Amino acids are an important type of bioactive components in Chinese traditional medicines, especially animal drugs. However, few modern analytical methods targeted at amino acids have been developed for the quality c...Amino acids are an important type of bioactive components in Chinese traditional medicines, especially animal drugs. However, few modern analytical methods targeted at amino acids have been developed for the quality control of animal drugs. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometric method was built for the quantification analysis of amino acids in the extracts of Comus Caprae Hircus which has been widely used in Chinese medicine compound prescriptions. The full method validation, including the linearity, limit of detection and quantification, repeatability, precision, stability, and recovery test, was examined. The results indicate that the developed method is suitable for the quantification of amino acids in the extracts of Comus Caprae Hircus. The developed method was applied to the quantification analysis of twelve amino acids in different batches of extracts of Comus Caprae Hircus.展开更多
BACKGROUND Staphylococcus caprae(S.caprae)is a human commensal bacterium which can be detected in the nose,nails,and skin.It can be responsible for heterogeneous infections such as bacteremia,endocarditis,pneumonia,ac...BACKGROUND Staphylococcus caprae(S.caprae)is a human commensal bacterium which can be detected in the nose,nails,and skin.It can be responsible for heterogeneous infections such as bacteremia,endocarditis,pneumonia,acute otitis externa,peritonitis,and urinary tract infections.Bone and joint infections due to S.caprae have also been reported,but most of them resulted from the infection of orthopedic devices,especially joint prostheses and internal osteosynthesis devices.Rare cases of primary osteoarticular infections caused by S.caprae have been described,including osteitis,arthritis,or spondylodiscitis.CASE SUMMARY We report an unusual case of subacute osteomyelitis in a toe phalanx caused by S.caprae in a 14.5-year-old girl.CONCLUSION Subacute S.caprae osteomyelitis is a little-known and probably underestimated community-acquired infectious disease.This microorganism’s pathogenicity should be seen as more than a classic nosocomial orthopedic device infection.展开更多
Skin and hair pigmentation in animals involve intricate regulatory processes.Circular RNA-microRNA(circRNA-miRNA)networks play vital roles in various biological processes,although their involvement in pigmentation has...Skin and hair pigmentation in animals involve intricate regulatory processes.Circular RNA-microRNA(circRNA-miRNA)networks play vital roles in various biological processes,although their involvement in pigmentation has been underexplored.This study focused on circKIF27 expression,which differs significantly in melanocytes isolated from white and brown Boer coat-colored skin,yet its function remains unclear.Here,we investigated the roles of circKIF27 in melanocytes.In situ hybridization assays demonstrated that circKIF27 is expressed in the cytoplasm of melanocytes.qRT-PCR results revealed differential expression levels of circKIF27 in various tissues of male and female goats.Functional analysis showed that circKIF27 overexpression in melanocytes significantly reduces melanin production(P<0.01)and inhibits cell proliferation(P<0.0001).Bioinformatics analysis identified a putative miR-129-5p binding site on circKIF27,and luciferase reporter assays confirmed their interaction.Overexpression of miR-129-5p in melanocytes enhances melanin production(P<0.01)and promotes cell proliferation(P<0.05).Further analysis revealed that TGIF2 possesses two potential miR-129-5p binding sites,and miR-129-5p overexpression in melanocytes significantly inhibits TGIF2 expression(P<0.0001),suggesting a targeted regulatory relationship between these two molecules.Silencing TGIF2 expression via siRNA-TGIF2 transfection leads to increased melanocyte proliferation(P<0.0001)and increased melanin production(P<0.01).These findings highlight the involvement of the circRNA-miRNA network in pigmentation,offering new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying pigmentation and guiding animal hair color breeding strategies.展开更多
Background:Economically important milk production traits including milk volume,milk fat and protein yield vary considerably across dairy goats in New Zealand.A significant portion of the variation is attributable to g...Background:Economically important milk production traits including milk volume,milk fat and protein yield vary considerably across dairy goats in New Zealand.A significant portion of the variation is attributable to genetic variation.Discovery of genetic markers linked to milk production traits can be utilised to drive selection of highperformance animals.A previously reported genome wide association study across dairy goats in New Zealand identified a quantitative trait locus(QTL)located on chromosome 19.The most significantly associated single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)marker for this locus is located at position 26,610,610(SNP marker rs268292132).This locus is associated with multiple milk production traits including fat,protein and volume.The predicted effect of selection for the beneficial haplotype would result in an average production increase of 2.2 kg fat,1.9 kg protein and 73.6 kg milk yield.An outstanding question was whether selection for the beneficial allele would co-select for any negative pleiotropic effects.An adverse relationship between milk production and udder health traits has been reported at this locus.Therefore,a genome wide association study was undertaken looking for loci associated with udder traits.Results:The QTL and production associated marker rs268292132 was identified in this study to also be associated with several goat udder traits including udder depth(UD),fore udder attachment(FUA)and rear udder attachment(RUA).Our study replicates the negative relationship between production and udder traits with the high production allele at position 19:26,610,610(SNP marker rs268292132)associated with an adverse change in UD,FUA and RUA.Conclusions:Our study has confirmed the negative relationship between udder traits and production traits in the NZ goat population.We have found that the frequency of the high production allele is relatively high in the NZ goat population,indicating that its effect on udder conformation is not significantly detrimental on animal health.It will however be important to monitor udder conformation as the chromosome 19 locus is progressively implemented for marker assisted selection.It will also be of interest to determine if the gene underlying the production QTL has a direct effect on mammary gland morphology or whether the changes observed are a consequence of the increased milk volume.展开更多
Skeletal muscle accounts for about 40% of mammalian body weight, the development of which is a dynamic, complex and precisely regulated process that is critical for meat production. We here described the transcriptome...Skeletal muscle accounts for about 40% of mammalian body weight, the development of which is a dynamic, complex and precisely regulated process that is critical for meat production. We here described the transcriptome expression profile in 21 goat samples collected at 7 growth stages from fetus to kid, including fetal 45(F45), 65(F65), 90(F90), 120(F120), and 135(F135) days, and birth 1(B1) day and 90(B90) days kids. Paraffin sections combined with RNA-seq data of the 7 stages divided the transcriptomic functions of skeletal muscle into 4 states: before F90, F120, F135 and B1, and B90. And the dynamic expression of all 4 793 differentially expressed genes(DEGs) was identified. Furthermore, DEGs were clustered by weighted gene correlation network analysis into 4 modules(turquoise, grey, blue and brown) that corresponded to these 4 states. Functional and pathway analysis indicated that the active genes in the stages before F90(turquoise) were closely related to skeletal muscle proliferation. The DEGs in the F120-related module(grey) were found to participate in the regulation of skeletal muscle structure and skeletal muscle development by regulating t RNA. The brown module(F135 and B1) regulated fatty acid biological processes to maintain the normal development of muscle cells. The DEGs of B90 high correlation module(blue) were involved the strengthening and power of skeletal muscle through the regulation of actin filaments and tropomyosin. Our current data thus revealed the internal functional conversion of the goat skeletal muscle in the growth from fetus to kid. The results provided a theoretical basis for analyzing the involvement of m RNA in skeletal muscle development.展开更多
The aim of this project was to study indigenous breeding practices used in management of Capra hircus (Galla and Small East African goats) populations in Kajiado County in Rift valley province and Makueni County in Ea...The aim of this project was to study indigenous breeding practices used in management of Capra hircus (Galla and Small East African goats) populations in Kajiado County in Rift valley province and Makueni County in Eastern province. Data were obtained through a field survey using questionnaires (Appendix I) and personal observations between 1st September, 2013 and 2nd December, 2013. This study covered key characteristics of goats production and areas of goat breeding, such as general farm details, number of goats, main activities of the farmers, farming types, breeds, flock structure, feeding, housing, catastrophes, selection, mating systems, breeding systems, average age at parturition, breeding problems, and the importance of goats. Results showed that the average number of goats in Kajiado was 100.65 ± std 49.88 while in Makueni it was 12.28 ± std 6.46. The main activity of the people interviewed was farming as 58 people (96.67%) in Kajiado and 42 people (61.60%) chose farming as their main activity because this was their main source of livelihood. Flocks were dominated by breeding females at a mean of 39.06 ± std 16.75 in Kajiado and a mean of 5.62 ± std 3.50 in Makueni because females were kept to reproduce to increase the size of the flock and the males were kept majorly for cash and only one or two were left to reproduce with the females. Drought was the major catastrophe as it killed an average number of goats of 6.33 ± std 4.36. Pneumonia and diarrhoea were the major diseases according to 28 farmers (46.66%) in Kajiado and 31 farmers (51.66%) in Makueni. Ticks and fleas were the major parasites according to 42 farmers (70%) in Kajiado and 4 farmers (63.34%) in Makueni. Treatment was mostly done by the farmers individually as 54 farmers (90%) in Kajiado and 46 farmers (76.67%) in Makueni treated the animals by themselves. This was so because it was either not easy to get a veterinarian or expensive for them to hire veterinarian doctors. Some farmers used traditional medicine like mavuavui;Steganotaenia araliacea was used to treat pneumonia. Farmers also devised feeding methods during drought as 48 farmers (80.00%) in Kajiado and 23 farmers (38.33%) in Makueni cut leaves from up trees to feed the goats. When doing selection of breed, 58 farmers (96.67%) and 57 farmers (95%) considered large body size and drought resistance respectively in Kajiado. The farmers in Makueni considered age and drought resistance at equal chances of 59 farmers (98.33%). The main mating system was naturally uncontrolled as 113 farmers (95.17%) of the overall 120 farmers interviewed in Kajiado and Makueni chose this as the main mating method. The major breeding system was pure breeding at 85 farmers (70.83%). The average age at parturition of the goats was 1.435 ± 0.125 years in Kajiado and 1.44 ± 0.121 years in Makueni. Abortion was the major breeding problem because it was caused by environmental stressors like drought and diseases as 54 farmers (93.92%) in Kajiado and 55 farmers (95.66%) claimed that it was a problem. Goats were majorly kept for cash (100%) and meat (100%) in Kajiado and for cash (100%) and dowry (100%) in Makueni. In conclusion, the study showed that crossbreeding was encouraged by mating that occurred at the markets, water points, free ranging feeding method, pastoralism due to drought, selection methods and translocation of female goats from Makueni County to be mated with the males in Kajiado County. Environmental problems like drought and diseases caused several deaths and reduced the level of existing gene pool of the goats.展开更多
目的 验证Kattan列线图和Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment（CAPRA）评分对中国前列腺癌患者根治术后5年无生化复发生存率的预测能力.方法 筛选2001年1月至2008年2月295例行根治术的前列腺癌患者,剔除新辅助内分泌治疗、术后辅...目的 验证Kattan列线图和Cancer of the Prostate Risk Assessment（CAPRA）评分对中国前列腺癌患者根治术后5年无生化复发生存率的预测能力.方法 筛选2001年1月至2008年2月295例行根治术的前列腺癌患者,剔除新辅助内分泌治疗、术后辅助内分泌治疗和术后辅助放疗患者后,共纳入211例患者.手术方式均为经腹膜外途径耻骨后根治性前列腺切除术.术后第2周拔除尿管前查血PSA,术后第6周查血PSA,此后每3个月复查PSA,1年后改为每6个月复查一次.生化复发标准为连续两次PSA＞0.2 μg/L.回顾性收集患者的PSA、Gleason评分、前列腺穿刺活检结果和手术年龄,计算Kattan和CAPRA评分预测的5年无生化复发率.并将本研究的患者资料与两项关于Kattan和CAPRA评分的临床研究资料进行比较.结果 本组患者5年总体无生化复发生存率为83.9％,Kattan列线图和CAPRA评分预测的5年无生化复发率分别为52.8％±25.6％和47.6％±26.9％.比较本研究的临床资料和建立Kattan列线图和CAPRA评分的源数据样本可以发现,本研究PSA≤10 μg/L患者所占的比例（30.3％）明显低于另两项研究（70.1％和81.6％）（P＜0.01）;本研究中低危Gleason评分（1～3/1～3）患者比例（44.1％）明显低于另两项研究（68.3％和74.2％）（P＜0.01）;在T分期方面,本研究资料与另两项研究比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.应用Kattan列线图和CAPRA评分预测本组患者5年无生化复发生存率的受试者工作特征曲线下面积分别为0.69（95％CI,0.60～0.78）和0.65（95％CI,0.56～ 0.73）.结论 中国人群前列腺癌的临床特征与建立Kattan列线图和CAPRA评分的人群特征具有明显差异.具有更高PSA水平和更高Gleason评分的中国人群,不适用于Kattan列线图和CAPRA评分进行前列腺癌根治术后生化复发的预测.展开更多
To estimate human loss in an earthquake-prone area, it is necessary to analyze the role played by the spatiotemporal distribution of the area’s resident population. In order to evaluate earthquake impact, this articl...To estimate human loss in an earthquake-prone area, it is necessary to analyze the role played by the spatiotemporal distribution of the area’s resident population. In order to evaluate earthquake impact, this article focuses on the spatiotemporal distribution of population and five scenario earthquakes that form the basis for loss estimation in the city of Sylhet, Bangladesh. Four temporal contexts(weekday, weekly holiday, the 30 days of Ramadan, and strike days) expand the more typical daytime and nighttime settings in which to examine hazard risk. The population distribution for every 2 hour interval in a day is developed for each type of day. A relationship between the occupancy classes and average space(persons per 100 m^2)is used to distribute people in each building regardless of building locations. A total daytime and nighttime population is obtained for each building and the estimated nighttime population is used to model the population for four temporal scenarios in a year based on different factors and weights. The resulting data are employed to estimate population loss for each of the temporal and earthquake scenarios. This study used building-specific human vulnerability curves developed by the Central American Probabilistic Risk Assessment(CAPRA) to obtain possible loss of life estimates. The results reveal that there is a high positive correlation between the spatiotemporal distribution of population and the potential number of casualties.展开更多
A fully probabilistic seismic risk assessment was developed in Manizales, Colombia, considering assets of different types. The first type includes elements that are part of the water and sewage network, and the second...A fully probabilistic seismic risk assessment was developed in Manizales, Colombia, considering assets of different types. The first type includes elements that are part of the water and sewage network, and the second type includes public and private buildings. This assessment required the development of a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis that accounts for the dynamic soil response,assembling high resolution exposure databases, and the development of damage models for different types of elements. The economic appraisal of the exposed assets was developed together with specialists of the water utilities company of Manizales and the city administration. The risk assessment was performed using several Comprehensive Approach to Probabilistic Risk Assessment modules as well as the R-System, obtaining results in terms of traditional metrics such as loss exceedance curve, average annual loss, and probable maximum loss. For the case of pipelines, repair rates were also estimated. The results for the water and sewage network were used in activities related to the expansion and maintenance strategies, as well as for the exploration of financial retention and transfer alternatives using insurance schemes based on technical,probabilistic, and prospective damage and loss estimations.In the case of the buildings, the results were used in the update of the technical premium values of the existing collective insurance scheme.展开更多
In recent years,the destruction of habitats has reduced the wild goat population in the Haftad-Gholleh protected area.The wild goat (Capra aegagrus) is known as symbol of biodiversity of Markazi Province.In a field st...In recent years,the destruction of habitats has reduced the wild goat population in the Haftad-Gholleh protected area.The wild goat (Capra aegagrus) is known as symbol of biodiversity of Markazi Province.In a field study conducted between 2007 and 2017,the number of wild goats were surveyed and threat to their habitat were determined as the population and the ecological conditions as well as their movements in the Haftad-Gholleh were identified.Landsat image of year 2018 was used to produce digital land use maps for this study.Ecological Quality,Rarity and Risk Assessment was performed with ESM,HQR and HRA models.The images were classified into three classes including;Agriculture-livestock,Rangeland,and Residential regions.The results indicated that 75% of the casualties of the wild goat by Peste des Petits Ruminants disease were from the Chekab Valley and 25% from the Sibak Valley.Almost 80% of deaths among the population of wild goats were observed in the month of July.However,there are two important mountainous and plains habitats in the Haftad-Gholleh Area.Among the biggest threats and more devastating stressors in the region were to villagers,agricultural-livestock and roads development.However,among the stressors,the agriculture-livestock caused more deaths in the mountainous habitat of the wild goats.Thus,there is an urgent need for habitat conservation of the existing population of the wild goat in Haftad-Gholleh area.展开更多
Background:Insufficient knowledge of the genetic and phenotypic diversity in the local Beninese goat population combined with the lack of understanding of its adaptive capacity to ongoing environmental and societal ch...Background:Insufficient knowledge of the genetic and phenotypic diversity in the local Beninese goat population combined with the lack of understanding of its adaptive capacity to ongoing environmental and societal changes hampers the development of strategies for better management and genetic improvement.The objective of this study was to establish the current geographical distribution of goats in Benin based on their morphology and model the potential habitat suitability of the three known main goat phenotypes(i.e.,Djallonkégoat or TypeⅠ,Sahelian goat or TypeⅡ,and their Crossbreeds or TypeⅢ)under climate change scenarios.Ten qualitative and 26 linear body measurements were taken on 2114 adult female goats sampled across the three vegetation zones of the country.Fifteen ratios were generated from the quantitative variables.The data were analyzed using generalized linear model procedures followed by multiple comparisons of least-squares means and multivariate analytical methods,including canonical discrimination analysis and hierarchical ascendant classification.Each goat was then assigned to one of the three aforementioned main goat phenotypes following its morphological characteristics and according to the a priori cluster membership defined in the previous step.The Maximum Entropy algorithm was used to model the current and future distribution of the three goat phenotypes under climate change scenario using the Representative Conservation Pathways 4.5 and 8.5.Results:All linear body measurements varied among vegetation zones.In the discriminant function analysis,71%of the measured individuals were correctly classified in their vegetation zone of origin by seven measured variables and three ratios.The cluster procedure analysis revealed two groups of goats subdivided into the three main phenotypes.The modeling results showed that the currently highly favorable habitats were distributed in the South for TypeⅠ,in the North for TypeⅡ,and both South and North for TypeⅢ.However,under climate change scenarios,the favorable habitats for TypeⅠdecreased while those of TypesⅡandⅢincreased.Conclusions:The results of this study confirm the spatial variation of the goat population in Benin.The habitat suitability model can be used to support decision-making toward better management of goat genetic diversity in Benin.展开更多
Curability and safety are essential for patients with advanced liver malignancy undergoing extended liver resection.If the future liver remnant(FLR)volume is insufficient,portal embolization with or without hepatic ar...Curability and safety are essential for patients with advanced liver malignancy undergoing extended liver resection.If the future liver remnant(FLR)volume is insufficient,portal embolization with or without hepatic arterial or venous embolization or a conventional two-stage hepatectomy(TSH)can be performed(1,2).Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy(ALPPS)was introduced in 2007.展开更多
基金Supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(No.2005CB523402) the Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of China(No.NCET-06-0515)
文摘Amino acids are an important type of bioactive components in Chinese traditional medicines, especially animal drugs. However, few modern analytical methods targeted at amino acids have been developed for the quality control of animal drugs. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometric method was built for the quantification analysis of amino acids in the extracts of Comus Caprae Hircus which has been widely used in Chinese medicine compound prescriptions. The full method validation, including the linearity, limit of detection and quantification, repeatability, precision, stability, and recovery test, was examined. The results indicate that the developed method is suitable for the quantification of amino acids in the extracts of Comus Caprae Hircus. The developed method was applied to the quantification analysis of twelve amino acids in different batches of extracts of Comus Caprae Hircus.
文摘BACKGROUND Staphylococcus caprae(S.caprae)is a human commensal bacterium which can be detected in the nose,nails,and skin.It can be responsible for heterogeneous infections such as bacteremia,endocarditis,pneumonia,acute otitis externa,peritonitis,and urinary tract infections.Bone and joint infections due to S.caprae have also been reported,but most of them resulted from the infection of orthopedic devices,especially joint prostheses and internal osteosynthesis devices.Rare cases of primary osteoarticular infections caused by S.caprae have been described,including osteitis,arthritis,or spondylodiscitis.CASE SUMMARY We report an unusual case of subacute osteomyelitis in a toe phalanx caused by S.caprae in a 14.5-year-old girl.CONCLUSION Subacute S.caprae osteomyelitis is a little-known and probably underestimated community-acquired infectious disease.This microorganism’s pathogenicity should be seen as more than a classic nosocomial orthopedic device infection.
基金funded by the Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Province,China(2008085QC158)the Anhui Key Research and Development Program,China(2023z04020003)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32172695 and 32372832).
文摘Skin and hair pigmentation in animals involve intricate regulatory processes.Circular RNA-microRNA(circRNA-miRNA)networks play vital roles in various biological processes,although their involvement in pigmentation has been underexplored.This study focused on circKIF27 expression,which differs significantly in melanocytes isolated from white and brown Boer coat-colored skin,yet its function remains unclear.Here,we investigated the roles of circKIF27 in melanocytes.In situ hybridization assays demonstrated that circKIF27 is expressed in the cytoplasm of melanocytes.qRT-PCR results revealed differential expression levels of circKIF27 in various tissues of male and female goats.Functional analysis showed that circKIF27 overexpression in melanocytes significantly reduces melanin production(P<0.01)and inhibits cell proliferation(P<0.0001).Bioinformatics analysis identified a putative miR-129-5p binding site on circKIF27,and luciferase reporter assays confirmed their interaction.Overexpression of miR-129-5p in melanocytes enhances melanin production(P<0.01)and promotes cell proliferation(P<0.05).Further analysis revealed that TGIF2 possesses two potential miR-129-5p binding sites,and miR-129-5p overexpression in melanocytes significantly inhibits TGIF2 expression(P<0.0001),suggesting a targeted regulatory relationship between these two molecules.Silencing TGIF2 expression via siRNA-TGIF2 transfection leads to increased melanocyte proliferation(P<0.0001)and increased melanin production(P<0.01).These findings highlight the involvement of the circRNA-miRNA network in pigmentation,offering new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying pigmentation and guiding animal hair color breeding strategies.
基金co-funded by the Dairy Goat Co-operative,Ministry of Business,Innovation&Employment(3709153)the Ministry for Primary Industries Sustainable Food and Fibre Futures Fund(5000835)。
文摘Background:Economically important milk production traits including milk volume,milk fat and protein yield vary considerably across dairy goats in New Zealand.A significant portion of the variation is attributable to genetic variation.Discovery of genetic markers linked to milk production traits can be utilised to drive selection of highperformance animals.A previously reported genome wide association study across dairy goats in New Zealand identified a quantitative trait locus(QTL)located on chromosome 19.The most significantly associated single nucleotide polymorphism(SNP)marker for this locus is located at position 26,610,610(SNP marker rs268292132).This locus is associated with multiple milk production traits including fat,protein and volume.The predicted effect of selection for the beneficial haplotype would result in an average production increase of 2.2 kg fat,1.9 kg protein and 73.6 kg milk yield.An outstanding question was whether selection for the beneficial allele would co-select for any negative pleiotropic effects.An adverse relationship between milk production and udder health traits has been reported at this locus.Therefore,a genome wide association study was undertaken looking for loci associated with udder traits.Results:The QTL and production associated marker rs268292132 was identified in this study to also be associated with several goat udder traits including udder depth(UD),fore udder attachment(FUA)and rear udder attachment(RUA).Our study replicates the negative relationship between production and udder traits with the high production allele at position 19:26,610,610(SNP marker rs268292132)associated with an adverse change in UD,FUA and RUA.Conclusions:Our study has confirmed the negative relationship between udder traits and production traits in the NZ goat population.We have found that the frequency of the high production allele is relatively high in the NZ goat population,indicating that its effect on udder conformation is not significantly detrimental on animal health.It will however be important to monitor udder conformation as the chromosome 19 locus is progressively implemented for marker assisted selection.It will also be of interest to determine if the gene underlying the production QTL has a direct effect on mammary gland morphology or whether the changes observed are a consequence of the increased milk volume.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31772566 and 31972629)the Anhui Key Research and Development Program, China (1804a07020128)the Anhui Province Academic and Technology Leader Reserve Talent Project, China (2019H206)。
文摘Skeletal muscle accounts for about 40% of mammalian body weight, the development of which is a dynamic, complex and precisely regulated process that is critical for meat production. We here described the transcriptome expression profile in 21 goat samples collected at 7 growth stages from fetus to kid, including fetal 45(F45), 65(F65), 90(F90), 120(F120), and 135(F135) days, and birth 1(B1) day and 90(B90) days kids. Paraffin sections combined with RNA-seq data of the 7 stages divided the transcriptomic functions of skeletal muscle into 4 states: before F90, F120, F135 and B1, and B90. And the dynamic expression of all 4 793 differentially expressed genes(DEGs) was identified. Furthermore, DEGs were clustered by weighted gene correlation network analysis into 4 modules(turquoise, grey, blue and brown) that corresponded to these 4 states. Functional and pathway analysis indicated that the active genes in the stages before F90(turquoise) were closely related to skeletal muscle proliferation. The DEGs in the F120-related module(grey) were found to participate in the regulation of skeletal muscle structure and skeletal muscle development by regulating t RNA. The brown module(F135 and B1) regulated fatty acid biological processes to maintain the normal development of muscle cells. The DEGs of B90 high correlation module(blue) were involved the strengthening and power of skeletal muscle through the regulation of actin filaments and tropomyosin. Our current data thus revealed the internal functional conversion of the goat skeletal muscle in the growth from fetus to kid. The results provided a theoretical basis for analyzing the involvement of m RNA in skeletal muscle development.
文摘The aim of this project was to study indigenous breeding practices used in management of Capra hircus (Galla and Small East African goats) populations in Kajiado County in Rift valley province and Makueni County in Eastern province. Data were obtained through a field survey using questionnaires (Appendix I) and personal observations between 1st September, 2013 and 2nd December, 2013. This study covered key characteristics of goats production and areas of goat breeding, such as general farm details, number of goats, main activities of the farmers, farming types, breeds, flock structure, feeding, housing, catastrophes, selection, mating systems, breeding systems, average age at parturition, breeding problems, and the importance of goats. Results showed that the average number of goats in Kajiado was 100.65 ± std 49.88 while in Makueni it was 12.28 ± std 6.46. The main activity of the people interviewed was farming as 58 people (96.67%) in Kajiado and 42 people (61.60%) chose farming as their main activity because this was their main source of livelihood. Flocks were dominated by breeding females at a mean of 39.06 ± std 16.75 in Kajiado and a mean of 5.62 ± std 3.50 in Makueni because females were kept to reproduce to increase the size of the flock and the males were kept majorly for cash and only one or two were left to reproduce with the females. Drought was the major catastrophe as it killed an average number of goats of 6.33 ± std 4.36. Pneumonia and diarrhoea were the major diseases according to 28 farmers (46.66%) in Kajiado and 31 farmers (51.66%) in Makueni. Ticks and fleas were the major parasites according to 42 farmers (70%) in Kajiado and 4 farmers (63.34%) in Makueni. Treatment was mostly done by the farmers individually as 54 farmers (90%) in Kajiado and 46 farmers (76.67%) in Makueni treated the animals by themselves. This was so because it was either not easy to get a veterinarian or expensive for them to hire veterinarian doctors. Some farmers used traditional medicine like mavuavui;Steganotaenia araliacea was used to treat pneumonia. Farmers also devised feeding methods during drought as 48 farmers (80.00%) in Kajiado and 23 farmers (38.33%) in Makueni cut leaves from up trees to feed the goats. When doing selection of breed, 58 farmers (96.67%) and 57 farmers (95%) considered large body size and drought resistance respectively in Kajiado. The farmers in Makueni considered age and drought resistance at equal chances of 59 farmers (98.33%). The main mating system was naturally uncontrolled as 113 farmers (95.17%) of the overall 120 farmers interviewed in Kajiado and Makueni chose this as the main mating method. The major breeding system was pure breeding at 85 farmers (70.83%). The average age at parturition of the goats was 1.435 ± 0.125 years in Kajiado and 1.44 ± 0.121 years in Makueni. Abortion was the major breeding problem because it was caused by environmental stressors like drought and diseases as 54 farmers (93.92%) in Kajiado and 55 farmers (95.66%) claimed that it was a problem. Goats were majorly kept for cash (100%) and meat (100%) in Kajiado and for cash (100%) and dowry (100%) in Makueni. In conclusion, the study showed that crossbreeding was encouraged by mating that occurred at the markets, water points, free ranging feeding method, pastoralism due to drought, selection methods and translocation of female goats from Makueni County to be mated with the males in Kajiado County. Environmental problems like drought and diseases caused several deaths and reduced the level of existing gene pool of the goats.
文摘To estimate human loss in an earthquake-prone area, it is necessary to analyze the role played by the spatiotemporal distribution of the area’s resident population. In order to evaluate earthquake impact, this article focuses on the spatiotemporal distribution of population and five scenario earthquakes that form the basis for loss estimation in the city of Sylhet, Bangladesh. Four temporal contexts(weekday, weekly holiday, the 30 days of Ramadan, and strike days) expand the more typical daytime and nighttime settings in which to examine hazard risk. The population distribution for every 2 hour interval in a day is developed for each type of day. A relationship between the occupancy classes and average space(persons per 100 m^2)is used to distribute people in each building regardless of building locations. A total daytime and nighttime population is obtained for each building and the estimated nighttime population is used to model the population for four temporal scenarios in a year based on different factors and weights. The resulting data are employed to estimate population loss for each of the temporal and earthquake scenarios. This study used building-specific human vulnerability curves developed by the Central American Probabilistic Risk Assessment(CAPRA) to obtain possible loss of life estimates. The results reveal that there is a high positive correlation between the spatiotemporal distribution of population and the potential number of casualties.
文摘A fully probabilistic seismic risk assessment was developed in Manizales, Colombia, considering assets of different types. The first type includes elements that are part of the water and sewage network, and the second type includes public and private buildings. This assessment required the development of a probabilistic seismic hazard analysis that accounts for the dynamic soil response,assembling high resolution exposure databases, and the development of damage models for different types of elements. The economic appraisal of the exposed assets was developed together with specialists of the water utilities company of Manizales and the city administration. The risk assessment was performed using several Comprehensive Approach to Probabilistic Risk Assessment modules as well as the R-System, obtaining results in terms of traditional metrics such as loss exceedance curve, average annual loss, and probable maximum loss. For the case of pipelines, repair rates were also estimated. The results for the water and sewage network were used in activities related to the expansion and maintenance strategies, as well as for the exploration of financial retention and transfer alternatives using insurance schemes based on technical,probabilistic, and prospective damage and loss estimations.In the case of the buildings, the results were used in the update of the technical premium values of the existing collective insurance scheme.
基金All personnel and the General Directorates of Environment Markazi Province and Arak University(Grant Number:gh.f/57/98)who have collaborated with the author in the recent study are appreciated.
文摘In recent years,the destruction of habitats has reduced the wild goat population in the Haftad-Gholleh protected area.The wild goat (Capra aegagrus) is known as symbol of biodiversity of Markazi Province.In a field study conducted between 2007 and 2017,the number of wild goats were surveyed and threat to their habitat were determined as the population and the ecological conditions as well as their movements in the Haftad-Gholleh were identified.Landsat image of year 2018 was used to produce digital land use maps for this study.Ecological Quality,Rarity and Risk Assessment was performed with ESM,HQR and HRA models.The images were classified into three classes including;Agriculture-livestock,Rangeland,and Residential regions.The results indicated that 75% of the casualties of the wild goat by Peste des Petits Ruminants disease were from the Chekab Valley and 25% from the Sibak Valley.Almost 80% of deaths among the population of wild goats were observed in the month of July.However,there are two important mountainous and plains habitats in the Haftad-Gholleh Area.Among the biggest threats and more devastating stressors in the region were to villagers,agricultural-livestock and roads development.However,among the stressors,the agriculture-livestock caused more deaths in the mountainous habitat of the wild goats.Thus,there is an urgent need for habitat conservation of the existing population of the wild goat in Haftad-Gholleh area.
基金This work is financially supported by the Government of Belgium through the"Académie de Recherche et d’Enseignement Supérieur(ARES)".
文摘Background:Insufficient knowledge of the genetic and phenotypic diversity in the local Beninese goat population combined with the lack of understanding of its adaptive capacity to ongoing environmental and societal changes hampers the development of strategies for better management and genetic improvement.The objective of this study was to establish the current geographical distribution of goats in Benin based on their morphology and model the potential habitat suitability of the three known main goat phenotypes(i.e.,Djallonkégoat or TypeⅠ,Sahelian goat or TypeⅡ,and their Crossbreeds or TypeⅢ)under climate change scenarios.Ten qualitative and 26 linear body measurements were taken on 2114 adult female goats sampled across the three vegetation zones of the country.Fifteen ratios were generated from the quantitative variables.The data were analyzed using generalized linear model procedures followed by multiple comparisons of least-squares means and multivariate analytical methods,including canonical discrimination analysis and hierarchical ascendant classification.Each goat was then assigned to one of the three aforementioned main goat phenotypes following its morphological characteristics and according to the a priori cluster membership defined in the previous step.The Maximum Entropy algorithm was used to model the current and future distribution of the three goat phenotypes under climate change scenario using the Representative Conservation Pathways 4.5 and 8.5.Results:All linear body measurements varied among vegetation zones.In the discriminant function analysis,71%of the measured individuals were correctly classified in their vegetation zone of origin by seven measured variables and three ratios.The cluster procedure analysis revealed two groups of goats subdivided into the three main phenotypes.The modeling results showed that the currently highly favorable habitats were distributed in the South for TypeⅠ,in the North for TypeⅡ,and both South and North for TypeⅢ.However,under climate change scenarios,the favorable habitats for TypeⅠdecreased while those of TypesⅡandⅢincreased.Conclusions:The results of this study confirm the spatial variation of the goat population in Benin.The habitat suitability model can be used to support decision-making toward better management of goat genetic diversity in Benin.
文摘Curability and safety are essential for patients with advanced liver malignancy undergoing extended liver resection.If the future liver remnant(FLR)volume is insufficient,portal embolization with or without hepatic arterial or venous embolization or a conventional two-stage hepatectomy(TSH)can be performed(1,2).Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy(ALPPS)was introduced in 2007.
