1.Introduction With an estimate of 19,976,499 newly diagnosed cases and 9,743,832 deaths occurred in 2022 worldwide,cancer continues to impose a significant health and economic burden worldwide.1 The development of ca...1.Introduction With an estimate of 19,976,499 newly diagnosed cases and 9,743,832 deaths occurred in 2022 worldwide,cancer continues to impose a significant health and economic burden worldwide.1 The development of cancer is a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors.2 In addition to genetic modifications,there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that epigenetic changes,which influence gene expression without modifying the DNA sequence,are playing an increasingly significant role in the development of cancer.DNA methylation,a key epigenetic mechanism,has been notably implicated in the early stages of cancer development,positioning it as a potential biomarker for cancer risk assessment.3 Studies have identified a diverse array of DNA methylation biomarkers for the early detection and diagnosis of cancer,utilizing DNA extracted from tissues,blood,stool,urine,and bowel lavage fluid.4 Research of DNA methylation has focused on two primary sources:peripheral blood mononuclear cell or white blood cell(WBC)DNA methylation,5 linked to cancer susceptibility and tumor-derived cell-free DNA(cfDNA)methylation,6 which has gained significant attention in recent years as a promising biomarker for cancer screening and diagnosis.展开更多
Exposure of the human body to the aerospace environment is capable of producing various physiological changes,which contributes to greater susceptibility of acquiring viral and/or bacterial infections.Objective:To rev...Exposure of the human body to the aerospace environment is capable of producing various physiological changes,which contributes to greater susceptibility of acquiring viral and/or bacterial infections.Objective:To review studies on the use of antimicrobials in space to provide up-to-date information on the treatment of infectious diseases and contribute to the safety and well-being of astronauts on space voyages.Method:Integrative literature review,using DeCS(https://decs.bvsalud.org/)and PubMed(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/).Results and Discussion:Prolonged exposure to microgravity,radiation,and confinement can potentially affect the dynamics of interactions between microorganisms and Homo sapiens,causing astronauts to be more susceptible to infections in the aerospace environment.This context becomes more complex when we consider the greater possibility of drug-resistant bacterial strains emerging-due to radiation-related mutations-and the conditions that affect antimicrobial stability,especially excessive vibrations,a carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere,and variations in humidity temperature fluctuations.Additionally,physiological changes experienced by humans in the extraterrestrial environment-e.g.,cardiovascular,respiratory,and renal-can alter the pharmacokinetics of antimicrobials.Conclusion:Understanding the context in which astronauts are inserted,the risks involved,and how to avoid theses is essential for ensuring the safety and continuity of space missions with regards to diseases and the use of antimicrobials,which will allow humanity in space to have a“long and prosperous life”.展开更多
基金supported by the Beijing Nova Program of Science and Technology(grant number:20230484397)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant number:82273726).
文摘1.Introduction With an estimate of 19,976,499 newly diagnosed cases and 9,743,832 deaths occurred in 2022 worldwide,cancer continues to impose a significant health and economic burden worldwide.1 The development of cancer is a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors.2 In addition to genetic modifications,there is a growing body of evidence suggesting that epigenetic changes,which influence gene expression without modifying the DNA sequence,are playing an increasingly significant role in the development of cancer.DNA methylation,a key epigenetic mechanism,has been notably implicated in the early stages of cancer development,positioning it as a potential biomarker for cancer risk assessment.3 Studies have identified a diverse array of DNA methylation biomarkers for the early detection and diagnosis of cancer,utilizing DNA extracted from tissues,blood,stool,urine,and bowel lavage fluid.4 Research of DNA methylation has focused on two primary sources:peripheral blood mononuclear cell or white blood cell(WBC)DNA methylation,5 linked to cancer susceptibility and tumor-derived cell-free DNA(cfDNA)methylation,6 which has gained significant attention in recent years as a promising biomarker for cancer screening and diagnosis.
文摘Exposure of the human body to the aerospace environment is capable of producing various physiological changes,which contributes to greater susceptibility of acquiring viral and/or bacterial infections.Objective:To review studies on the use of antimicrobials in space to provide up-to-date information on the treatment of infectious diseases and contribute to the safety and well-being of astronauts on space voyages.Method:Integrative literature review,using DeCS(https://decs.bvsalud.org/)and PubMed(https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/).Results and Discussion:Prolonged exposure to microgravity,radiation,and confinement can potentially affect the dynamics of interactions between microorganisms and Homo sapiens,causing astronauts to be more susceptible to infections in the aerospace environment.This context becomes more complex when we consider the greater possibility of drug-resistant bacterial strains emerging-due to radiation-related mutations-and the conditions that affect antimicrobial stability,especially excessive vibrations,a carbon dioxide-rich atmosphere,and variations in humidity temperature fluctuations.Additionally,physiological changes experienced by humans in the extraterrestrial environment-e.g.,cardiovascular,respiratory,and renal-can alter the pharmacokinetics of antimicrobials.Conclusion:Understanding the context in which astronauts are inserted,the risks involved,and how to avoid theses is essential for ensuring the safety and continuity of space missions with regards to diseases and the use of antimicrobials,which will allow humanity in space to have a“long and prosperous life”.
