Self-aggregation and sluggish transport kinetics of cathode materials would usually lead to the poor electrochemical performance for aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs).In this work,we report the construction of C@VO_(2...Self-aggregation and sluggish transport kinetics of cathode materials would usually lead to the poor electrochemical performance for aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs).In this work,we report the construction of C@VO_(2) composite via anti-aggregation growth and hierarchical porous carbon encapsulation.Both of the morphology of composite and pore structure of carbon layer can be regulated by tuning the adding amount of glucose.When acting as cathode applied for AZIBs,the C@VO_(2)-3:3 composite can deliver a high capacity of 281 m Ah g^(-1) at 0.2 A g^(-1).Moreover,such cathode also exhibits a remarkably rate capability and cyclic stability,which can release a specific capacity of 195 m Ah g^(-1) at 5 A g^(-1) with the capacity retention of 95.4%after 1000 cycles.Besides that,the evolution including the crystal structure,valence state and transport kinetics upon cycling were also deeply investigated.In conclusion,benefited from the synergistic effect of anti-aggregation morphology and hierarchical porous carbon encapsulation,the building of such C@VO_(2) composite can be highly expected to enhance the ion accessible site,boost the transport kinetics and thus performing a superior storage performance.Such design concept can be applied for other kinds of electrode materials and accelerating the development of highperformance AZIBs.展开更多
Carbon encapsulated Fe nanoparticles were successfully prepared via confined arc plasma method. The composition, morphology, microstructure, specific surface area and particle size of the product were characterized vi...Carbon encapsulated Fe nanoparticles were successfully prepared via confined arc plasma method. The composition, morphology, microstructure, specific surface area and particle size of the product were characterized via X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller N2 adsorption. The experiment results show that the carbon encapsulated Fe nanoparticles have clear core-shell structure. The core of the particles is body centered cubic Fe, and the shell is disorder carbons. The particles are in spherical or ellipsoidal shapes. The particle size of the nanocapsules ranges from 15 to 40 nm, with the average value of about 30 nm. The particle diameter of the core is 18 nm, the thickness of the shells is 6-8 nm, and the specific surface area is 24 m2/g.展开更多
Transition metal nitrides have become the focus of research in sodium ion batteries(SIBs)due to their unique metal properties and high theoretical capacity.However,the low actual capacity is still the main bottleneck ...Transition metal nitrides have become the focus of research in sodium ion batteries(SIBs)due to their unique metal properties and high theoretical capacity.However,the low actual capacity is still the main bottleneck for their application.Herein,using Mo-aniline frameworks as precursors,the carbon encapsulated nitrogen-rich Mo_(x)N is decorated by few-layered MoSe_(2) nanosheets(MoSe_(2)@Mo_(x)N/C-I)after the facile calcinating,selenizing,and nitriding.The carbon encapsulation can effectively strengthen the structural stability of Mo_(x)N.The nitrogen-rich Mo_(x)N and decoration of few-layered MoSe_(2) can create rich heterointerfaces and extra active sites for rapid sodium-ion storage,thus promoting reaction kinetics and improving actual capacity.The MoSe_(2)@Mo_(x)N/C-I as an anode achieves a large reversible capacity of 522.8 mAh g^(-1)at 0.1 A g^(-1),and 254.3 mAh g^(-1)capacity is obtained after 6000 cycles at 5.0 A g^(-1),showing signally improved sodium-ion storage properties.The storage mechanisms and kinetic behaviors are described systematically via the advanced testing techniques and density functional theory(DFT)calculations.It is found that the nitrogen-rich Mo_(x)N as the substrate is the basis of long cycling stability,and the few-layered MoSe_(2) are the key to improving actual capacity.This work indicates that the decoration of few-layered selenides has a broad application prospect in high-performance metal-ion batteries.展开更多
Replacement of precious noble metal catalysts with cost-effective,non-noble heterogeneous catalysts for chemoselective hydrogenation of nitroarenes holds tremendous promise for the clean synthesis of nitrogen-containi...Replacement of precious noble metal catalysts with cost-effective,non-noble heterogeneous catalysts for chemoselective hydrogenation of nitroarenes holds tremendous promise for the clean synthesis of nitrogen-containing chemicals.Graphitic carbon layers encapsulated Ni catalysts(Ni@CN)are generated by a facile,scalable and straightforward strategy via the pyrolysis of 2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid coordinated Ni-MOF acting as the precursor.Physicochemical properties of the Ni@CN catalysts have been investigated by X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,elemental analysis and N2 adsorption-desorption analysis.The Ni@CN catalysts were found to be highly efficient in the chemoselective hydrogenation of various nitroarenes with other functional groups towards corresponding anilines under mild reaction conditions(85℃,1.0 MPa of H2 pressure).Based on the results of controlled tests,the catalytic activity can be attributed to the Ni NPs,while the presence of graphitic carbon layers favors the preferential adsorption of the nitro groups.The recyclability and anti-sulfur poisoning capability of Ni@CN were also investigated.展开更多
A novel and efficient route for preparing carbon encapsulated metal nanomaterials using staple biopolymer-starch as the carbon precursor was presented. Fe particles can be effectively encapsulated inside carbon shells...A novel and efficient route for preparing carbon encapsulated metal nanomaterials using staple biopolymer-starch as the carbon precursor was presented. Fe particles can be effectively encapsulated inside carbon shells by carbonizing composite of starch and iron oxide under hydrogen in a controllable way. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to characterize carbon encapsulated nanomaterials. The α-Fe and γ-Fe phases were clearly identified in those carbon encapsulated nanoparticles. The growth mechanism of carbon encapsulated metal nanoparticles was briefly discussed.展开更多
Carbon encapsulated iron nanoparticles （CEINPs） with very thin shells and good core-shell structures were prepared by DC arc discharge at argon intake temperature （AIT） of 800 ℃. The results of high resolution tr...Carbon encapsulated iron nanoparticles （CEINPs） with very thin shells and good core-shell structures were prepared by DC arc discharge at argon intake temperature （AIT） of 800 ℃. The results of high resolution transmission electron microscope （HRTEM）, energy dispersive X-ray （EDX） spectroscope, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope （XPS） characterizations on the product B show that the thickness of the carbon shells of CEINPs in the product B is in the range of ca. 0.5-5.3 nm, i. e., which can be as thin as only two layers of graphite. The average diameter of the CEINPs is about 24. 7 nm. The total content of Fe element in the product B is 77.0 wt%. The saturation magnetization （Ms） and coercivity （Hc） of the product B are 107.4 emu/g and 143 Oe. resnectivelv. The formation of the CEINPs in the oroduct B is discussed briefly.展开更多
Carbon encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles （CEMNs） were synthesized by heating an aqueous glucose solution containing Fe-Au （Au coated Fe nanoparticles） nanoparticles at 160-180 ℃ for 2 h. This novel hydrothermal...Carbon encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles （CEMNs） were synthesized by heating an aqueous glucose solution containing Fe-Au （Au coated Fe nanoparticles） nanoparticles at 160-180 ℃ for 2 h. This novel hydrothermal approach is not only simple but also provides the surface of CEMNs with functional groups like--OH. The formation of carbon encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles was not favored when using pure Fe nanoparticles as cores because of the oxidation of Fe nanoparticles by 1-120 during the reaction and, therefore, the surfaces of the naked Fe nanoparticles had to be coated by Au shell in advance. TEM, XRD, XPS and VSM measurments characterized that they were uniform carbon spheres containing some embedded Fe-Au nanoparticles, with a saturation of 14.6 emu/g and the size of the typical product is -350 nm.展开更多
The exploration of highly active and stable bifunctional catalysts based on structural adjustment and charge redistribution is imperative toward overall water splitting.The graphitized carbon encapsulation and the int...The exploration of highly active and stable bifunctional catalysts based on structural adjustment and charge redistribution is imperative toward overall water splitting.The graphitized carbon encapsulation and the introduction of zinc atoms could enhance conductivity and optimize the electronic structure of catalysts,thereby improving the activities of the oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions(OER and HER).Herein,a carbon-encapsulated CoS_(2)and Zn_(0.76)Co_(0.24)S composite with porous structure(CoS_(2)/Zn_(0.76)Co_(0.24)S@C)is constructed for overall water splitting by sulphurating a precursor of metanilic vipintercalated Co Zn-layered double hydroxide(Co Zn-LDH)host.Consequently,CoS_(2)/Zn_(0.76)Co_(0.24)S@C reveals lower overpotentials of 260 and 152 m V at 10 m A·cm^(-2)for OER and HER,respectively,outperforming those of CoS_(2),CoS_(2)@C and CoS_(2)/ZnS.For overall water splitting,a CoS_(2)/Zn_(0.76)Co_(0.24)S@C-based electrolysis cell exhibits a low cell voltage of 1.66 V at 10 m A·cm^(-2)with a retention of 81%after 40 h,indicating satisfactory stability.Density functional theory calculations further demonstrate that the encapsulated carbon layer could tune the d-band center of CoS_(2)and Zn_(0.76)Co_(0.24)S.The cooperation of cobalt sulfide with zinc atoms could reduce the work function and promote electronic redistribution,thus enhancing conductivity and boosting the OER/HER kinetics of the catalyst.This work provides an effective strategy for obtaining high conductivity,acceptable activity,strong stability and cost-effective electrocatalysts for water splitting.展开更多
Developing highly efficient non-R catalysts for fuel cells and metal-air batteries is highly desirable but still challenging due to the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction(ORR).Herein,a facile and efficient strategy is...Developing highly efficient non-R catalysts for fuel cells and metal-air batteries is highly desirable but still challenging due to the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction(ORR).Herein,a facile and efficient strategy is demonstrated to prepare N-doped carbon encapsulated ordered Pd-Fe intermetallic(O-Pd-Fe@NC/C)nanoparticles via a one-step thermal annealing method.The obtained O-Pd-Fe@NC/C nanoparticles show enhanced ORR activity,durability and anti-poisoning capacity in both acid and alkaline medium.When O-Pd-Fe@NC/C serving as cathode catalyst for Zn-air battery,it exhibits higher voltage platform and superior cycling performance with respect to the Zn-air battery based on the mixture of Pt/C and Ir/C catalysts.The enhanced electrocatalytic performance can be ascribed to the formation of face-centered tetragonal(fct)Pd-Fe nanoparticles,the protective action of the N-doped carbon layer and the interface confinement effect between them.The in situ formed N-doped carbon shell not only restrains the Pd-Fe ordered intermetallics from aggregating effectively during the thermal annealing process,but also provides a strong anchoring effect to avoid the detachment of Pd-Fe nanoparticles from the carbon support during the potential cycling.This facile carbon encapsulation strategy may also be extended to the preparation of a wide variety of N-doped carbon encapsulated intermetallic compounds for fuel cell application.展开更多
Porous carbon-encapsulated Ni and Ni-Sn intermetallic compound catalysts were prepared by the one-pot extended Stöber method followed by carbonization and tested for in-situ hydrothermal deoxygenation of methyl p...Porous carbon-encapsulated Ni and Ni-Sn intermetallic compound catalysts were prepared by the one-pot extended Stöber method followed by carbonization and tested for in-situ hydrothermal deoxygenation of methyl palmitate with methanol as the hydrogen donor.During the catalyst preparation,Sn doping reduces the size of carbon spheres,and the formation of Ni-Sn intermetallic compounds restrain the graphitization,contributing to larger pore volume and pore diameter.Consequently,a more facile mass transfer occurs in carbon-encapsulated Ni-Sn intermetallic compound catalysts than in carbonencapsulated Ni catalysts.During the in-situ hydrothermal deoxygenation,the synergism between Ni and Sn favors palmitic acid hydrogenation to a highly reactive hexadecanal that easily either decarbonylate to n-pentadecane or is hydrogenated to hexadecanol.At high reaction temperature,hexadecanol undergoes dehydrogenation-decarbonylation,generating n-pentadecane.Also,the C-C bond hydrolysis and methanation are suppressed on Ni-Sn intermetallic compounds,favorable for increasing the carbon yield and reducing the H_(2) consumption.The npentadecane and n-hexadecane yields reached 88.1%and 92.8%on carbon-encapsulated Ni_(3) Sn_(2) intermetallic compound at 330℃.After washing and H_(2) reduction,the carbon-encapsulated Ni_(3) Sn_(2) intermetallic compound remains stable during three recycling cycles.This is ascribed to the carbon confinement that effectively suppresses the sintering and loss of metal particles under harsh hydrothermal conditions.展开更多
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.51774203)the Shenzhen Science and Technology Program(Nos.JCYJ20200109105801725)。
文摘Self-aggregation and sluggish transport kinetics of cathode materials would usually lead to the poor electrochemical performance for aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs).In this work,we report the construction of C@VO_(2) composite via anti-aggregation growth and hierarchical porous carbon encapsulation.Both of the morphology of composite and pore structure of carbon layer can be regulated by tuning the adding amount of glucose.When acting as cathode applied for AZIBs,the C@VO_(2)-3:3 composite can deliver a high capacity of 281 m Ah g^(-1) at 0.2 A g^(-1).Moreover,such cathode also exhibits a remarkably rate capability and cyclic stability,which can release a specific capacity of 195 m Ah g^(-1) at 5 A g^(-1) with the capacity retention of 95.4%after 1000 cycles.Besides that,the evolution including the crystal structure,valence state and transport kinetics upon cycling were also deeply investigated.In conclusion,benefited from the synergistic effect of anti-aggregation morphology and hierarchical porous carbon encapsulation,the building of such C@VO_(2) composite can be highly expected to enhance the ion accessible site,boost the transport kinetics and thus performing a superior storage performance.Such design concept can be applied for other kinds of electrode materials and accelerating the development of highperformance AZIBs.
基金Project(208151)supported by the Key Project of Ministry of Education,ChinaProject(1014RJZA035)supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province,China
文摘Carbon encapsulated Fe nanoparticles were successfully prepared via confined arc plasma method. The composition, morphology, microstructure, specific surface area and particle size of the product were characterized via X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller N2 adsorption. The experiment results show that the carbon encapsulated Fe nanoparticles have clear core-shell structure. The core of the particles is body centered cubic Fe, and the shell is disorder carbons. The particles are in spherical or ellipsoidal shapes. The particle size of the nanocapsules ranges from 15 to 40 nm, with the average value of about 30 nm. The particle diameter of the core is 18 nm, the thickness of the shells is 6-8 nm, and the specific surface area is 24 m2/g.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52171207,51762021)the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi province(20212BAB204031,20192ACB21009)。
文摘Transition metal nitrides have become the focus of research in sodium ion batteries(SIBs)due to their unique metal properties and high theoretical capacity.However,the low actual capacity is still the main bottleneck for their application.Herein,using Mo-aniline frameworks as precursors,the carbon encapsulated nitrogen-rich Mo_(x)N is decorated by few-layered MoSe_(2) nanosheets(MoSe_(2)@Mo_(x)N/C-I)after the facile calcinating,selenizing,and nitriding.The carbon encapsulation can effectively strengthen the structural stability of Mo_(x)N.The nitrogen-rich Mo_(x)N and decoration of few-layered MoSe_(2) can create rich heterointerfaces and extra active sites for rapid sodium-ion storage,thus promoting reaction kinetics and improving actual capacity.The MoSe_(2)@Mo_(x)N/C-I as an anode achieves a large reversible capacity of 522.8 mAh g^(-1)at 0.1 A g^(-1),and 254.3 mAh g^(-1)capacity is obtained after 6000 cycles at 5.0 A g^(-1),showing signally improved sodium-ion storage properties.The storage mechanisms and kinetic behaviors are described systematically via the advanced testing techniques and density functional theory(DFT)calculations.It is found that the nitrogen-rich Mo_(x)N as the substrate is the basis of long cycling stability,and the few-layered MoSe_(2) are the key to improving actual capacity.This work indicates that the decoration of few-layered selenides has a broad application prospect in high-performance metal-ion batteries.
基金This work was financially supported by the China Petroleum&Chemical Corporation(SINOPEC 420043-4,420043-10)。
文摘Replacement of precious noble metal catalysts with cost-effective,non-noble heterogeneous catalysts for chemoselective hydrogenation of nitroarenes holds tremendous promise for the clean synthesis of nitrogen-containing chemicals.Graphitic carbon layers encapsulated Ni catalysts(Ni@CN)are generated by a facile,scalable and straightforward strategy via the pyrolysis of 2,5-pyridinedicarboxylic acid coordinated Ni-MOF acting as the precursor.Physicochemical properties of the Ni@CN catalysts have been investigated by X-ray diffraction,scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,elemental analysis and N2 adsorption-desorption analysis.The Ni@CN catalysts were found to be highly efficient in the chemoselective hydrogenation of various nitroarenes with other functional groups towards corresponding anilines under mild reaction conditions(85℃,1.0 MPa of H2 pressure).Based on the results of controlled tests,the catalytic activity can be attributed to the Ni NPs,while the presence of graphitic carbon layers favors the preferential adsorption of the nitro groups.The recyclability and anti-sulfur poisoning capability of Ni@CN were also investigated.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (20174017)
文摘A novel and efficient route for preparing carbon encapsulated metal nanomaterials using staple biopolymer-starch as the carbon precursor was presented. Fe particles can be effectively encapsulated inside carbon shells by carbonizing composite of starch and iron oxide under hydrogen in a controllable way. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to characterize carbon encapsulated nanomaterials. The α-Fe and γ-Fe phases were clearly identified in those carbon encapsulated nanoparticles. The growth mechanism of carbon encapsulated metal nanoparticles was briefly discussed.
文摘Carbon encapsulated iron nanoparticles （CEINPs） with very thin shells and good core-shell structures were prepared by DC arc discharge at argon intake temperature （AIT） of 800 ℃. The results of high resolution transmission electron microscope （HRTEM）, energy dispersive X-ray （EDX） spectroscope, X-ray diffraction （XRD）, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscope （XPS） characterizations on the product B show that the thickness of the carbon shells of CEINPs in the product B is in the range of ca. 0.5-5.3 nm, i. e., which can be as thin as only two layers of graphite. The average diameter of the CEINPs is about 24. 7 nm. The total content of Fe element in the product B is 77.0 wt%. The saturation magnetization （Ms） and coercivity （Hc） of the product B are 107.4 emu/g and 143 Oe. resnectivelv. The formation of the CEINPs in the oroduct B is discussed briefly.
文摘Carbon encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles （CEMNs） were synthesized by heating an aqueous glucose solution containing Fe-Au （Au coated Fe nanoparticles） nanoparticles at 160-180 ℃ for 2 h. This novel hydrothermal approach is not only simple but also provides the surface of CEMNs with functional groups like--OH. The formation of carbon encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles was not favored when using pure Fe nanoparticles as cores because of the oxidation of Fe nanoparticles by 1-120 during the reaction and, therefore, the surfaces of the naked Fe nanoparticles had to be coated by Au shell in advance. TEM, XRD, XPS and VSM measurments characterized that they were uniform carbon spheres containing some embedded Fe-Au nanoparticles, with a saturation of 14.6 emu/g and the size of the typical product is -350 nm.
基金financially supported by the Longmen Laboratory Free Exploration Project(LMQYTSKT012)Major Scientific and Technological Innovation Project in Henan Province(231100220100)the Key Technologies R&D Program of Henan Province(232102240009)。
文摘The exploration of highly active and stable bifunctional catalysts based on structural adjustment and charge redistribution is imperative toward overall water splitting.The graphitized carbon encapsulation and the introduction of zinc atoms could enhance conductivity and optimize the electronic structure of catalysts,thereby improving the activities of the oxygen and hydrogen evolution reactions(OER and HER).Herein,a carbon-encapsulated CoS_(2)and Zn_(0.76)Co_(0.24)S composite with porous structure(CoS_(2)/Zn_(0.76)Co_(0.24)S@C)is constructed for overall water splitting by sulphurating a precursor of metanilic vipintercalated Co Zn-layered double hydroxide(Co Zn-LDH)host.Consequently,CoS_(2)/Zn_(0.76)Co_(0.24)S@C reveals lower overpotentials of 260 and 152 m V at 10 m A·cm^(-2)for OER and HER,respectively,outperforming those of CoS_(2),CoS_(2)@C and CoS_(2)/ZnS.For overall water splitting,a CoS_(2)/Zn_(0.76)Co_(0.24)S@C-based electrolysis cell exhibits a low cell voltage of 1.66 V at 10 m A·cm^(-2)with a retention of 81%after 40 h,indicating satisfactory stability.Density functional theory calculations further demonstrate that the encapsulated carbon layer could tune the d-band center of CoS_(2)and Zn_(0.76)Co_(0.24)S.The cooperation of cobalt sulfide with zinc atoms could reduce the work function and promote electronic redistribution,thus enhancing conductivity and boosting the OER/HER kinetics of the catalyst.This work provides an effective strategy for obtaining high conductivity,acceptable activity,strong stability and cost-effective electrocatalysts for water splitting.
基金This work was supported by the N ational Natural Science Foundation of C hina(No.91963109)the Fundamental Research Funds for the C entral Universities(No.2172019kfyRCPY100).The authors thank the Analytical and Testing Center of HUST for allowing the use of its help and facilities for XRD and XPSThis research used resources of the UCIM RI facilities and the Center for Functional Nanomaterials,which is a U.S.DOE Office of Science Facility,at Brookhaven National Laboratory under Contract No.DE-SC0012704.
文摘Developing highly efficient non-R catalysts for fuel cells and metal-air batteries is highly desirable but still challenging due to the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction(ORR).Herein,a facile and efficient strategy is demonstrated to prepare N-doped carbon encapsulated ordered Pd-Fe intermetallic(O-Pd-Fe@NC/C)nanoparticles via a one-step thermal annealing method.The obtained O-Pd-Fe@NC/C nanoparticles show enhanced ORR activity,durability and anti-poisoning capacity in both acid and alkaline medium.When O-Pd-Fe@NC/C serving as cathode catalyst for Zn-air battery,it exhibits higher voltage platform and superior cycling performance with respect to the Zn-air battery based on the mixture of Pt/C and Ir/C catalysts.The enhanced electrocatalytic performance can be ascribed to the formation of face-centered tetragonal(fct)Pd-Fe nanoparticles,the protective action of the N-doped carbon layer and the interface confinement effect between them.The in situ formed N-doped carbon shell not only restrains the Pd-Fe ordered intermetallics from aggregating effectively during the thermal annealing process,but also provides a strong anchoring effect to avoid the detachment of Pd-Fe nanoparticles from the carbon support during the potential cycling.This facile carbon encapsulation strategy may also be extended to the preparation of a wide variety of N-doped carbon encapsulated intermetallic compounds for fuel cell application.
文摘Porous carbon-encapsulated Ni and Ni-Sn intermetallic compound catalysts were prepared by the one-pot extended Stöber method followed by carbonization and tested for in-situ hydrothermal deoxygenation of methyl palmitate with methanol as the hydrogen donor.During the catalyst preparation,Sn doping reduces the size of carbon spheres,and the formation of Ni-Sn intermetallic compounds restrain the graphitization,contributing to larger pore volume and pore diameter.Consequently,a more facile mass transfer occurs in carbon-encapsulated Ni-Sn intermetallic compound catalysts than in carbonencapsulated Ni catalysts.During the in-situ hydrothermal deoxygenation,the synergism between Ni and Sn favors palmitic acid hydrogenation to a highly reactive hexadecanal that easily either decarbonylate to n-pentadecane or is hydrogenated to hexadecanol.At high reaction temperature,hexadecanol undergoes dehydrogenation-decarbonylation,generating n-pentadecane.Also,the C-C bond hydrolysis and methanation are suppressed on Ni-Sn intermetallic compounds,favorable for increasing the carbon yield and reducing the H_(2) consumption.The npentadecane and n-hexadecane yields reached 88.1%and 92.8%on carbon-encapsulated Ni_(3) Sn_(2) intermetallic compound at 330℃.After washing and H_(2) reduction,the carbon-encapsulated Ni_(3) Sn_(2) intermetallic compound remains stable during three recycling cycles.This is ascribed to the carbon confinement that effectively suppresses the sintering and loss of metal particles under harsh hydrothermal conditions.
