Perovskite solar cells(PSCs) have revolutionized photovoltaic research. As a result, a certified power conversion efficiency(PCE) of 25.5% was recorded in late 2020. Although this efficiency is comparable with silicon...Perovskite solar cells(PSCs) have revolutionized photovoltaic research. As a result, a certified power conversion efficiency(PCE) of 25.5% was recorded in late 2020. Although this efficiency is comparable with silicon solar cells;some issues remain partially unsolved, such as lead toxicity, instability of perovskite materials under continuous illumination, moisture and oxygen, and degradation of the metallic counter electrodes. As an alternative to tackle this last concern, carbon materials have been recently used, due to their good electrical and thermal conductivity, and chemical stability, which makes them one of the most promising materials to replace metallic counter electrodes in the fabrication of PSCs. This review highlights the recent advances of carbon-based PSCs, where the carbon electrode(CE) is the main actor.CEs have become very promising candidates for PSCs;they are mainly fabricated using a simple combination of graphite and carbon black powders embedded in a binder matrix, giving a paste that is then solution-processable, resulting in devices with improved quality stability, when compared to metallic electrodes. In this review, CE’s composition is emphasized, since it can give both, high and lowtemperature processed electrodes, compatible with different device configurations. Finally, the tendencies and opportunities to use CE in PSCs devices are presented.展开更多
Paracetamol is a non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drug widely used in pharmaceutical applications for its sturdy, antipyretic and analgesic action. However, an overdose of paracetamol can cause fulminant hepatic necro...Paracetamol is a non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drug widely used in pharmaceutical applications for its sturdy, antipyretic and analgesic action. However, an overdose of paracetamol can cause fulminant hepatic necrosis and other toxic effects. Thus, the development of advantageous analytical tools to detect and determine paracetamol is required. Due to simplicity, higher sensitivity and selectivity as well as costefficiency, electrochemical sensors were fully investigated in last decades. This review describes the advancements made in the development of electrochemical sensors for the paracetamol detection and quantification in pharmaceutical and biological samples. The progress made in electrochemical sensors for the selective detection of paracetamol in the last 10 years was examined, with a special focus on highly innovative features introduced by nanotechnology. As the literature is rather extensive, we tried to simplify this work by summarizing and grouping electrochemical sensors according to the by which manner their substrates were chemically modified and the analytical performances obtained.展开更多
Improving the volumetric energy density of supercapacitors is essential for practical applications,which highly relies on the dense storage of ions in carbon-based electrodes.The functional units of carbon-based elect...Improving the volumetric energy density of supercapacitors is essential for practical applications,which highly relies on the dense storage of ions in carbon-based electrodes.The functional units of carbon-based electrode exhibit multi-scale structural characteristics including macroscopic electrode morphologies,mesoscopic microcrystals and pores,and microscopic defects and dopants in the carbon basal plane.Therefore,the ordered combination of multi-scale structures of carbon electrode is crucial for achieving dense energy storage and high volumetric performance by leveraging the functions of various scale structu re.Considering that previous reviews have focused more on the discussion of specific scale structu re of carbon electrodes,this review takes a multi-scale perspective in which recent progresses regarding the structureperformance relationship,underlying mechanism and directional design of carbon-based multi-scale structures including carbon morphology,pore structure,carbon basal plane micro-environment and electrode technology on dense energy storage and volumetric property of supercapacitors are systematically discussed.We analyzed in detail the effects of the morphology,pore,and micro-environment of carbon electrode materials on ion dense storage,summarized the specific effects of different scale structures on volumetric property and recent research progress,and proposed the mutual influence and trade-off relationship between various scale structures.In addition,the challenges and outlooks for improving the dense storage and volumetric performance of carbon-based supercapacitors are analyzed,which can provide feasible technical reference and guidance for the design and manufacture of dense carbon-based electrode materials.展开更多
The use of three-dimensional(3D)electrodes in water treatment is competitive because of their high catalytic efficiency,low energy consumption and promising development.The use of particle electrodes is a key research...The use of three-dimensional(3D)electrodes in water treatment is competitive because of their high catalytic efficiency,low energy consumption and promising development.The use of particle electrodes is a key research focus in this technology.They are usually in the form of particles that fill the space between the cathode and anode,and the selection of materials used is important.Carbon-based materials are widely used because of their large specific surface area,good adsorption performance,high chemical stability and low cost.The principles of 3D electrode technology are introduced and recent research on its use for degrading organic pollutants using carbon-based particle electrodes is summarized.The classification of particle electrodes is introduced and the challenges for the future development of carbon-based particle electrodes in wastewater treatment are discussed.展开更多
Supercapacitors are gaining popularity due to their high cycling stability,power density,and fast charge and discharge rates.Researchers are ex-ploring electrode materials,electrolytes,and separat-ors for cost-effecti...Supercapacitors are gaining popularity due to their high cycling stability,power density,and fast charge and discharge rates.Researchers are ex-ploring electrode materials,electrolytes,and separat-ors for cost-effective energy storage systems.Ad-vances in materials science have led to the develop-ment of hybrid nanomaterials,such as combining fil-amentous carbon forms with inorganic nanoparticles,to create new charge and energy transfer processes.Notable materials for electrochemical energy-stor-age applications include MXenes,2D transition met-al carbides,and nitrides,carbon black,carbon aerogels,activated carbon,carbon nanotubes,conducting polymers,carbon fibers,and nanofibers,and graphene,because of their thermal,electrical,and mechanical properties.Carbon materials mixed with conducting polymers,ceramics,metal oxides,transition metal oxides,metal hydroxides,transition metal sulfides,trans-ition metal dichalcogenide,metal sulfides,carbides,nitrides,and biomass materials have received widespread attention due to their remarkable performance,eco-friendliness,cost-effectiveness,and renewability.This article explores the development of carbon-based hybrid materials for future supercapacitors,including electric double-layer capacitors,pseudocapacitors,and hy-brid supercapacitors.It investigates the difficulties that influence structural design,manufacturing(electrospinning,hydro-thermal/solvothermal,template-assisted synthesis,electrodeposition,electrospray,3D printing)techniques and the latest car-bon-based hybrid materials research offer practical solutions for producing high-performance,next-generation supercapacitors.展开更多
Latent heat thermal energy storage(TES)effectively reduces the mismatch between energy supply and demand of renewable energy sources by the utilization of phase change materials(PCMs).However,the low thermal conductiv...Latent heat thermal energy storage(TES)effectively reduces the mismatch between energy supply and demand of renewable energy sources by the utilization of phase change materials(PCMs).However,the low thermal conductivity and poor shape stability are the main drawbacks in realizing the large-scale application of PCMs.Promisingly,developing composite PCM(CPCM)based on porous supporting mate-rial provides a desirable solution to obtain performance-enhanced PCMs with improved effective thermal conductivity and shape stability.Among all the porous matrixes as supports for PCM,three-dimensional carbon-based porous supporting material has attracted considerable attention ascribing to its high ther-mal conductivity,desirable loading capacity of PCMs,and excellent chemical compatibility with various PCMs.Therefore,this work systemically reviews the CPCMs with three-dimensional carbon-based porous supporting materials.First,a concise rule for the fabrication of CPCMs is illustrated in detail.Next,the experimental and computational research of carbon nanotube-based support,graphene-based support,graphite-based support and amorphous carbon-based support are reviewed.Then,the applications of the shape-stabilized CPCMs including thermal management and thermal conversion are illustrated.Last but not least,the challenges and prospects of the CPCMs are discussed.To conclude,introducing carbon-based porous materials can solve the liquid leakage issue and essentially improve the thermal conductivity of PCMs.However,there is still a long way to further develop a desirable CPCM with higher latent heat capacity,higher thermal conductivity,and more excellent shape stability.展开更多
The synthetic routes of porous carbons and the applications of the functional porous carbon-based composite electrode materials for lithium secondary batteries are reviewed. The synthetic methods have made great break...The synthetic routes of porous carbons and the applications of the functional porous carbon-based composite electrode materials for lithium secondary batteries are reviewed. The synthetic methods have made great breakthroughs to control the pore size and volume, wall thickness, surface area, and connectivity of porous carbons, which result in the development of functional porous carbon-based composite electrode materials. The effects of porous carbons on the electrochemical properties are further discussed. The porous carbons as ideal matrixes to incorporate active materials make a great improvement on the electrochemical properties because of high surface area and pore volume, excellent electronic conductivity, and strong adsorption capacity. Large numbers of the composite electrode materials have been used for the devices of electrochemical energy conversion and storage, such as lithium-ion batteries （LIBs）, Li-S batteries, and Li-O2 batteries. It is believed that functional porous carbon-based composite electrode materials will continuously contribute to the field of lithium secondary batteries.展开更多
In a pulsed plasma thruster,the voltage distribution between the electrodes is a key factor that influences the ionization process.However,few researchers have conducted in-depth studies of this phenomenon in the past...In a pulsed plasma thruster,the voltage distribution between the electrodes is a key factor that influences the ionization process.However,few researchers have conducted in-depth studies of this phenomenon in the past.Reported here are measurements of the voltage distribution between the plates of a parallel-plate pulsed plasma thruster under different discharge voltages,based on which the variations in the total circuit inductance and resistance as well as those between the plates are calculated.The results show that the time-averaged voltage across the plates accounts for 28.7%-50.4%of the capacitor voltage.As the capacitor initial voltage increases from 1250 V to 2000 V,the voltage across the plates rises,but its proportion relative to the capacitor voltage decreases.For every 250 V increase in the capacitor initial voltage,the average voltage proportion across the plates decreases by approximately 2%-3%.Additionally,the voltage proportion decreases gradually from the end near the propellant outward.The voltage distribution ratio between the plates is correlated with the proportions of the resistance and inductance between the plates relative to the total circuit.展开更多
As one of the promising energy storage and conversion systems,supercapacitors(SCs)are highly favored owing to their high power density and good service life.Among all the key components of supercapacitor devices,the d...As one of the promising energy storage and conversion systems,supercapacitors(SCs)are highly favored owing to their high power density and good service life.Among all the key components of supercapacitor devices,the design and investigation of electrode materials play an essential role in determining the whole electrochemical charge storage performance.Recently,nanocarbon-based materials(e.g.,graphene,carbon dots,graphene quantum dots,etc.)have been widely used as SC electrode materials because of their good physical structure and chemical properties,providing a new route to further improve the energy density and life span of SCs.Here,we review the latest progress of nanocarbon-based materials(including nanocarbon and nanocarbon-based composite materials)as electrode materials in SCs application.The recent progress of carbon dots,graphene,carbon nanotubes,and other nanocarbon materials electrodes is summarized,while the capacitance and energy density of the above nanocarbon electrodes still need to be improved.Then,the preparation and performance of nanocarbonbased composite electrodes comprising transition metal oxides,conductive polymer,and metal-organic framework derived porous carbon are reviewed.Finally,we outline major challenges and propose some ideas on building better nanocarbon-based SC electrodes.展开更多
This study explores the potential of Michelia champaca wood as a sustainable and locally available precursor for the fabrication of high-performance supercapacitor electrodes.Activated carbons were synthesized through...This study explores the potential of Michelia champaca wood as a sustainable and locally available precursor for the fabrication of high-performance supercapacitor electrodes.Activated carbons were synthesized through single-step carbonization at 400℃ and 500℃(SSC-400℃ and SSC-500℃) and double-step carbonization at 400℃(DSC-400℃),with all samples activated using H_(3)PO_(4).The effects of carbonization stratergy on the structural,morphological,and electrochemical characteristics of the resulting carbon materials were systematically evaluated,using techniques such as BET,SEM,TEM,XRD,Raman scattering,FTIR,CV,GCD and EIS.Among the samples,SSC-400℃ exhibited the best electrochemical performance,achieving a specific capacitance of 292.2 Fg^(-1),an energy density of 6.4 Wh kg^(-1),and a power density of 198.4 W kg^(-1).This superior performance is attributed to its optimized pore structure,improved sur-face functionality and enhanced conductivity.SSC-500℃showed marginally lower performance,whereas,DSC-400℃ displayed the least favorable results,indicating that double-step carbonization process may negatively affect material quality by disrupting the pore network.This work highlights a strong correlation between synthesis methodology and electrochemical efficiency,directly reinforcing the importance of process optimization in electrode material develop-ment.The findings contribute to the broader goal of developing cost-effective,renewable and environmentally friendly energy storage systems.By valorizing biomass waste,the study supports global movements toward green energy technologies and circular carbon economies,offering a viable pathway for sustainable supercapacitor development and practical applications in energy storage devices.展开更多
Fully implanted brain-computer interfaces(BCIs)are preferred as they eliminate signal degradation caused by interference and absorption in external tissues,a common issue in non-fully implanted systems.To optimize the...Fully implanted brain-computer interfaces(BCIs)are preferred as they eliminate signal degradation caused by interference and absorption in external tissues,a common issue in non-fully implanted systems.To optimize the design of electroencephalography electrodes in fully implanted BCI systems,this study investigates the penetration and absorption characteristics of microwave signals in human brain tissue at different frequencies.Electromagnetic simulations are used to analyze the power density distribution and specific absorption rate(SAR)of signals at various frequen-cies.The results indicate that lower-frequency signals offer advantages in terms of power density and attenuation coeffi-cients.However,SAR-normalized analysis,which considers both power density and electromagnetic radiation hazards,shows that higher-frequency signals perform better at superficial to intermediate depths.Specifically,at a depth of 2 mm beneath the cortex,the power density of a 6.5 GHz signal is 247.83%higher than that of a 0.4 GHz signal.At a depth of 5 mm,the power density of a 3.5 GHz signal exceeds that of a 0.4 GHz signal by 224.16%.The findings suggest that 6.5 GHz is optimal for electrodes at a depth of 2 mm,3.5 GHz for 5 mm,2.45 GHz for depths of 15-20 mm,and 1.8 GHz for 25 mm.展开更多
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS)is a highly successful conductive polymer utilized as an electrode material in energy storage units for portable and wearable electronic de-vices.Neve...Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS)is a highly successful conductive polymer utilized as an electrode material in energy storage units for portable and wearable electronic de-vices.Nevertheless,employing PEDOT:PSS in supercapacitors(SC)in its pristine state presents challenges due to its suboptimal electrochemical performance and operational instability.To surmount these limita-tions,PEDOT:PSS has been integrated with carbon-based materials to form flexible electrodes,which ex-hibit physical and chemical stability during SC operation.We developed a streamlined fabrication process for high-performance SC electrodes composed of PEDOT:PSS and carbon quantum dots(CQDs).The CQDs were synthesized under microwave irradiation,yielding green-and red-light emissions.Through optimiz-ing the ratios of CQDs to PEDOT:PSS,the SC electrodes were prepared using a spray-coating technique,marking a significant improvement in device performance with a high volumetric capacitance(104.10 F cm-3),impressive energy density(19.68 Wh cm^(-3)),and excellent cyclic stability,retaining~85% of its original volumetric capacitance after 15,000 repeated GCD cycles.Moreover,the SCs,when utilized as a flexible substrate,demonstrated the ability to maintain up to~85% of their electrochemical performance even after 3,000 bending cycles(at a bending angle of 60°).These attributes render this hybrid composite an ideal candidate for a lightweight smart energy storage component in portable and wearable electronic technologies.展开更多
Multicomponent Gd_(1−x)Sm_(x)Ba_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)CoCuO_(5+δ)double perovskites are optimized for application in terms of chemical composi-tion and morphology for the use as oxygen electrodes in solid oxide cells.Structur...Multicomponent Gd_(1−x)Sm_(x)Ba_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)CoCuO_(5+δ)double perovskites are optimized for application in terms of chemical composi-tion and morphology for the use as oxygen electrodes in solid oxide cells.Structural studies of other physicochemical properties are con-ducted on a series of materials obtained by the sol-gel method with different ratios of Gd and Sm cations.It is documented that changing the x value,and the resulting adjustment of the average ionic radius,have a significant impact on the crystal structure,stability,as well as on the total conductivity and thermomechanical properties of the materials,with the best results obtained for the Gd_(0.75)Sm_(0.2)5Ba_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)CoCuO_(5+δ)composition.Oxygen electrodes are prepared using the selected compound,allowing to obtain low polarization resistance values,such as 0.086Ω·cm^(2)at 800℃.Systematic studies of electrocatalytic activity are conducted using La_(0.8)Sr_(0.2)Ga_(0.8)Mg_(_(0.2))O_(3−δ)as the electrolyte for all electrodes,and Ce_(0.8)Gd_(0.2)O_(2−δ)electrolyte for the best performing Gd_(0.75)Sm_(0.2)5Ba_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)CoCuO_(5+δ)electrodes.The electrochemical data are analyzed using the distribution of relaxation times method.Also,the influence of the preparation method of the electrode material is in-ve`stigated using the electrospinning technique.Finally,the performance of the Gd_(0.75)Sm_(0.2)5Ba_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)CoCuO_(5+δ)electrodes is tested in a Ni-YSZ(yttria-stabilized zirconia)anode-supported cell with a Ce_(0.8)Gd_(0.2)O_(2−δ)buffer layer,in the fuel cell and electrolyzer operating modes.With the electrospun electrode,a power density of 462 mW·cm^(−2)is obtained at 700℃,with a current density of ca.0.2 A·cm^(−2)at 1.3 V for the electrolysis at the same temperature,indicating better performance compared to the sol-gel-based electrode.展开更多
The hole transport layer(HTL)-free carbon-based perovskite solar cells(C-PSCs)are promising for commercialization owing to their excellent operational stability and simple fabrication process.However,the power convers...The hole transport layer(HTL)-free carbon-based perovskite solar cells(C-PSCs)are promising for commercialization owing to their excellent operational stability and simple fabrication process.However,the power conversion efficiencies(PCE)of C-PSCs are inferior to the metal electrode-based devices due to their open-circuit voltage(V_(oc))loss.Herein,time-resolved confocal photoluminescence microscopy reveals that grain boundary defects at the perovskite/carbon interface are very likely to function as nonradiative recombination centers in HTL-free C-PSCs.A versatile additive Li_(2)CO_(3)is used to modify the conformal tin oxide electron transport layer for HTL-free C-PSCs.Li_(2)CO_(3)modification can result in enhanced charge extraction and optimized energy alignment at electron transport layer/perovskite interface,as well as suppressed defects at perovskite top surface due to Li_(2)CO_(3)-induced formation of PbI_(2)crystallites.Such dual interfacial passivation ultimately leads to significantly improved Voc up to 1.142 V,which is comparable to the metal electrode-based devices with HTL.Moreover,a record-high PCE of 33.2%is achieved for Li_(2)CO_(3)-modified C-PSCs under weak light illumination conditions,demonstrating excellent indoor photovoltaic performance.This work provides a practical approach to fabricate low-cost,highly efficient carbon-based perovskite solar cells.展开更多
Zinc metal anodes(ZMA)have high theoretical capacities(820 mAh g−1 and 5855 mAh cm−3)and redox potential(−0.76 V vs.standard hydrogen electrode),similar to the electrochemical voltage window of the hydrogen evolution ...Zinc metal anodes(ZMA)have high theoretical capacities(820 mAh g−1 and 5855 mAh cm−3)and redox potential(−0.76 V vs.standard hydrogen electrode),similar to the electrochemical voltage window of the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)in a mild acidic electrolyte system,facilitating aqueous zinc batteries competitive in next-generation energy storage devices.However,the HER and byproduct formation effectuated by water-splitting deteriorate the electrochemical performance of ZMA,limiting their application.In this study,a key factor in promoting the HER in carbon-based electrode materials(CEMs),which can provide a larger active surface area and guide uniform zinc metal deposition,was investigated using a series of threedimensional structured templating carbon electrodes(3D-TCEs)with different local graphitic orderings,pore structures,and surface properties.The ultramicropores of CEMs are the determining critical factors in initiating HER and clogging active surfaces by Zn(OH)2 byproduct formation,through a systematic comparative study based on the 3D-TCE series samples.When the 3D-TCEs had a proper graphitic structure with few ultramicropores,they showed highly stable cycling performances over 2000 cycles with average Coulombic efficiencies of≥99%.These results suggest that a well-designed CEM can lead to high-performance ZMA in aqueous zinc batteries.展开更多
Sodium ion batteries(SIBs)are one of the most prospective energy storage devices recently.Carbon materials have been commonly used as anode materials for SIBs because of their wide sources and low price.However,pure c...Sodium ion batteries(SIBs)are one of the most prospective energy storage devices recently.Carbon materials have been commonly used as anode materials for SIBs because of their wide sources and low price.However,pure carbon materials still have the disadvantage of low theoretical capacity.New design and preparation strategies for carbon-based composites can overcome the problems.Based on the analysis of Na^(+)storage mechanism of carbon-based composite materials,the factors influencing the performance of SIBs are discussed.Adjustment methods for improving the electrochemical performance of electrodes are evaluated in detail,including carbon skeleton design and composite material selection.Some advanced composite materials,i.e.,carbon-conversion composite and carbon-MXene composite,are also being explored.New advances in flexible electrodes based on carbon-based composite on flexible SIBs is investigated.The existing issues and future issues of carbon-based composite materials are discussed.展开更多
Introduction The generation of biological wastes such as cow dung and aloe vera waste(AVW)causes a serious ecological pollution.The microbial electrolytic cell coupled with anaerobic digestion(MEC-AD)system can make a...Introduction The generation of biological wastes such as cow dung and aloe vera waste(AVW)causes a serious ecological pollution.The microbial electrolytic cell coupled with anaerobic digestion(MEC-AD)system can make a rational utilization of these biodegradable organic wastes,which is of vital importance for alleviating environmental deterioration and reducing resource waste.Electrode materials and accelerants are the two major factors that affect methane production in the MEC-AD system.They affect microbial attachment and electron transfer in the MEC-AD system.Bio-based carbon materials are carbon materials prepared from biomass as raw materials.They have characteristics such as a rich pore structure,good chemical stability,biocompatibility,and controllable surface properties,which can be used as accelerants and electrodes in the MEC-AD system to optimize its performance.This study was to investigate the influence of biomass-derived carbon as an electrode and accelerant on the performance of the MEC-AD system,and the mechanism for increasing the production of biogas and methane was also analyzed,thus providing a basis for the multifunctional application of biomass-derived carbon in the MEC-AD system.Methods A series of experimental methods were adopted to study the MEC-AD system.Two types of bio-based carbon,i.e.,aloe vera waste derived spherical carbon(AVW-SC)and porous carbon(AVW-PC),were synthesized via hydrothermal carbonization.The raw AVW material was washed with water,dried,ground,and subjected to hydrothermal treatment to obtain AVW-SC.After activating AVW-SC with KOH,it was carbonized in a tube furnace to obtain AVW-PC.In the preparation of the electrodes,bio-based carbon(AVW-SC and AVW-PC)was mixed with 5%polytetrafluoroethylene powder in ethanol and deionized water,and then ground in a ball mill for 4 h to form a slurry.The slurry was evenly sprayed on the Ti mesh,dried and sintered in N2 atmosphere at 360℃to obtain Ti-SC and Ti-PC electrodes.Four groups of experiments were conducted to determine the optimal voltage,compare different carbon electrodes,and explore the optimal coating amount.The MEC-AD reactor adopted 500 mL wide-mouthed glass bottles with a working volume of 400 mL.Each MEC-AD system received a co-substrate mixture of cattle dung and aloe vera waste and inoculum of sewage sludge in a mass ratio of 3:7.Afterward,they were placed at(36±1)℃for 35 d.The biogas was collected by a water displacement method.The materials were analyzed by characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and electrochemical tests were conducted on different electrodes.The composition,pH,TS,VS,TCOD and nutrient content of biogas were analyzed by standard chemical methods.Microbial community analysis was conducted using high-throughput sequencing technology.The modified Gompertz model was adopted to predict the kinetic parameters,and the coulombic efficiency and methane recovery rate were calculated according to a specific formula.Results and discussion The result shows that AVW-SC is spherical and closely aggregated,while AVW-PC has a three-dimensional network structure,with average pore diameter of 9.77 nm.The electron exchange capacity(EEC)of AVW-PC(i.e.,0.75μmol·e-/g)is higher than that of AVW-SC(i.e.,0.15μmol·e-/g),indicating a better electron exchange capacity.These results indicate that AVW-PC provides more substrate and bacteria accumulation sites,and has better electron-donating and electron-accepting ability,thus improving the digestion efficiency.In the MEC-AD system,using Ti mesh as an electrode,the effect of different voltages(i.e.,0,0.4,0.6,0.8 V and 1.2 V)on the system performance is investigated,obtaining the optimum biogas production and organic matter degradation rate at 0.8 V.AVW-SC and AVW-PC are respectively coated on Ti mesh as electrodes.The results show that the MEC-AD system with AVW-PC coated Ti mesh as the electrode has a better performance.The electrochemical analysis shows that the electrode coated with AVW-PC has a larger specific capacitance and a smaller charge transfer resistance,indicating that AVW-PC can improve the electrochemical properties and electron transfer ability of MEC-AD system.The influence of coating amount(i.e.,0.025,0.05,0.10,0.15,and 0.20 g)of AVW-PC on the MEC-AD system is investigated.At a coating amount of AVW-PC of 0.1 g,the cumulative biogas production and methane content of the Ti_(0.8)-PC_90.1) group both reach the maximum values.Different doses of AVW-PC(i.e.,0.10%,0.15%,0.20%,and 0.25%)are added as accelerants in Ti_(0.8)-PC_90.1).At the addition amount of AVW-PC of 0.20%,the Ti_(0.8)-PC_90.1)/PC0.2 group performs the optimum biogas production(i.e.,633.63 mL/g VS),methane content(i.e.,65.85%),and total nutrient content of biogas residue(i.e.,42.30 g/kg).In Ti_(0.8)-PC_90.1)/PC0.2,Bacteroidales,Pseudomonadales,Oscillospirales,Methanobacteraceae,Methanospirillaceae,Methanosarcinacea and Methanosaetaceae significantly increase.The increase in microbial diversity promotes interspecific hydrogen transfer(IHT),interspecific acetic transfer(IAT),and direct interspecific electron transfer(DIET),thereby enhancing methanogenic efficiency.Conclusions AVW-SC and AVW-PC were utilized as electrodes and accelerants to enhance methane yield in MEC-AD system.The Ti mesh electrode coated with different concentrations of AVW-PC achieved the optimal biogas production at 0.8 V.Specifically,the Ti_(0.8)-PC_90.1) combination could generate the maximum total amount of biogas and methane proportion.The Ti_(0.8)-PC_90.1)/PC0.2 combination exhibited the optimum performance(i.e.,biogas yield of 633.63 mL/g VS,methane content of 65.85%and total nutritional content of 42.30 g/kg).High abundances of Bacteroidales,Pseudomonadales,Oscillospirales,Methanobacteraceae,Methanospirillaceae,Methanosarcinaceae,and Methanosaetaceae appeared in the Ti_(0.8)-PC_90.1)/PC0.2 group,compared to other groups.In addition,an increased microbial diversity led to an enhanced methane production through processes like DIET.This research could highlight the potential significance of AVW-PC as both electrode and accelerator for increasing methane production and provide a perspective for improving MEC-AD performance through multiple applications of biomass-derived carbon.展开更多
A manufacturing method is proposed for carbon based composite double polymer compliant electrode.The stiffness of this compliant electrode is changed by adjusting the mass fraction of carbon black and the ratios betwe...A manufacturing method is proposed for carbon based composite double polymer compliant electrode.The stiffness of this compliant electrode is changed by adjusting the mass fraction of carbon black and the ratios between Ecoflex20 and RT625.Tensile machine is used to test its ductility and hardness.The conductivity is measured through the source table.Finally,it is printed on the dielectric elastomers(DE)film,and the high-voltage amplifier is used for dielectric elastomers actuators(DEAs)dynamics testing.The results show that the compliant electrode has high tensile properties(>200%),low stiffness(<300 kPa)and well conductivity(0.0493 S/cm).It is proved that the DEAs displacement output is up to 1.189 mm by this compliant electrode under dynamic response,which is 1.64 times and 1.32 times of the same type.Moreover,this formula extends the curing time of the original compliant electrode ink.It can provide a reference for the production of compliant electrode and DEAs in the future.展开更多
In order to address the current inability of screen printing to monitor printing pressure online,an online printing pressure monitoring system applied to screen printing machines was designed in this study.In this stu...In order to address the current inability of screen printing to monitor printing pressure online,an online printing pressure monitoring system applied to screen printing machines was designed in this study.In this study,the consistency of printed electrodes was measured by using a confocal microscope and the pressure distribution detected by online pressure monitoring system was compared to investigate the relationship.The results demonstrated the relationship between printing pressure and the consistency of printed electrodes.As printing pressure increases,the ink layer at the corresponding position becomes thicker and that higher printing pressure enhances the consistency of the printed electrodes.The experiment confirms the feasibility of the online pressure monitoring system,which aids in predicting and controlling the consistency of printed electrodes,thereby improving their performance.展开更多
With the rapid development of industry,the environmental problems caused by heavy metal arsenic and antimony are becoming increasingly serious.Therefore,it is urgent to solve the problem of arsenic and antimony pollut...With the rapid development of industry,the environmental problems caused by heavy metal arsenic and antimony are becoming increasingly serious.Therefore,it is urgent to solve the problem of arsenic and antimony pollution in the water environment.Renewable carbon-based materials,as a kind of adsorbent widely used in wastewater treatment,have been the focus of scholars’research for many years.In this review,the preparation methods,characteristics,and applications of renewable carbon-based materials(biochar,activated carbon,carbon nanotubes,and graphene)for the removal of arsenic and antimony are described in detail.Based on adsorption kinetics,isothermal adsorption,temperature,pH,and coexisting ions,we discuss the process of adsorption of arsenic and antimony by renewable carbon-based materials,explore the mechanism of adsorption of anions in water by renewable carbon-basedmaterials,and comparatively analyze the differences in adsorption performance of arsenic and antimony by different renewable carbon-based materials.Compared with biochar,activated carbon,carbon nanotube,and graphene renewable materials loaded with iron-manganese oxides have better removal effects on arsenic and antimony wastewater.Extensive research data shows that biochar,as a renewable material,is recommended,followed by activated carbon.Both are recommended because of their excellent adsorption properties and low production costs.Finally,the prospects and challenges of the application of renewable carbon-based materials in wastewater treatment are discussed,and the directions and development trends of future research are pointed out,which provide references and insights for further promoting the application of renewable carbon-based materials in wastewater treatment.展开更多
基金financial support of the Colombia Scientific Program within the framework of the call Ecosistema Cientifíco (Contract FP44842-218-2018)。
文摘Perovskite solar cells(PSCs) have revolutionized photovoltaic research. As a result, a certified power conversion efficiency(PCE) of 25.5% was recorded in late 2020. Although this efficiency is comparable with silicon solar cells;some issues remain partially unsolved, such as lead toxicity, instability of perovskite materials under continuous illumination, moisture and oxygen, and degradation of the metallic counter electrodes. As an alternative to tackle this last concern, carbon materials have been recently used, due to their good electrical and thermal conductivity, and chemical stability, which makes them one of the most promising materials to replace metallic counter electrodes in the fabrication of PSCs. This review highlights the recent advances of carbon-based PSCs, where the carbon electrode(CE) is the main actor.CEs have become very promising candidates for PSCs;they are mainly fabricated using a simple combination of graphite and carbon black powders embedded in a binder matrix, giving a paste that is then solution-processable, resulting in devices with improved quality stability, when compared to metallic electrodes. In this review, CE’s composition is emphasized, since it can give both, high and lowtemperature processed electrodes, compatible with different device configurations. Finally, the tendencies and opportunities to use CE in PSCs devices are presented.
文摘Paracetamol is a non-steroidal, anti-inflammatory drug widely used in pharmaceutical applications for its sturdy, antipyretic and analgesic action. However, an overdose of paracetamol can cause fulminant hepatic necrosis and other toxic effects. Thus, the development of advantageous analytical tools to detect and determine paracetamol is required. Due to simplicity, higher sensitivity and selectivity as well as costefficiency, electrochemical sensors were fully investigated in last decades. This review describes the advancements made in the development of electrochemical sensors for the paracetamol detection and quantification in pharmaceutical and biological samples. The progress made in electrochemical sensors for the selective detection of paracetamol in the last 10 years was examined, with a special focus on highly innovative features introduced by nanotechnology. As the literature is rather extensive, we tried to simplify this work by summarizing and grouping electrochemical sensors according to the by which manner their substrates were chemically modified and the analytical performances obtained.
基金funded by the Joint Fund for Regional Innovation and Development of National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20143)the National Science Fund for Excellent Young Scholars(52322607)the Excellent Youth Foundation of Heilongjiang Scientific Committee(YQ2022E028)。
文摘Improving the volumetric energy density of supercapacitors is essential for practical applications,which highly relies on the dense storage of ions in carbon-based electrodes.The functional units of carbon-based electrode exhibit multi-scale structural characteristics including macroscopic electrode morphologies,mesoscopic microcrystals and pores,and microscopic defects and dopants in the carbon basal plane.Therefore,the ordered combination of multi-scale structures of carbon electrode is crucial for achieving dense energy storage and high volumetric performance by leveraging the functions of various scale structu re.Considering that previous reviews have focused more on the discussion of specific scale structu re of carbon electrodes,this review takes a multi-scale perspective in which recent progresses regarding the structureperformance relationship,underlying mechanism and directional design of carbon-based multi-scale structures including carbon morphology,pore structure,carbon basal plane micro-environment and electrode technology on dense energy storage and volumetric property of supercapacitors are systematically discussed.We analyzed in detail the effects of the morphology,pore,and micro-environment of carbon electrode materials on ion dense storage,summarized the specific effects of different scale structures on volumetric property and recent research progress,and proposed the mutual influence and trade-off relationship between various scale structures.In addition,the challenges and outlooks for improving the dense storage and volumetric performance of carbon-based supercapacitors are analyzed,which can provide feasible technical reference and guidance for the design and manufacture of dense carbon-based electrode materials.
文摘The use of three-dimensional(3D)electrodes in water treatment is competitive because of their high catalytic efficiency,low energy consumption and promising development.The use of particle electrodes is a key research focus in this technology.They are usually in the form of particles that fill the space between the cathode and anode,and the selection of materials used is important.Carbon-based materials are widely used because of their large specific surface area,good adsorption performance,high chemical stability and low cost.The principles of 3D electrode technology are introduced and recent research on its use for degrading organic pollutants using carbon-based particle electrodes is summarized.The classification of particle electrodes is introduced and the challenges for the future development of carbon-based particle electrodes in wastewater treatment are discussed.
文摘Supercapacitors are gaining popularity due to their high cycling stability,power density,and fast charge and discharge rates.Researchers are ex-ploring electrode materials,electrolytes,and separat-ors for cost-effective energy storage systems.Ad-vances in materials science have led to the develop-ment of hybrid nanomaterials,such as combining fil-amentous carbon forms with inorganic nanoparticles,to create new charge and energy transfer processes.Notable materials for electrochemical energy-stor-age applications include MXenes,2D transition met-al carbides,and nitrides,carbon black,carbon aerogels,activated carbon,carbon nanotubes,conducting polymers,carbon fibers,and nanofibers,and graphene,because of their thermal,electrical,and mechanical properties.Carbon materials mixed with conducting polymers,ceramics,metal oxides,transition metal oxides,metal hydroxides,transition metal sulfides,trans-ition metal dichalcogenide,metal sulfides,carbides,nitrides,and biomass materials have received widespread attention due to their remarkable performance,eco-friendliness,cost-effectiveness,and renewability.This article explores the development of carbon-based hybrid materials for future supercapacitors,including electric double-layer capacitors,pseudocapacitors,and hy-brid supercapacitors.It investigates the difficulties that influence structural design,manufacturing(electrospinning,hydro-thermal/solvothermal,template-assisted synthesis,electrodeposition,electrospray,3D printing)techniques and the latest car-bon-based hybrid materials research offer practical solutions for producing high-performance,next-generation supercapacitors.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52127816),the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2020YFA0715000)the National Natural Science and Hong Kong Research Grant Council Joint Research Funding Project of China(No.5181101182)the NSFC/RGC Joint Research Scheme sponsored by the Research Grants Council of Hong Kong and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.N_PolyU513/18).
文摘Latent heat thermal energy storage(TES)effectively reduces the mismatch between energy supply and demand of renewable energy sources by the utilization of phase change materials(PCMs).However,the low thermal conductivity and poor shape stability are the main drawbacks in realizing the large-scale application of PCMs.Promisingly,developing composite PCM(CPCM)based on porous supporting mate-rial provides a desirable solution to obtain performance-enhanced PCMs with improved effective thermal conductivity and shape stability.Among all the porous matrixes as supports for PCM,three-dimensional carbon-based porous supporting material has attracted considerable attention ascribing to its high ther-mal conductivity,desirable loading capacity of PCMs,and excellent chemical compatibility with various PCMs.Therefore,this work systemically reviews the CPCMs with three-dimensional carbon-based porous supporting materials.First,a concise rule for the fabrication of CPCMs is illustrated in detail.Next,the experimental and computational research of carbon nanotube-based support,graphene-based support,graphite-based support and amorphous carbon-based support are reviewed.Then,the applications of the shape-stabilized CPCMs including thermal management and thermal conversion are illustrated.Last but not least,the challenges and prospects of the CPCMs are discussed.To conclude,introducing carbon-based porous materials can solve the liquid leakage issue and essentially improve the thermal conductivity of PCMs.However,there is still a long way to further develop a desirable CPCM with higher latent heat capacity,higher thermal conductivity,and more excellent shape stability.
基金supported by the Programs of National 973 (2011CB935900)NSFC (51231003 and 21231005)+1 种基金111 Project (B12015)Tianjin High-Tech (10SYSYJC27600)
文摘The synthetic routes of porous carbons and the applications of the functional porous carbon-based composite electrode materials for lithium secondary batteries are reviewed. The synthetic methods have made great breakthroughs to control the pore size and volume, wall thickness, surface area, and connectivity of porous carbons, which result in the development of functional porous carbon-based composite electrode materials. The effects of porous carbons on the electrochemical properties are further discussed. The porous carbons as ideal matrixes to incorporate active materials make a great improvement on the electrochemical properties because of high surface area and pore volume, excellent electronic conductivity, and strong adsorption capacity. Large numbers of the composite electrode materials have been used for the devices of electrochemical energy conversion and storage, such as lithium-ion batteries （LIBs）, Li-S batteries, and Li-O2 batteries. It is believed that functional porous carbon-based composite electrode materials will continuously contribute to the field of lithium secondary batteries.
基金supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(No.QY24166).
文摘In a pulsed plasma thruster,the voltage distribution between the electrodes is a key factor that influences the ionization process.However,few researchers have conducted in-depth studies of this phenomenon in the past.Reported here are measurements of the voltage distribution between the plates of a parallel-plate pulsed plasma thruster under different discharge voltages,based on which the variations in the total circuit inductance and resistance as well as those between the plates are calculated.The results show that the time-averaged voltage across the plates accounts for 28.7%-50.4%of the capacitor voltage.As the capacitor initial voltage increases from 1250 V to 2000 V,the voltage across the plates rises,but its proportion relative to the capacitor voltage decreases.For every 250 V increase in the capacitor initial voltage,the average voltage proportion across the plates decreases by approximately 2%-3%.Additionally,the voltage proportion decreases gradually from the end near the propellant outward.The voltage distribution ratio between the plates is correlated with the proportions of the resistance and inductance between the plates relative to the total circuit.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.52172033 and 22005280)Anhui Province Key Research and Development Plan Project International Science and Technology Cooperation Special Project (No.202004b11020015)
文摘As one of the promising energy storage and conversion systems,supercapacitors(SCs)are highly favored owing to their high power density and good service life.Among all the key components of supercapacitor devices,the design and investigation of electrode materials play an essential role in determining the whole electrochemical charge storage performance.Recently,nanocarbon-based materials(e.g.,graphene,carbon dots,graphene quantum dots,etc.)have been widely used as SC electrode materials because of their good physical structure and chemical properties,providing a new route to further improve the energy density and life span of SCs.Here,we review the latest progress of nanocarbon-based materials(including nanocarbon and nanocarbon-based composite materials)as electrode materials in SCs application.The recent progress of carbon dots,graphene,carbon nanotubes,and other nanocarbon materials electrodes is summarized,while the capacitance and energy density of the above nanocarbon electrodes still need to be improved.Then,the preparation and performance of nanocarbonbased composite electrodes comprising transition metal oxides,conductive polymer,and metal-organic framework derived porous carbon are reviewed.Finally,we outline major challenges and propose some ideas on building better nanocarbon-based SC electrodes.
文摘This study explores the potential of Michelia champaca wood as a sustainable and locally available precursor for the fabrication of high-performance supercapacitor electrodes.Activated carbons were synthesized through single-step carbonization at 400℃ and 500℃(SSC-400℃ and SSC-500℃) and double-step carbonization at 400℃(DSC-400℃),with all samples activated using H_(3)PO_(4).The effects of carbonization stratergy on the structural,morphological,and electrochemical characteristics of the resulting carbon materials were systematically evaluated,using techniques such as BET,SEM,TEM,XRD,Raman scattering,FTIR,CV,GCD and EIS.Among the samples,SSC-400℃ exhibited the best electrochemical performance,achieving a specific capacitance of 292.2 Fg^(-1),an energy density of 6.4 Wh kg^(-1),and a power density of 198.4 W kg^(-1).This superior performance is attributed to its optimized pore structure,improved sur-face functionality and enhanced conductivity.SSC-500℃showed marginally lower performance,whereas,DSC-400℃ displayed the least favorable results,indicating that double-step carbonization process may negatively affect material quality by disrupting the pore network.This work highlights a strong correlation between synthesis methodology and electrochemical efficiency,directly reinforcing the importance of process optimization in electrode material develop-ment.The findings contribute to the broader goal of developing cost-effective,renewable and environmentally friendly energy storage systems.By valorizing biomass waste,the study supports global movements toward green energy technologies and circular carbon economies,offering a viable pathway for sustainable supercapacitor development and practical applications in energy storage devices.
基金The Open Project of State Key Laboratory of Smart Grid Protection and Operation Control in 2022(No.SGNR0000KJJS2302150).
文摘Fully implanted brain-computer interfaces(BCIs)are preferred as they eliminate signal degradation caused by interference and absorption in external tissues,a common issue in non-fully implanted systems.To optimize the design of electroencephalography electrodes in fully implanted BCI systems,this study investigates the penetration and absorption characteristics of microwave signals in human brain tissue at different frequencies.Electromagnetic simulations are used to analyze the power density distribution and specific absorption rate(SAR)of signals at various frequen-cies.The results indicate that lower-frequency signals offer advantages in terms of power density and attenuation coeffi-cients.However,SAR-normalized analysis,which considers both power density and electromagnetic radiation hazards,shows that higher-frequency signals perform better at superficial to intermediate depths.Specifically,at a depth of 2 mm beneath the cortex,the power density of a 6.5 GHz signal is 247.83%higher than that of a 0.4 GHz signal.At a depth of 5 mm,the power density of a 3.5 GHz signal exceeds that of a 0.4 GHz signal by 224.16%.The findings suggest that 6.5 GHz is optimal for electrodes at a depth of 2 mm,3.5 GHz for 5 mm,2.45 GHz for depths of 15-20 mm,and 1.8 GHz for 25 mm.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)through a grant provided by the Korean government(No.NRF-2021R1F1A1063451).
文摘Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS)is a highly successful conductive polymer utilized as an electrode material in energy storage units for portable and wearable electronic de-vices.Nevertheless,employing PEDOT:PSS in supercapacitors(SC)in its pristine state presents challenges due to its suboptimal electrochemical performance and operational instability.To surmount these limita-tions,PEDOT:PSS has been integrated with carbon-based materials to form flexible electrodes,which ex-hibit physical and chemical stability during SC operation.We developed a streamlined fabrication process for high-performance SC electrodes composed of PEDOT:PSS and carbon quantum dots(CQDs).The CQDs were synthesized under microwave irradiation,yielding green-and red-light emissions.Through optimiz-ing the ratios of CQDs to PEDOT:PSS,the SC electrodes were prepared using a spray-coating technique,marking a significant improvement in device performance with a high volumetric capacitance(104.10 F cm-3),impressive energy density(19.68 Wh cm^(-3)),and excellent cyclic stability,retaining~85% of its original volumetric capacitance after 15,000 repeated GCD cycles.Moreover,the SCs,when utilized as a flexible substrate,demonstrated the ability to maintain up to~85% of their electrochemical performance even after 3,000 bending cycles(at a bending angle of 60°).These attributes render this hybrid composite an ideal candidate for a lightweight smart energy storage component in portable and wearable electronic technologies.
基金funded by the National Science Centre,Poland,on the basis of the decision number UMO-2020/37/B/ST8/02097supported by the program“Excellence Initiative-Research University”for the AGH University of Krakow(IDUB AGH,No.501.696.7996,Action 4,ID 9880).
文摘Multicomponent Gd_(1−x)Sm_(x)Ba_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)CoCuO_(5+δ)double perovskites are optimized for application in terms of chemical composi-tion and morphology for the use as oxygen electrodes in solid oxide cells.Structural studies of other physicochemical properties are con-ducted on a series of materials obtained by the sol-gel method with different ratios of Gd and Sm cations.It is documented that changing the x value,and the resulting adjustment of the average ionic radius,have a significant impact on the crystal structure,stability,as well as on the total conductivity and thermomechanical properties of the materials,with the best results obtained for the Gd_(0.75)Sm_(0.2)5Ba_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)CoCuO_(5+δ)composition.Oxygen electrodes are prepared using the selected compound,allowing to obtain low polarization resistance values,such as 0.086Ω·cm^(2)at 800℃.Systematic studies of electrocatalytic activity are conducted using La_(0.8)Sr_(0.2)Ga_(0.8)Mg_(_(0.2))O_(3−δ)as the electrolyte for all electrodes,and Ce_(0.8)Gd_(0.2)O_(2−δ)electrolyte for the best performing Gd_(0.75)Sm_(0.2)5Ba_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)CoCuO_(5+δ)electrodes.The electrochemical data are analyzed using the distribution of relaxation times method.Also,the influence of the preparation method of the electrode material is in-ve`stigated using the electrospinning technique.Finally,the performance of the Gd_(0.75)Sm_(0.2)5Ba_(0.5)Sr_(0.5)CoCuO_(5+δ)electrodes is tested in a Ni-YSZ(yttria-stabilized zirconia)anode-supported cell with a Ce_(0.8)Gd_(0.2)O_(2−δ)buffer layer,in the fuel cell and electrolyzer operating modes.With the electrospun electrode,a power density of 462 mW·cm^(−2)is obtained at 700℃,with a current density of ca.0.2 A·cm^(−2)at 1.3 V for the electrolysis at the same temperature,indicating better performance compared to the sol-gel-based electrode.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(62104059,12104126,61935016,52173153)Nature Science Foundation of Hebei Province(F2021202044)the Science Research Project of Hebei Education Department(ZD2021031)。
文摘The hole transport layer(HTL)-free carbon-based perovskite solar cells(C-PSCs)are promising for commercialization owing to their excellent operational stability and simple fabrication process.However,the power conversion efficiencies(PCE)of C-PSCs are inferior to the metal electrode-based devices due to their open-circuit voltage(V_(oc))loss.Herein,time-resolved confocal photoluminescence microscopy reveals that grain boundary defects at the perovskite/carbon interface are very likely to function as nonradiative recombination centers in HTL-free C-PSCs.A versatile additive Li_(2)CO_(3)is used to modify the conformal tin oxide electron transport layer for HTL-free C-PSCs.Li_(2)CO_(3)modification can result in enhanced charge extraction and optimized energy alignment at electron transport layer/perovskite interface,as well as suppressed defects at perovskite top surface due to Li_(2)CO_(3)-induced formation of PbI_(2)crystallites.Such dual interfacial passivation ultimately leads to significantly improved Voc up to 1.142 V,which is comparable to the metal electrode-based devices with HTL.Moreover,a record-high PCE of 33.2%is achieved for Li_(2)CO_(3)-modified C-PSCs under weak light illumination conditions,demonstrating excellent indoor photovoltaic performance.This work provides a practical approach to fabricate low-cost,highly efficient carbon-based perovskite solar cells.
基金National Research Foundation of Korea,Grant/Award Numbers:NRF-2019R1A2C1084836,NRF-2021R1A4A2001403,NRF-2022R1C1C1011484。
文摘Zinc metal anodes(ZMA)have high theoretical capacities(820 mAh g−1 and 5855 mAh cm−3)and redox potential(−0.76 V vs.standard hydrogen electrode),similar to the electrochemical voltage window of the hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)in a mild acidic electrolyte system,facilitating aqueous zinc batteries competitive in next-generation energy storage devices.However,the HER and byproduct formation effectuated by water-splitting deteriorate the electrochemical performance of ZMA,limiting their application.In this study,a key factor in promoting the HER in carbon-based electrode materials(CEMs),which can provide a larger active surface area and guide uniform zinc metal deposition,was investigated using a series of threedimensional structured templating carbon electrodes(3D-TCEs)with different local graphitic orderings,pore structures,and surface properties.The ultramicropores of CEMs are the determining critical factors in initiating HER and clogging active surfaces by Zn(OH)2 byproduct formation,through a systematic comparative study based on the 3D-TCE series samples.When the 3D-TCEs had a proper graphitic structure with few ultramicropores,they showed highly stable cycling performances over 2000 cycles with average Coulombic efficiencies of≥99%.These results suggest that a well-designed CEM can lead to high-performance ZMA in aqueous zinc batteries.
基金support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52376216,52006194,52006191)the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi(2023-YBGY-054).
文摘Sodium ion batteries(SIBs)are one of the most prospective energy storage devices recently.Carbon materials have been commonly used as anode materials for SIBs because of their wide sources and low price.However,pure carbon materials still have the disadvantage of low theoretical capacity.New design and preparation strategies for carbon-based composites can overcome the problems.Based on the analysis of Na^(+)storage mechanism of carbon-based composite materials,the factors influencing the performance of SIBs are discussed.Adjustment methods for improving the electrochemical performance of electrodes are evaluated in detail,including carbon skeleton design and composite material selection.Some advanced composite materials,i.e.,carbon-conversion composite and carbon-MXene composite,are also being explored.New advances in flexible electrodes based on carbon-based composite on flexible SIBs is investigated.The existing issues and future issues of carbon-based composite materials are discussed.
文摘Introduction The generation of biological wastes such as cow dung and aloe vera waste(AVW)causes a serious ecological pollution.The microbial electrolytic cell coupled with anaerobic digestion(MEC-AD)system can make a rational utilization of these biodegradable organic wastes,which is of vital importance for alleviating environmental deterioration and reducing resource waste.Electrode materials and accelerants are the two major factors that affect methane production in the MEC-AD system.They affect microbial attachment and electron transfer in the MEC-AD system.Bio-based carbon materials are carbon materials prepared from biomass as raw materials.They have characteristics such as a rich pore structure,good chemical stability,biocompatibility,and controllable surface properties,which can be used as accelerants and electrodes in the MEC-AD system to optimize its performance.This study was to investigate the influence of biomass-derived carbon as an electrode and accelerant on the performance of the MEC-AD system,and the mechanism for increasing the production of biogas and methane was also analyzed,thus providing a basis for the multifunctional application of biomass-derived carbon in the MEC-AD system.Methods A series of experimental methods were adopted to study the MEC-AD system.Two types of bio-based carbon,i.e.,aloe vera waste derived spherical carbon(AVW-SC)and porous carbon(AVW-PC),were synthesized via hydrothermal carbonization.The raw AVW material was washed with water,dried,ground,and subjected to hydrothermal treatment to obtain AVW-SC.After activating AVW-SC with KOH,it was carbonized in a tube furnace to obtain AVW-PC.In the preparation of the electrodes,bio-based carbon(AVW-SC and AVW-PC)was mixed with 5%polytetrafluoroethylene powder in ethanol and deionized water,and then ground in a ball mill for 4 h to form a slurry.The slurry was evenly sprayed on the Ti mesh,dried and sintered in N2 atmosphere at 360℃to obtain Ti-SC and Ti-PC electrodes.Four groups of experiments were conducted to determine the optimal voltage,compare different carbon electrodes,and explore the optimal coating amount.The MEC-AD reactor adopted 500 mL wide-mouthed glass bottles with a working volume of 400 mL.Each MEC-AD system received a co-substrate mixture of cattle dung and aloe vera waste and inoculum of sewage sludge in a mass ratio of 3:7.Afterward,they were placed at(36±1)℃for 35 d.The biogas was collected by a water displacement method.The materials were analyzed by characterization techniques such as X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and electrochemical tests were conducted on different electrodes.The composition,pH,TS,VS,TCOD and nutrient content of biogas were analyzed by standard chemical methods.Microbial community analysis was conducted using high-throughput sequencing technology.The modified Gompertz model was adopted to predict the kinetic parameters,and the coulombic efficiency and methane recovery rate were calculated according to a specific formula.Results and discussion The result shows that AVW-SC is spherical and closely aggregated,while AVW-PC has a three-dimensional network structure,with average pore diameter of 9.77 nm.The electron exchange capacity(EEC)of AVW-PC(i.e.,0.75μmol·e-/g)is higher than that of AVW-SC(i.e.,0.15μmol·e-/g),indicating a better electron exchange capacity.These results indicate that AVW-PC provides more substrate and bacteria accumulation sites,and has better electron-donating and electron-accepting ability,thus improving the digestion efficiency.In the MEC-AD system,using Ti mesh as an electrode,the effect of different voltages(i.e.,0,0.4,0.6,0.8 V and 1.2 V)on the system performance is investigated,obtaining the optimum biogas production and organic matter degradation rate at 0.8 V.AVW-SC and AVW-PC are respectively coated on Ti mesh as electrodes.The results show that the MEC-AD system with AVW-PC coated Ti mesh as the electrode has a better performance.The electrochemical analysis shows that the electrode coated with AVW-PC has a larger specific capacitance and a smaller charge transfer resistance,indicating that AVW-PC can improve the electrochemical properties and electron transfer ability of MEC-AD system.The influence of coating amount(i.e.,0.025,0.05,0.10,0.15,and 0.20 g)of AVW-PC on the MEC-AD system is investigated.At a coating amount of AVW-PC of 0.1 g,the cumulative biogas production and methane content of the Ti_(0.8)-PC_90.1) group both reach the maximum values.Different doses of AVW-PC(i.e.,0.10%,0.15%,0.20%,and 0.25%)are added as accelerants in Ti_(0.8)-PC_90.1).At the addition amount of AVW-PC of 0.20%,the Ti_(0.8)-PC_90.1)/PC0.2 group performs the optimum biogas production(i.e.,633.63 mL/g VS),methane content(i.e.,65.85%),and total nutrient content of biogas residue(i.e.,42.30 g/kg).In Ti_(0.8)-PC_90.1)/PC0.2,Bacteroidales,Pseudomonadales,Oscillospirales,Methanobacteraceae,Methanospirillaceae,Methanosarcinacea and Methanosaetaceae significantly increase.The increase in microbial diversity promotes interspecific hydrogen transfer(IHT),interspecific acetic transfer(IAT),and direct interspecific electron transfer(DIET),thereby enhancing methanogenic efficiency.Conclusions AVW-SC and AVW-PC were utilized as electrodes and accelerants to enhance methane yield in MEC-AD system.The Ti mesh electrode coated with different concentrations of AVW-PC achieved the optimal biogas production at 0.8 V.Specifically,the Ti_(0.8)-PC_90.1) combination could generate the maximum total amount of biogas and methane proportion.The Ti_(0.8)-PC_90.1)/PC0.2 combination exhibited the optimum performance(i.e.,biogas yield of 633.63 mL/g VS,methane content of 65.85%and total nutritional content of 42.30 g/kg).High abundances of Bacteroidales,Pseudomonadales,Oscillospirales,Methanobacteraceae,Methanospirillaceae,Methanosarcinaceae,and Methanosaetaceae appeared in the Ti_(0.8)-PC_90.1)/PC0.2 group,compared to other groups.In addition,an increased microbial diversity led to an enhanced methane production through processes like DIET.This research could highlight the potential significance of AVW-PC as both electrode and accelerator for increasing methane production and provide a perspective for improving MEC-AD performance through multiple applications of biomass-derived carbon.
基金Science and Technology Talent Project of Xi’an Science and Technology Bureau,Shaanxi Province(No.2020KJRC0049)。
文摘A manufacturing method is proposed for carbon based composite double polymer compliant electrode.The stiffness of this compliant electrode is changed by adjusting the mass fraction of carbon black and the ratios between Ecoflex20 and RT625.Tensile machine is used to test its ductility and hardness.The conductivity is measured through the source table.Finally,it is printed on the dielectric elastomers(DE)film,and the high-voltage amplifier is used for dielectric elastomers actuators(DEAs)dynamics testing.The results show that the compliant electrode has high tensile properties(>200%),low stiffness(<300 kPa)and well conductivity(0.0493 S/cm).It is proved that the DEAs displacement output is up to 1.189 mm by this compliant electrode under dynamic response,which is 1.64 times and 1.32 times of the same type.Moreover,this formula extends the curing time of the original compliant electrode ink.It can provide a reference for the production of compliant electrode and DEAs in the future.
文摘In order to address the current inability of screen printing to monitor printing pressure online,an online printing pressure monitoring system applied to screen printing machines was designed in this study.In this study,the consistency of printed electrodes was measured by using a confocal microscope and the pressure distribution detected by online pressure monitoring system was compared to investigate the relationship.The results demonstrated the relationship between printing pressure and the consistency of printed electrodes.As printing pressure increases,the ink layer at the corresponding position becomes thicker and that higher printing pressure enhances the consistency of the printed electrodes.The experiment confirms the feasibility of the online pressure monitoring system,which aids in predicting and controlling the consistency of printed electrodes,thereby improving their performance.
基金funded by the following grants,including the Key Research and Development Programof Shaanxi Province(Nos.2023-LL-QY-42,2024NC-ZDCYL-02-05)the Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology Research Initiation Grant Program(No.1960323102)+1 种基金the Xi’an University of Architecture and Technology Special Program for Cultivation of Frontier Interdisciplinary Fields(No.X20230079)the Open Fund for the Key Laboratory of Soil and Plant Nutrition of Ningxia(No.ZHS202401).
文摘With the rapid development of industry,the environmental problems caused by heavy metal arsenic and antimony are becoming increasingly serious.Therefore,it is urgent to solve the problem of arsenic and antimony pollution in the water environment.Renewable carbon-based materials,as a kind of adsorbent widely used in wastewater treatment,have been the focus of scholars’research for many years.In this review,the preparation methods,characteristics,and applications of renewable carbon-based materials(biochar,activated carbon,carbon nanotubes,and graphene)for the removal of arsenic and antimony are described in detail.Based on adsorption kinetics,isothermal adsorption,temperature,pH,and coexisting ions,we discuss the process of adsorption of arsenic and antimony by renewable carbon-based materials,explore the mechanism of adsorption of anions in water by renewable carbon-basedmaterials,and comparatively analyze the differences in adsorption performance of arsenic and antimony by different renewable carbon-based materials.Compared with biochar,activated carbon,carbon nanotube,and graphene renewable materials loaded with iron-manganese oxides have better removal effects on arsenic and antimony wastewater.Extensive research data shows that biochar,as a renewable material,is recommended,followed by activated carbon.Both are recommended because of their excellent adsorption properties and low production costs.Finally,the prospects and challenges of the application of renewable carbon-based materials in wastewater treatment are discussed,and the directions and development trends of future research are pointed out,which provide references and insights for further promoting the application of renewable carbon-based materials in wastewater treatment.
