Centroid depth of earthquakes is essential for seismic hazard mitigation. But, various studies provided different solutions for the centroid depth of the damaging 2013 Lushan earthquake, thus hindering further studies...Centroid depth of earthquakes is essential for seismic hazard mitigation. But, various studies provided different solutions for the centroid depth of the damaging 2013 Lushan earthquake, thus hindering further studies of the earthquake processes. To resolve its centroid depth and assess the uncertainties, we apply the teleseismic cut and paste method to invert for centroid depth with teleseismic body waves in the epicentral distance of 300-90~. We performed the inversion for P waves only as well the case of both P and SH waves and found that both cases lead to depth solutions with difference less than 0.5 km. We also investigated the effects on depth inversion from azimuth gap of seismic stations, source duration, and comer fre- quency of filter. These various tests show that even azi- muthal distribution of seismic stations is helpful for accurate depth inversion. It is also found that estimate of centroid depth is sensitive to source duration. Moreover, the depth is biased to larger values when corner frequency of low-pass filter is very low. The uncertainty in the velocity model can also generate some error in the depth estimation （- 1.0 km）.With all the above factors consid- ered, the centroid depth of Lushan earthquake is proposed to be around 12 km, with uncertainty about 2 km.展开更多
We have developed an automatic regional focal mechanism inversion system based on the Earthquake Rapid Report(ERR) system and the real-time three-component seismic waveform stream of 1 000 broadband seismic stations p...We have developed an automatic regional focal mechanism inversion system based on the Earthquake Rapid Report(ERR) system and the real-time three-component seismic waveform stream of 1 000 broadband seismic stations provided by the China Earthquake Networks Center(CENC). The system can rapidly provide a double couple solution and centroid depth within 5–15 min after receiving earthquake information from the ERR system.The data processing is triggered by earthquake information obtained from the ERR system. The system is capable of determining the focal mechanism of all shallow-depth earthquakes in the Chinese mainland with a magnitude of 5.5–6.5. It utilizes waveform data recorded by seismic stations located within 500 km from the epicenter,enabling the reporting of a focal mechanism solution within 5–15 min of an earthquake occurrence. Additionally,the system can assign a corresponding grade(A B C) to the focal mechanism solution. We processed a total of 301earthquakes that occurred from 2021 to June 2022, and after the quality control, 166 of them were selected.These selected solutions were manually checked, and 160 of them were compiled in a focal mechanism catalog.This catalog can be conveniently downloaded online via the Internet. The automatic focal mechanism solution of earthquakes in eastern China exhibits a good agreement with that provided by the Global Centroid Moment Tensor(GCMT), when available. The average Kagan angle between this catalog and GCMT is 22°, and the average difference in MWis 0.17. Furthermore, compared with GCMT, the minimum magnitude of our catalog has been reduced from approximately 5.0 to 4.0. The correlation between the centroid depth and crustal thickness in the Chinese mainland confirms the distribution of the centroid depth.展开更多
以四川地区2008—2015年期间发生的ML4.0～6.0地震为例,利用四川区域台网宽频带波形资料,采用CAP(Cut and paste)方法计算其震源机制解和最佳震源深度,在此基础上分析地震震源机制解和震源深度空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)四川地区地震...以四川地区2008—2015年期间发生的ML4.0～6.0地震为例,利用四川区域台网宽频带波形资料,采用CAP(Cut and paste)方法计算其震源机制解和最佳震源深度,在此基础上分析地震震源机制解和震源深度空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)四川地区地震震源机制解类型存在显著空间分区特征。逆冲型地震集中分布在龙门山断裂带和川东盆地,揭示青藏高原的巴颜喀拉地块与华南地块的相互作用方式——强挤压。走滑型地震绝大多数分布在川西高原和攀西地区,这是由于印度板块向北东推挤和青藏高原物质向东扩张所导致的上地壳物质沿大型断层滑移。正断型地震主要分布在金沙江断裂带北段和汶川大震主震区,金沙江断裂带北段的拉张应力状态应是由青藏高原东部下地壳物质流动对上地壳物质有拖曳作用,与多力源组合共同作用决定的;而汶川主震区的正断型地震应是主震后震源区不同来源动力作用的复杂应力调整现象。其他类型地震都分布在龙门山断裂带,属于汶川或芦山地震的余震活动,其成因为大震后震源区不同来源应力作用使主应力方向倾斜偏离了水平面和垂直面而引起的应力变形。(2)震源机制解参数中的P、T、N轴反映了地震前后震源区应力状态的变化,是震源区构造应力的一种体现。四川地区构造地震的P、T轴方位空间展布存在地区差异:川西高原地区以约31°纬线为界,北部区域P轴方位呈NEE向,南部区域呈SEE向(平均约E19°S);龙门山断裂带南段P轴方位呈SEE向(平均约E25°S),中、北段P轴方向离散,无优势方位;攀西地区P轴方位呈SE向(平均约E51°S);T轴方位在川西高原呈近SN向拉张,在攀西地区又转为NE向,呈顺时针旋转趋势。(3)四川地区地震震源深度空间分布差异显著。从整体来看,四川地区地壳优势孕震层深度范围为5～15km,深度更深的地震分布在地壳厚度存在异常的大型断裂带(龙门山、小金河断裂带)或盆地至高原的过渡地带(乐山、犍为等地)。龙门山断裂带地震震源深度空间分布呈现出西南深、东北浅的特征,西南段地震震源最深达26km,中、北段地震震源最深达19km;且断裂带上走滑型地震相对于逆冲型和正断型地震存在震源深度偏浅的现象。川东盆地地震震源深度空间分布展显出西南深、东南浅的特征,盆地东南部地震震源深度分布范围为2～5km。揭示出四川地区地震震源是沿活动的脆性上地壳分布。展开更多
The M_(W)7.1 Anchorage earthquake is the most destructive earthquake since the 1964 M_(W)9.2 great Alaska earthquake in the United States.In this study,high-rate GPS data and near-field broadband seismograms are used ...The M_(W)7.1 Anchorage earthquake is the most destructive earthquake since the 1964 M_(W)9.2 great Alaska earthquake in the United States.In this study,high-rate GPS data and near-field broadband seismograms are used in separate and joint inversions by the generalized Cut-and-Paste(gCAP)method to estimate the focal mechanism.In order to investigate the influence of crustal velocity structure on the focal mechanism inversion results,two velocity models(Crustl.0 and Alaska Earthquake Center(AEC))are used for detailed comparison and analysis.The results show that:(1)The two nodal planes of the optimal double-couple solution are nearly north-south striking,with dip angles of about 30°and 60°respectively,and the centroid focal depth is 54-55 km,which is an intraplate normal fault event.(2)The inversion results for the two types of data and the two velocity models are consistent with some previous studies,which indicates that the results are stable and reliable.The more accurate velocity structure model is helpful for focal mechanism inversion of the complex earthquake.(3)The inclusion of high-rate GPS data in joint inversion provides a more effective constraint on centroid depth.展开更多
针对传统人数统计方法因遮挡、光照变化导致准确率低的问题,提出一种适用于深度图的模拟降水分水岭算法(Depth map based Rainfalling Watershed Segmentation,D-RWS)。修复深度图并用混合高斯背景建模提取前景。利用D-RWS算法分割深度...针对传统人数统计方法因遮挡、光照变化导致准确率低的问题,提出一种适用于深度图的模拟降水分水岭算法(Depth map based Rainfalling Watershed Segmentation,D-RWS)。修复深度图并用混合高斯背景建模提取前景。利用D-RWS算法分割深度图中感兴趣的行人头部区域(Region Of Interest,ROI)。采用质心欧式距离最短法关联各帧中同一目标并跟踪计数。实验结果表明:提出的方法准确率能够达到98%以上,平均每帧处理时间为25 ms(40 f/s),准确率和实时性可满足实际应用的要求。展开更多
文摘Centroid depth of earthquakes is essential for seismic hazard mitigation. But, various studies provided different solutions for the centroid depth of the damaging 2013 Lushan earthquake, thus hindering further studies of the earthquake processes. To resolve its centroid depth and assess the uncertainties, we apply the teleseismic cut and paste method to invert for centroid depth with teleseismic body waves in the epicentral distance of 300-90~. We performed the inversion for P waves only as well the case of both P and SH waves and found that both cases lead to depth solutions with difference less than 0.5 km. We also investigated the effects on depth inversion from azimuth gap of seismic stations, source duration, and comer fre- quency of filter. These various tests show that even azi- muthal distribution of seismic stations is helpful for accurate depth inversion. It is also found that estimate of centroid depth is sensitive to source duration. Moreover, the depth is biased to larger values when corner frequency of low-pass filter is very low. The uncertainty in the velocity model can also generate some error in the depth estimation （- 1.0 km）.With all the above factors consid- ered, the centroid depth of Lushan earthquake is proposed to be around 12 km, with uncertainty about 2 km.
基金sponsored by the China Spark Program of Earthquake Science and Technology(XH23051B).
文摘We have developed an automatic regional focal mechanism inversion system based on the Earthquake Rapid Report(ERR) system and the real-time three-component seismic waveform stream of 1 000 broadband seismic stations provided by the China Earthquake Networks Center(CENC). The system can rapidly provide a double couple solution and centroid depth within 5–15 min after receiving earthquake information from the ERR system.The data processing is triggered by earthquake information obtained from the ERR system. The system is capable of determining the focal mechanism of all shallow-depth earthquakes in the Chinese mainland with a magnitude of 5.5–6.5. It utilizes waveform data recorded by seismic stations located within 500 km from the epicenter,enabling the reporting of a focal mechanism solution within 5–15 min of an earthquake occurrence. Additionally,the system can assign a corresponding grade(A B C) to the focal mechanism solution. We processed a total of 301earthquakes that occurred from 2021 to June 2022, and after the quality control, 166 of them were selected.These selected solutions were manually checked, and 160 of them were compiled in a focal mechanism catalog.This catalog can be conveniently downloaded online via the Internet. The automatic focal mechanism solution of earthquakes in eastern China exhibits a good agreement with that provided by the Global Centroid Moment Tensor(GCMT), when available. The average Kagan angle between this catalog and GCMT is 22°, and the average difference in MWis 0.17. Furthermore, compared with GCMT, the minimum magnitude of our catalog has been reduced from approximately 5.0 to 4.0. The correlation between the centroid depth and crustal thickness in the Chinese mainland confirms the distribution of the centroid depth.
文摘以四川地区2008—2015年期间发生的ML4.0～6.0地震为例,利用四川区域台网宽频带波形资料,采用CAP(Cut and paste)方法计算其震源机制解和最佳震源深度,在此基础上分析地震震源机制解和震源深度空间分布特征。结果表明:(1)四川地区地震震源机制解类型存在显著空间分区特征。逆冲型地震集中分布在龙门山断裂带和川东盆地,揭示青藏高原的巴颜喀拉地块与华南地块的相互作用方式——强挤压。走滑型地震绝大多数分布在川西高原和攀西地区,这是由于印度板块向北东推挤和青藏高原物质向东扩张所导致的上地壳物质沿大型断层滑移。正断型地震主要分布在金沙江断裂带北段和汶川大震主震区,金沙江断裂带北段的拉张应力状态应是由青藏高原东部下地壳物质流动对上地壳物质有拖曳作用,与多力源组合共同作用决定的;而汶川主震区的正断型地震应是主震后震源区不同来源动力作用的复杂应力调整现象。其他类型地震都分布在龙门山断裂带,属于汶川或芦山地震的余震活动,其成因为大震后震源区不同来源应力作用使主应力方向倾斜偏离了水平面和垂直面而引起的应力变形。(2)震源机制解参数中的P、T、N轴反映了地震前后震源区应力状态的变化,是震源区构造应力的一种体现。四川地区构造地震的P、T轴方位空间展布存在地区差异:川西高原地区以约31°纬线为界,北部区域P轴方位呈NEE向,南部区域呈SEE向(平均约E19°S);龙门山断裂带南段P轴方位呈SEE向(平均约E25°S),中、北段P轴方向离散,无优势方位;攀西地区P轴方位呈SE向(平均约E51°S);T轴方位在川西高原呈近SN向拉张,在攀西地区又转为NE向,呈顺时针旋转趋势。(3)四川地区地震震源深度空间分布差异显著。从整体来看,四川地区地壳优势孕震层深度范围为5～15km,深度更深的地震分布在地壳厚度存在异常的大型断裂带(龙门山、小金河断裂带)或盆地至高原的过渡地带(乐山、犍为等地)。龙门山断裂带地震震源深度空间分布呈现出西南深、东北浅的特征,西南段地震震源最深达26km,中、北段地震震源最深达19km;且断裂带上走滑型地震相对于逆冲型和正断型地震存在震源深度偏浅的现象。川东盆地地震震源深度空间分布展显出西南深、东南浅的特征,盆地东南部地震震源深度分布范围为2～5km。揭示出四川地区地震震源是沿活动的脆性上地壳分布。
基金co-supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants No.41721003,No.42074007the National Key Research and Development Program of China under Grant No.2018YFC1503604。
文摘The M_(W)7.1 Anchorage earthquake is the most destructive earthquake since the 1964 M_(W)9.2 great Alaska earthquake in the United States.In this study,high-rate GPS data and near-field broadband seismograms are used in separate and joint inversions by the generalized Cut-and-Paste(gCAP)method to estimate the focal mechanism.In order to investigate the influence of crustal velocity structure on the focal mechanism inversion results,two velocity models(Crustl.0 and Alaska Earthquake Center(AEC))are used for detailed comparison and analysis.The results show that:(1)The two nodal planes of the optimal double-couple solution are nearly north-south striking,with dip angles of about 30°and 60°respectively,and the centroid focal depth is 54-55 km,which is an intraplate normal fault event.(2)The inversion results for the two types of data and the two velocity models are consistent with some previous studies,which indicates that the results are stable and reliable.The more accurate velocity structure model is helpful for focal mechanism inversion of the complex earthquake.(3)The inclusion of high-rate GPS data in joint inversion provides a more effective constraint on centroid depth.
文摘针对传统人数统计方法因遮挡、光照变化导致准确率低的问题,提出一种适用于深度图的模拟降水分水岭算法(Depth map based Rainfalling Watershed Segmentation,D-RWS)。修复深度图并用混合高斯背景建模提取前景。利用D-RWS算法分割深度图中感兴趣的行人头部区域(Region Of Interest,ROI)。采用质心欧式距离最短法关联各帧中同一目标并跟踪计数。实验结果表明:提出的方法准确率能够达到98%以上,平均每帧处理时间为25 ms(40 f/s),准确率和实时性可满足实际应用的要求。
