Chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)-engineered immune cells have revolutionized cancer immunotherapy,expanding from the established success of CAR-T cells to a diverse array of cellular platforms.While seven Food and Drug ...Chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)-engineered immune cells have revolutionized cancer immunotherapy,expanding from the established success of CAR-T cells to a diverse array of cellular platforms.While seven Food and Drug Administration-approved CAR-T cell products demonstrate unprecedented efficacy in hematologic malignancies,significant limitations persist,includ-ing severe inflammatory toxicities,resistance in solid tumors,and manufacturing barriers.These challenges have catalyzed extensive research to extend CAR engineering into alternative effector cell types,such as unconventional T cell subsets,natural killer(NK)cells,macrophages,neutrophils,and dendritic cells,as well as non-immune platforms.Each cell type exhibits dis-tinct antitumor mechanisms,persistence profiles,safety characteristics,and manufacturing requirements,positioning them to address complementary therapeutic needs.This review provides a comprehensive overview of diverse CAR-engineered cellular platforms,encompassing their biological properties,advantages,sourcing strategies,and manufacturing processes,alongside current clinical progress and optimization approaches.Beyond oncology,these platforms have demonstrated signif-icant potential in treating autoimmune diseases,infections,cardiac fibrosis,and senescence-associated disorders.By leverag-ing distinct immune and non-immune cell types to mediate cytotoxicity or suppress pathogenic cells,CAR technology provides versatile therapeutic avenues across varied disease contexts.Through synthesis of recent advances in CAR platform diversity,this review identifies opportunities for targeted optimization and explores future directions for broadening CAR-based thera-peutic applications.展开更多
文摘Chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)-engineered immune cells have revolutionized cancer immunotherapy,expanding from the established success of CAR-T cells to a diverse array of cellular platforms.While seven Food and Drug Administration-approved CAR-T cell products demonstrate unprecedented efficacy in hematologic malignancies,significant limitations persist,includ-ing severe inflammatory toxicities,resistance in solid tumors,and manufacturing barriers.These challenges have catalyzed extensive research to extend CAR engineering into alternative effector cell types,such as unconventional T cell subsets,natural killer(NK)cells,macrophages,neutrophils,and dendritic cells,as well as non-immune platforms.Each cell type exhibits dis-tinct antitumor mechanisms,persistence profiles,safety characteristics,and manufacturing requirements,positioning them to address complementary therapeutic needs.This review provides a comprehensive overview of diverse CAR-engineered cellular platforms,encompassing their biological properties,advantages,sourcing strategies,and manufacturing processes,alongside current clinical progress and optimization approaches.Beyond oncology,these platforms have demonstrated signif-icant potential in treating autoimmune diseases,infections,cardiac fibrosis,and senescence-associated disorders.By leverag-ing distinct immune and non-immune cell types to mediate cytotoxicity or suppress pathogenic cells,CAR technology provides versatile therapeutic avenues across varied disease contexts.Through synthesis of recent advances in CAR platform diversity,this review identifies opportunities for targeted optimization and explores future directions for broadening CAR-based thera-peutic applications.
