focus on assessing material flammability properties and the influence of PCM on the results.In this research,the amount of smoke,heat release rate,effective heat of combustion,specific extinction coefficient,mass loss,carbon dioxide yield,specific loss factor,ignition time of hemp straws samples and samples of hemp straws with 10%and without PCM admixture were compared.There is a risk of flammability for PCM and their fire reaction has not been evaluated when incorporating PCM into interior wall finishing boards.The obtained results can be used by designers to balance the potential energy savings of using PCM with a more complete understanding and predictability of the associated fire risk when using the proposed boards.It also allows for appropriate risk mitigation strategies.展开更多
The Tibetan Plateau(TP)has undergone significant warming and humidification in recent years,resulting in rapid permafrost degradation and spatiotemporal variations in hydrological processes,such as subsurface water tr...The Tibetan Plateau(TP)has undergone significant warming and humidification in recent years,resulting in rapid permafrost degradation and spatiotemporal variations in hydrological processes,such as subsurface water transport,hydrothermal conversion,and runoff generation.Understanding the mechanisms of hydrological processes in permafrost areas under changing climate is crucial for accurately evaluating hydrological responses on the TP.This study comprehensively discusses the permafrost hydrological processes of the TP under changing climate.Topics include climate conditions and permafrost states,subsurface water transport under freeze-thaw conditions,development of thermokarst lakes and hydrothermal processes,and runoff response during permafrost degradation.This study offers a comprehensive understanding of permafrost changes and their hydrological responses,contributing significantly to water security and sustainable development on the TP.展开更多
A better understanding of China’s modernization presents an insight into a changing world.AS China has developed,so too has the global economy.For the past 200 years or so,the structure of the global economy was domi...A better understanding of China’s modernization presents an insight into a changing world.AS China has developed,so too has the global economy.For the past 200 years or so,the structure of the global economy was dominated first by the British empire,and more recently by the U.S.as the global economic hegemon.This system of center-and-peripheries is now decentering,with a diversification of networks and connections creating a multinodal system of value growth and circulation.展开更多
While various prior studies have delved into the potential consequences of climate change on crop production in specific areas, notably in southeastern Louisiana, limited investigation has been carried out concerning ...While various prior studies have delved into the potential consequences of climate change on crop production in specific areas, notably in southeastern Louisiana, limited investigation has been carried out concerning some crops within the state of Louisiana. Consequently, there exists a dearth of knowledge regarding the specific hurdles and potential benefits confronting agricultural producers in this region. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to explore and measure the impact of climate change on the yields of corn, rice, soybeans, and cotton in Louisiana, thereby addressing this informational void. The study uses data on average high temperatures and precipitation to assess the impact of climate change on these specific food crops in Louisiana. The researchers used ArcGIS and its symbology tool to create three separate maps depicting the spatial distribution of harvested cropland in Louisiana. The graduated color option was used on each map, which represented the years 2007, 2012, and 2017. Similarly, eight separate maps were created using the graduated color option to visually present the distribution patterns of Louisiana’s corn, cotton, rice, and soybean crops. These maps provided a visual representation of the state’s total crop production between 2007 and 2017. The researchers also created six bar charts to show the distribution of corn, cotton, rice, and soybean production in Louisiana over three time periods: 2007, 2012, and 2017. These charts also included information about the average high temperature and annual precipitation in each parish. The study revealed decreasing trends in Louisiana corn and cotton yields alongside consistent increases in rice and soybean yields, with projections suggesting future temperature rises may negatively impact crop yields, highlighting the need for research into climate-smart agricultural practices to mitigate these effects and safeguard global crop production. Louisiana’s response to climate change in food crop production involves implementing a comprehensive Climate-Resilient Agriculture Program, focusing on developing climate-adaptive crop varieties, sustainable water management, climate-responsive insurance, farmer education, and outreach to safeguard food security, enhance agricultural resilience, and ensure sustainable crop production.展开更多
Wildfires can result from natural causes like lightning,volcanoes,and earthquakes.In Brazil,though,volcanoes and earthquakes are rare.The surge in fires over the past decade is linked to human activities,mainly defore...Wildfires can result from natural causes like lightning,volcanoes,and earthquakes.In Brazil,though,volcanoes and earthquakes are rare.The surge in fires over the past decade is linked to human activities,mainly deforestation driven by foreign interests searching for strategic minerals in low-productivity areas.This extensive mining affects the environment and climate,jeopardizes lives,impacts local birth rates and young women,and ultimately threatens entire populations seeking a dignified life.展开更多
Based on the daily meteorological data of Bengbu City during 1981-2020,the changing characteristics of three elements needed for the calculation of the comfort index of human body(CIHB)were discussed,and daily CIHB wa...Based on the daily meteorological data of Bengbu City during 1981-2020,the changing characteristics of three elements needed for the calculation of the comfort index of human body(CIHB)were discussed,and daily CIHB was classified and discussed.The results show that from 1981 to 2020,annual average temperature tended to increase significantly.Annual average wind speed and relative humidity showed a decreasing trend before 2011 but an increasing trend after 2011.The duration of the four seasons in Bengbu City mainly rose in spring,reduced in winter,declined first and then increased in summer,and rose first and then decreased in autumn.As CIHB was at grades 1 and 9(the most uncomfortable),the three factors had different effects on them.For cold weather,the influence of relative humidity and wind speed on CIHB can not be ignored besides temperature.In hot weather,the influence of temperature was dominant,and the change of annual average temperature could well correspond to the change in the number of very hot days.In the context of climate warming,the number of cold days tended to decline generally,but it was larger in the years with fewer very cold days.Under the background of climate warming,there was no obvious change in the number of days of the overall comfort of human body.The number of hot days was closely related to the duration of summer,and the number of days of grade 8 rose significantly in the years with an increase in the duration of summer.展开更多
Water,economy,and ecology are interdependent and should be viewed as an interconnected“system of systems”(Daher et al.,2019;Dargin et al.,2019).Water is placed at the center of this complex nexus,being essential for...Water,economy,and ecology are interdependent and should be viewed as an interconnected“system of systems”(Daher et al.,2019;Dargin et al.,2019).Water is placed at the center of this complex nexus,being essential for human survival,economic growth,food security,and ecological integrity.Any disruption in the water domain reverberates across multiple other domains,amplifying existing challenges and creating new ones.Consequently,water management and governance carry significant economic and environmental implications that must be addressed through a holistic,integrated approach.展开更多
Wildfires can result from natural causes like lightning, volcanoes, and earthquakes. In Brazil, though, volcanoes do not exist, and earthquakes are rare. The surge in fires over the past decade is linked to human acti...Wildfires can result from natural causes like lightning, volcanoes, and earthquakes. In Brazil, though, volcanoes do not exist, and earthquakes are rare. The surge in fires over the past decade is linked to human activities, mainly deforestation driven by foreign interests searching for strategic minerals in low-productivity areas. The aim of those mines is to develop new green technologies;however, those innovative approaches to energy involving lots of minerals are rarely found on Earth. Extensive mining brutally affects the climate and environment and jeopardizes lives, impacting not only the environment but also increasing the pollution and degradation of human lives in the investigated locations.展开更多
In order to simulate changes in the water quality of the Miyun Reservoir dueto continuous descent of surface water level, a 3-D ecological hydrodynamic model was developedthrough coupling the water quality analysis si...In order to simulate changes in the water quality of the Miyun Reservoir dueto continuous descent of surface water level, a 3-D ecological hydrodynamic model was developedthrough coupling the water quality analysis simulation program (WASP) with the environmental fluiddynamics code (EFDC). The model was then calibrated and verified. Four scenarios (S1, S21, S22 andS23) were simulated using the model. Results show that the water quality of the Miyun Reservoirunder conditions of low surface water level is apparently affected by different amounts of inflowand different total phosphorus (TP) loadings. The chlorophyll-a concentration might exceed 10 μg/Lin many areas of the Miyun Reservoir (This limitative value is seen as a critical value ofeutrophication) when large loadings of TP enter due to the amount of inflow increasing. Results ofscenario S23 indicate that control of TP loadings can decrease chlorophyll-a concentrationeffectively, and the water quality of the Miyun Reservoir will improve or retain its status quo.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.42150204 and 2288101)supported by the China National Postdoctoral Program for Innovative Talents(BX20230045)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M730279)。
文摘A nonlinear multi-scale interaction(NMI)model was proposed and developed by the first author for nearly 30 years to represent the evolution of atmospheric blocking.In this review paper,we first review the creation and development of the NMI model and then emphasize that the NMI model represents a new tool for identifying the basic physics of how climate change influences mid-to-high latitude weather extremes.The building of the NMI model took place over three main periods.In the 1990s,a nonlinear Schr?dinger(NLS)equation model was presented to describe atmospheric blocking as a wave packet;however,it could not depict the lifetime(10-20 days)of atmospheric blocking.In the 2000s,we proposed an NMI model of atmospheric blocking in a uniform basic flow by making a scale-separation assumption and deriving an eddyforced NLS equation.This model succeeded in describing the life cycle of atmospheric blocking.In the 2020s,the NMI model was extended to include the impact of a changing climate mainly by altering the basic zonal winds and the magnitude of the meridional background potential vorticity gradient(PVy).Model results show that when PVy is smaller,blocking has a weaker dispersion and a stronger nonlinearity,so blocking can be more persistent and have a larger zonal scale and weaker eastward movement,thus favoring stronger weather extremes.However,when PVy is much smaller and below a critical threshold under much stronger winter Arctic warming of global warming,atmospheric blocking becomes locally less persistent and shows a much stronger westward movement,which acts to inhibit local cold extremes.Such a case does not happen in summer under global warming because PVy fails to fall below the critical threshold.Thus,our theory indicates that global warming can render summer-blocking anticyclones and mid-to-high latitude heatwaves more persistent,intense,and widespread.
文摘Making plans is a good idea,but every one's schedule looks differe nt.You may have to talk about your plans before you're able to make some.It could sound like this:You ask,"Do you have plans this Friday night?"If the person already has plans,they may say,"I do.But I'm free on Saturday."If that day doesn't work for you,you can say,"I'm not available that day.How about Sunday after no on?"After you figure out the day and time,mark it on your calendar.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation of China,Taoist Qi Healing the World Project(Project No.:71971359).
文摘This study,based on the theory of shifting essence and changing Qi in Inner Canon of Huangdi,deeply explores the theoretical basis,operation method of Conception Vessel Dredging Therapy and its influence on human health.Through case analysis and the statistical analysis of medical records during the pandemic,it reveals the remarkable effects of this method in regulating the endocrine system,improving metabolism,and relieving physical and mental diseases.It provides a theoretical and practical basis for the application of traditional Chinese medicine anti-aging therapy in the modern health field,and helps to explore new ways to delay aging and improve physical and mental health.
基金jointly supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China[grant number 2023YFF0805402]the National Natural Science Foundation of China[grant number42405107]+1 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province[grant number BK20240715]the Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent[grant number 2023ZB113]。
文摘The El Niño-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)is a key driver of global climate variability,profoundly influencing regional fire activities and associated pollutant emissions.This study investigates the impacts of ENSO on global fire emissions and fire-induced PM_(2.5)concentrations in 2000-2023.During El Niño events,global fire emissions increase by 5.9%-20.0%with regional hotspots in Indonesia,North America,and Australia,driven by anomalous warming and rainfall deficits.In contrast,La Niña events result in a 3.2%-9.9%reduction in global fire emissions,with regional variability depending on the fire inventories used.In response,fire-induced PM_(2.5)concentrations increase substantially during El Niño,rising by 27.5%-71.0%in Indonesia,49.2%-116.5%in North America,and 17.5%-42.6%in Australia.Conversely,La Niña events lead to decreases of 26.6%-52.5%,19.4%-37.3%,14.5%-24.4%in these regions,respectively.These findings highlight the critical role of ENSO in shaping fire emissions and air pollution from regional to global scales,providing valuable insights for mitigating the impacts of climatic extremes on air quality.
基金funded by USAID’s Community Partnerships to Strengthen Sustainable Development(Compass)Program implemented by U.S.Forest Service International Programs(Grant No.Compass-SA-2023-073).
文摘Protecting rare,endemic,and endangered species requires careful habitat evaluation to set strategic plans for mitigating biodiversity loss and prioritizing conservation goals.The endangered Asian elephant(Elephas maximus)exemplifies the urgent need for targeted conservation efforts,given its challenging habitat conditions.This study examines the impact of climate and land use changes on the suitable habitat distribution of Asian elephants.Utilizing ten predictor variables,including climatic,topographic,and land use data,and employing six ensemble Species Distribution Models(SDMs)alongside Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 data,the study estimates spatial changes and potential habitat expansions for Asian elephants across Tropical Asia.Occurrence data were gathered from field surveys in Bangladesh and the Global Biodiversity Information Facility database for Sri Lanka,Myanmar,Bhutan,Cambodia,India,Laos,Nepal,Thailand,and Vietnam.To evaluate habitat suitability,the analysis considered two distinct socioeconomic pathways(SSP 245 and SSP 370)across two future periods(2041–2060 and 2061–2080).Results reveal a strong correlation between isothermality and habitat suitability,with higher isothermality enhancing the habitat conditions for Asian elephants.Among the SDMs,the random forest model demonstrated the highest performance.Projected scenarios indicate significant habitat fragmentation by 2061–2080,heightening the risk of species’vulnerability.Specifically,in SSP 245,the north zone is anticipated to experience a higher rate of habitat loss(588.443 km^(2)/year),whereas,in SSP 370,the west zone is expected to face a more severe rate of habitat loss(1,798.56 km^(2)/year).The eastern zone,which includes Cambodia,Vietnam,Laos,Thailand,and southern Myanmar,is notably at risk,with an estimated habitat loss of 14.8 million hectares.Anticipated changes in climate and land cover will impact the availability of essential resources such as food,water,and shelter,potentially driving the species to relocate to different elevation belts.The outcomes of the consensus map highlighting critical habitats and future fragmentation scenarios will support effective conservation and management strategies for the species.
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.42371282 and 42130508)the Second Ti-betan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program(Grant No.2019QZKK1006)Youth Innovation Promotion Association of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.2020055)。
文摘The interactions between fire,ecosystems,and climate are complex.Tropical ecosystems have dominated global active fires nowadays,yet its causes,mechanisms,and consequences remain relatively poorly understood.To in-vestigate temporal response of remotely-sensed active fires to intra-annual climate change,several 1-km datasets,including the Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer Collection 6(MODIS C6)active fires and the Cli-matologies at High Resolution for the Earth’s Land Surface Areas(CHELSA)climate variables,were gathered to examine the climatic characteristics of active fire incidences,fire-climate correlations,and the average monthly response of active fire occurrences to climate change using the Geographic Information System(GIS)Fishnet tool,Theil-Sen Median slope estimation,Mann-Kendall significance test,and Pearson’s correlation.We concluded that climate variables’trends of nearly two-decade active fires displayed varied degrees of increment in precipitation(Pre),temperature(Tas),and surface downwelling shortwave radiation(Rsds)and inconsistent decrement in near-surface relative humidity(Hurs)and near-surface wind speed(sfcWind).MODIS multi-year(2003-2018)active fires were moderately to strongly correlated negatively with Pre and Hurs at 10 km grid-resolution but positively with sfcWind and Rsds,showing marked geographical variations in correlation direction and strength.The most significant finding is the newly observed inverse relationship between active fires and precipitation on both sides of the equator.High occurrence areas of active fires regularly appear back and forth along with latitudinal changes(at one-degree intervals)in monthly minimum precipitation between the tropical Northern and Southern Hemispheres.The present study contributes to exploring the underlying mechanism of fire-climate interactions against the backdrop of climate warming.
基金supported by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research-International Rice Research Institute Collaborative Project, India (Grant No. OXX4928)。
文摘The sustainability of rice production continues to be a subject of uncertainty and inquiry attributed to shifts in climatic conditions. In light of the impending climate change crisis and the high labor and water costs accompanying it, direct-seeded rice(DSR) is unquestionably one of the most practical solutions. Despite its resource and climate-friendly advantages, early maturing rice faces weed competitiveness and seedling establishment challenges. Resolving these issues is crucial for promoting its wider adoption among farmers, presenting it as a more effective sustainable rice cultivation method globally. Diverse traditional and contemporary breeding methods are employed to mitigate the limitations of the DSR approach, leveraging advanced techniques such as speed breeding and genome editing. Focusing on key traits like mesocotyl length elongation, early seedling vigor, root system architecture, and weed competitiveness holds promise for transformative improvements in DSR adaptation at a broader scale within farming communities. This review aims to summarize how these features contribute to increased crop production in DSR conditions and explore the research efforts focusing on enhancing DSR adaptation through these traits. Emphasizing the pivotal role of these game-changing traits in DSR adaptation, our analysis sheds light on their potential transformative impact and offers valuable insights for advancing DSR practices.
基金supported by the Key Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41830752)the General Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.42101397,42071033,41961134003).
文摘There is 78%permafrost and seasonal frozen soil in the Yangtze River’s Source Region(SRYR),which is situated in the middle of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau.Three distinct scenarios were developed in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool(SWAT)to model the effects of land cover change(LCC)on various water balance components.Discharge and percolation of groundwater have decreased by mid-December.This demonstrates the seasonal contributions of subsurface water,which diminish when soil freezes.During winter,when surface water inputs are low,groundwater storage becomes even more critical to ensure water supply due to this periodic trend.An impermeable layer underneath the active layer thickness decreases GWQ and PERC in LCC+permafrost scenario.The water transport and storage phase reached a critical point in August when precipitation,permafrost thawing,and snowmelt caused LATQ to surge.To prevent waterlogging and save water for dry periods,it is necessary to control this peak flow phase.Hydrological processes,permafrost dynamics,and land cover changes in the SRYR are difficult,according to the data.These interactions enhance water circulation throughout the year,recharge of groundwater supplies,surface runoff,and lateral flow.For the region’s water resource management to be effective in sustaining ecohydrology,ensuring appropriate water storage,and alleviating freshwater scarcity,these dynamics must be considered.
基金The National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No.41941013the National Key R&D Program of China under contract No.2019YFE0120900.
文摘The Canada Basin is the largest basin in the Arctic Ocean.Its unique physical features have the highest concentration of nutrients being found in the subsurface layer,referred to as the subsurface nutrient maximum layer(SNM).Under climate change in the Arctic,the SNM is an essential material base for primary productivity.However,long-term trends of nutrient variations and dominant factors related to nutrient levels in the SNM are still unclear.In this study,we analyzed the SNM variations and main influencing factors of the Canada Basin based on the Global Ocean Data Analysis Project Version 2 between 1990 and 2015 and the Chinese Arctic Research Expedition between 2010 and 2016.We found that the nutrient concentrations in the SNM were relatively stable for decades[average concentrations of nitrate,phosphate,and silicate were(13.6±2.4)μmol/L,(1.8±0.2)μmol/L,and(31.5±5.7)μmol/L,respectively].Nutrient reservoirs were dominated by physical processes.Inflow and outflow water of the SNM contributed about 60.4%and-50.2%to the nutrient stocks,respectively,while particle deposition and remineralization in the Canada Basin contributed approximately one-third to the nutrient stocks.Nitrogen fixation and denitrification in the Canada Basin had no substantial impact on nutrient stocks.The overall stabilization of the SNM over the past few decades implied that the SNM would not substantially affect short term primary productivity.Understanding the long-term trends and dominant factors of reservoirs in the SNM will provide useful insights into the changing Canada Basin ecosystem.
基金supported by the European Regional Development Fund Postdoctoral Research Support“Structures and Technology Development of Smart Insulation Materials for Indoor Microclimate Regulation”1.1.1.2/VIAA/1/16/152the European Social Fund within the Project“Development of the Academic Personnel of Riga Technical University in the Strategic Fields of Specialization”Nr.8.2.2.0/18/A/017.
文摘Nowadays buildings contain innovative materials,materials from local resources,production surpluses and rapidly renewable natural resources.Phase Change Materials(PCM)are one such group of novel materials which reduce building energy consumption.With the wider availability of microencapsulated PCM,there is an opportunity to develop a new type of insulating materials,combinate PCM with traditional insulation materials for latent heat energy storage.These materials are typically flammable and are located on the interior wall finishing yet there has been no detailed assessment of their fire performance.In this research work prototypes of low-density insulating boards for indoor spaces from hemp shives using carbamide resin binder and cold pressing were studied.Bench-scale cone calorimeter tests were conducted to evaluate fire risk,with a focus on assessing material flammability properties and the influence of PCM on the results.In this research,the amount of smoke,heat release rate,effective heat of combustion,specific extinction coefficient,mass loss,carbon dioxide yield,specific loss factor,ignition time of hemp straws samples and samples of hemp straws with 10%and without PCM admixture were compared.There is a risk of flammability for PCM and their fire reaction has not been evaluated when incorporating PCM into interior wall finishing boards.The obtained results can be used by designers to balance the potential energy savings of using PCM with a more complete understanding and predictability of the associated fire risk when using the proposed boards.It also allows for appropriate risk mitigation strategies.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.42201015,U2240217,and U2340213)the Jiangsu Funding Program for Excellent Postdoctoral Talent(Grant No.2022ZB173)the Special Fund of the National Key Laboratory of Water Disaster Prevention(Grant No.523024862).
文摘The Tibetan Plateau(TP)has undergone significant warming and humidification in recent years,resulting in rapid permafrost degradation and spatiotemporal variations in hydrological processes,such as subsurface water transport,hydrothermal conversion,and runoff generation.Understanding the mechanisms of hydrological processes in permafrost areas under changing climate is crucial for accurately evaluating hydrological responses on the TP.This study comprehensively discusses the permafrost hydrological processes of the TP under changing climate.Topics include climate conditions and permafrost states,subsurface water transport under freeze-thaw conditions,development of thermokarst lakes and hydrothermal processes,and runoff response during permafrost degradation.This study offers a comprehensive understanding of permafrost changes and their hydrological responses,contributing significantly to water security and sustainable development on the TP.
文摘A better understanding of China’s modernization presents an insight into a changing world.AS China has developed,so too has the global economy.For the past 200 years or so,the structure of the global economy was dominated first by the British empire,and more recently by the U.S.as the global economic hegemon.This system of center-and-peripheries is now decentering,with a diversification of networks and connections creating a multinodal system of value growth and circulation.
文摘While various prior studies have delved into the potential consequences of climate change on crop production in specific areas, notably in southeastern Louisiana, limited investigation has been carried out concerning some crops within the state of Louisiana. Consequently, there exists a dearth of knowledge regarding the specific hurdles and potential benefits confronting agricultural producers in this region. Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to explore and measure the impact of climate change on the yields of corn, rice, soybeans, and cotton in Louisiana, thereby addressing this informational void. The study uses data on average high temperatures and precipitation to assess the impact of climate change on these specific food crops in Louisiana. The researchers used ArcGIS and its symbology tool to create three separate maps depicting the spatial distribution of harvested cropland in Louisiana. The graduated color option was used on each map, which represented the years 2007, 2012, and 2017. Similarly, eight separate maps were created using the graduated color option to visually present the distribution patterns of Louisiana’s corn, cotton, rice, and soybean crops. These maps provided a visual representation of the state’s total crop production between 2007 and 2017. The researchers also created six bar charts to show the distribution of corn, cotton, rice, and soybean production in Louisiana over three time periods: 2007, 2012, and 2017. These charts also included information about the average high temperature and annual precipitation in each parish. The study revealed decreasing trends in Louisiana corn and cotton yields alongside consistent increases in rice and soybean yields, with projections suggesting future temperature rises may negatively impact crop yields, highlighting the need for research into climate-smart agricultural practices to mitigate these effects and safeguard global crop production. Louisiana’s response to climate change in food crop production involves implementing a comprehensive Climate-Resilient Agriculture Program, focusing on developing climate-adaptive crop varieties, sustainable water management, climate-responsive insurance, farmer education, and outreach to safeguard food security, enhance agricultural resilience, and ensure sustainable crop production.
文摘Wildfires can result from natural causes like lightning,volcanoes,and earthquakes.In Brazil,though,volcanoes and earthquakes are rare.The surge in fires over the past decade is linked to human activities,mainly deforestation driven by foreign interests searching for strategic minerals in low-productivity areas.This extensive mining affects the environment and climate,jeopardizes lives,impacts local birth rates and young women,and ultimately threatens entire populations seeking a dignified life.
文摘Based on the daily meteorological data of Bengbu City during 1981-2020,the changing characteristics of three elements needed for the calculation of the comfort index of human body(CIHB)were discussed,and daily CIHB was classified and discussed.The results show that from 1981 to 2020,annual average temperature tended to increase significantly.Annual average wind speed and relative humidity showed a decreasing trend before 2011 but an increasing trend after 2011.The duration of the four seasons in Bengbu City mainly rose in spring,reduced in winter,declined first and then increased in summer,and rose first and then decreased in autumn.As CIHB was at grades 1 and 9(the most uncomfortable),the three factors had different effects on them.For cold weather,the influence of relative humidity and wind speed on CIHB can not be ignored besides temperature.In hot weather,the influence of temperature was dominant,and the change of annual average temperature could well correspond to the change in the number of very hot days.In the context of climate warming,the number of cold days tended to decline generally,but it was larger in the years with fewer very cold days.Under the background of climate warming,there was no obvious change in the number of days of the overall comfort of human body.The number of hot days was closely related to the duration of summer,and the number of days of grade 8 rose significantly in the years with an increase in the duration of summer.
基金This work was supported by the general operational fund of China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research。
文摘Water,economy,and ecology are interdependent and should be viewed as an interconnected“system of systems”(Daher et al.,2019;Dargin et al.,2019).Water is placed at the center of this complex nexus,being essential for human survival,economic growth,food security,and ecological integrity.Any disruption in the water domain reverberates across multiple other domains,amplifying existing challenges and creating new ones.Consequently,water management and governance carry significant economic and environmental implications that must be addressed through a holistic,integrated approach.
文摘Wildfires can result from natural causes like lightning, volcanoes, and earthquakes. In Brazil, though, volcanoes do not exist, and earthquakes are rare. The surge in fires over the past decade is linked to human activities, mainly deforestation driven by foreign interests searching for strategic minerals in low-productivity areas. The aim of those mines is to develop new green technologies;however, those innovative approaches to energy involving lots of minerals are rarely found on Earth. Extensive mining brutally affects the climate and environment and jeopardizes lives, impacting not only the environment but also increasing the pollution and degradation of human lives in the investigated locations.
文摘In order to simulate changes in the water quality of the Miyun Reservoir dueto continuous descent of surface water level, a 3-D ecological hydrodynamic model was developedthrough coupling the water quality analysis simulation program (WASP) with the environmental fluiddynamics code (EFDC). The model was then calibrated and verified. Four scenarios (S1, S21, S22 andS23) were simulated using the model. Results show that the water quality of the Miyun Reservoirunder conditions of low surface water level is apparently affected by different amounts of inflowand different total phosphorus (TP) loadings. The chlorophyll-a concentration might exceed 10 μg/Lin many areas of the Miyun Reservoir (This limitative value is seen as a critical value ofeutrophication) when large loadings of TP enter due to the amount of inflow increasing. Results ofscenario S23 indicate that control of TP loadings can decrease chlorophyll-a concentrationeffectively, and the water quality of the Miyun Reservoir will improve or retain its status quo.
