Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier that is expected to play a crucial role in helping Canada achieve its net-zero target by 2050.However,reducing the ambiguity in regulatory frameworks is essential to incentivize ...Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier that is expected to play a crucial role in helping Canada achieve its net-zero target by 2050.However,reducing the ambiguity in regulatory frameworks is essential to incentivize and facilitate international trade in hydrogen.To this end,regulators must agree on quantification methodologies that consider life cycle boundaries,process descriptions,co-product allocation,conversion constants,and certification units.Several studies have highlighted the importance of life cycle assessment(LCA)as a standardized,relevant method for estimating the carbon footprint associated with hydrogen production and evaluating its environmental sustainability.As such,LCAbased certification schemes could help create a transparent hydrogen market.The aim of this study is to validate the proposed harmonized LCA-based methodology for quantifying hydrogen production’s carbon intensity.This methodology follows a consistent scope and life cycle inventory(LCI)development criteria,alongside a rigorous data quality assessment.The well-to-gate carbon intensities of six hydrogen production pathways are compared,which range from 0.26 to 10.07 kg CO_(2)e per kg of hydrogen(kg CO_(2)e/kg H_(2)),against the hydrogen carbon intensity thresholds established by the Canadian Clean Hydrogen Investment Tax Credit(CHITC).For example,the biomass gasification with carbon capture(CC)pathway demonstrates the lowest carbon intensity,while thermochemical pathways,such as steam methane reforming of natural gas without CC,poses challenges to meeting the maximum CHTIC threshold of 4 kg CO_(2)e/kg H_(2).展开更多
The Chinese Government is committed to forest certification as a market-based instrument to promote sustainable forest management. Forest certification includes a number of regulations, rules and policy paradigms rela...The Chinese Government is committed to forest certification as a market-based instrument to promote sustainable forest management. Forest certification includes a number of regulations, rules and policy paradigms related to certification and there are numerous challenges facing the uptake of forest certification in China. In particular, the ban on commercial logging in natural forests implemented by the Natural Forest Protection Program has resulted in little demand for forest certification of natural forest management units. However,there are also certification opportunities, such as the certification of non-timber forest products that benefit local communities who depend on forests for the goods and services they provide. This paper provides an overview of progress in forest certification in China, including its development history, organizational structure, scheme documents, certification scopes and standards, accreditation, certification bodies and auditors, and certification logos. The paper also focuses on government support for the supervision and management of forest certification through policy incentives, including the potential government procurement and subsidy policies for certified forest products. Finally, the paper analyzes certified non-timber forest products as an example of the value of certification to promote sustainable forest management and how the concept of forest certification can be used to add value to forests and ensure they are responsibly and sustainably managed. In general, forest certification in China has a clear role in sustainable forest management, both for timber and non-timber forest products.展开更多
基金supported by the Office of Energy Research and Development(OERD)of Natural Resources Canada(project number NRC-22-315)the Advanced Clean Energy(ACE)program of the National Research Council of Canada.
文摘Hydrogen is a promising energy carrier that is expected to play a crucial role in helping Canada achieve its net-zero target by 2050.However,reducing the ambiguity in regulatory frameworks is essential to incentivize and facilitate international trade in hydrogen.To this end,regulators must agree on quantification methodologies that consider life cycle boundaries,process descriptions,co-product allocation,conversion constants,and certification units.Several studies have highlighted the importance of life cycle assessment(LCA)as a standardized,relevant method for estimating the carbon footprint associated with hydrogen production and evaluating its environmental sustainability.As such,LCAbased certification schemes could help create a transparent hydrogen market.The aim of this study is to validate the proposed harmonized LCA-based methodology for quantifying hydrogen production’s carbon intensity.This methodology follows a consistent scope and life cycle inventory(LCI)development criteria,alongside a rigorous data quality assessment.The well-to-gate carbon intensities of six hydrogen production pathways are compared,which range from 0.26 to 10.07 kg CO_(2)e per kg of hydrogen(kg CO_(2)e/kg H_(2)),against the hydrogen carbon intensity thresholds established by the Canadian Clean Hydrogen Investment Tax Credit(CHITC).For example,the biomass gasification with carbon capture(CC)pathway demonstrates the lowest carbon intensity,while thermochemical pathways,such as steam methane reforming of natural gas without CC,poses challenges to meeting the maximum CHTIC threshold of 4 kg CO_(2)e/kg H_(2).
基金supported by forest certification related projects by the Science and Technology Development Center of the State Forestry Administration
文摘The Chinese Government is committed to forest certification as a market-based instrument to promote sustainable forest management. Forest certification includes a number of regulations, rules and policy paradigms related to certification and there are numerous challenges facing the uptake of forest certification in China. In particular, the ban on commercial logging in natural forests implemented by the Natural Forest Protection Program has resulted in little demand for forest certification of natural forest management units. However,there are also certification opportunities, such as the certification of non-timber forest products that benefit local communities who depend on forests for the goods and services they provide. This paper provides an overview of progress in forest certification in China, including its development history, organizational structure, scheme documents, certification scopes and standards, accreditation, certification bodies and auditors, and certification logos. The paper also focuses on government support for the supervision and management of forest certification through policy incentives, including the potential government procurement and subsidy policies for certified forest products. Finally, the paper analyzes certified non-timber forest products as an example of the value of certification to promote sustainable forest management and how the concept of forest certification can be used to add value to forests and ensure they are responsibly and sustainably managed. In general, forest certification in China has a clear role in sustainable forest management, both for timber and non-timber forest products.
