The Arctic and Antarctica are important components of the Earth system,and the snow and ice over the polar regions make the interactions between the spheres there extremely sensitive to climate change,with an amplifyi...The Arctic and Antarctica are important components of the Earth system,and the snow and ice over the polar regions make the interactions between the spheres there extremely sensitive to climate change,with an amplifying effect on climate warming.Polar regions are the forefront of global climate and ecosystem changes.More than half of the identified climate tipping elements in our planet occur in the polar regions,with the losses of Arctic sea ice,Greenland ice sheet,permafrost,and western Antarctic ice sheet,being considered as tipping elements with global impacts that have already occurred(McKay et al.,2022).These changes in the polar regions affect the heat and material transfer,water and carbon cycles,as well as biological diversity at a global scale,closely related to global sustainable development.Therefore,polar regions are also considered the limiting factors in achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(Li et al.,2025).展开更多
文摘The Arctic and Antarctica are important components of the Earth system,and the snow and ice over the polar regions make the interactions between the spheres there extremely sensitive to climate change,with an amplifying effect on climate warming.Polar regions are the forefront of global climate and ecosystem changes.More than half of the identified climate tipping elements in our planet occur in the polar regions,with the losses of Arctic sea ice,Greenland ice sheet,permafrost,and western Antarctic ice sheet,being considered as tipping elements with global impacts that have already occurred(McKay et al.,2022).These changes in the polar regions affect the heat and material transfer,water and carbon cycles,as well as biological diversity at a global scale,closely related to global sustainable development.Therefore,polar regions are also considered the limiting factors in achieving the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(Li et al.,2025).
