In the recent years The Mediterranean Fruit fly Ceratitis capitata is distributed in the orchards of central Iraq and caused highly economic losses. This study was conducted in orchards in central Iraq during 2009 and...In the recent years The Mediterranean Fruit fly Ceratitis capitata is distributed in the orchards of central Iraq and caused highly economic losses. This study was conducted in orchards in central Iraq during 2009 and 2010 and made field survey of the insect in four types of orchards （Citrus, Apricot, Figs ＆ Citrus and A mixture of fruit trees） and used for this purpose Tephri Traps supplied with Q-Lure and dimethyl dichloroviny phosphate （DDVP）. The present preliminary study has shown that the Mediterranean fruit fly C. capitata has a year round presence in fruit orchards in central Iraq and reached its highest ntunerical density of the pest in citrus orchards during of November and December were 345 and 363 insect/trap per month in citrus orchards and the least numerical density during of January and February while the highest numerical density of the insect in orchards of Apricot in March 2010, Figs ＆ Citrus in August 2009 and a Mixture of fruit trees in November 2009 were 45, 116, 311 insect/trap per month respectively. The population density of the pest was highest is started 2010 compared with 2009, but the high temperature degree （46-51℃） in August 2010 caused decreasing the population density of this pest. C. capitata caused highly economic losses in citrus reached 68% and 71% of the Mandarin and Kaki fruits respectively Currently in Iraq to fight no control method to reduce the economic losses caused by this pest except the use of pesticides GF-120.展开更多
The present study forms a part of biological control against the medfly （Ceratitis capitata） and seeks to isolate and determine the diversity of the medfly-associated entomopathogenic fungi in soil samples collected...The present study forms a part of biological control against the medfly （Ceratitis capitata） and seeks to isolate and determine the diversity of the medfly-associated entomopathogenic fungi in soil samples collected from Argane （Argania spinosa） forest, in different localities of Souss-Massa region. Search and isolation of the indigenous populations of Ceratitis capitata entomopathogenic fungi was carried out by using larvae of this pest as baits. After trapping, isolation and identification of fungal isolates, a pathogenicity test was used to select fungal strains that have significant virulence potential against the Mediterranean fruit fly. The degree of virulence was estimated by the ability of the fungus to induce the disease and/or the death in the insect and also by calculating the lethal time 50 （LT50）. The obtained results were clearly demonstrated the sensitivity of medfly to tested fungal strains and particularly to strains of Fusarium sp., Aspergillus niger and Scopulariopsis sp. that have shown high mortality rates （more than 84%） and to Trichoderma harzianum, Scedosporium sp., Epicoeeum sp. and Ulocladium sp. with more than 70% mortality for the two tested concentrations. Furthermore these strains showed short LT50 （less than 83 hours）. All these results confirm the presence of entomopathogenic fungi of Ceratitis capitata in Argane soil, and prove the potential of entomopathogenic fungi for biocontrol of the Mediterranean fruit fly under laboratory conditions.展开更多
Field experiments were conducted using Ceranock bait station, ＂attract and kill＂ system to combat Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, in citrus orchards of Baghdad and Wasit governorates, Iraq, during 2013-...Field experiments were conducted using Ceranock bait station, ＂attract and kill＂ system to combat Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, in citrus orchards of Baghdad and Wasit governorates, Iraq, during 2013-2014 season. Control program was implemented in six citrus orchards of mixed citrus varieties： Orange, Citrus sinensis; Mandarin, C. reticulate; Lemon, C. lemon; and Bergamot, C. aurantium. Ceranock traps 240/ha were hanged in trees of two separate orchards in each location, with third orchard served as control. Delta and McPhail traps supplied with pheromone were used to monitor Medfly population density in treated and control orchards. Results indicated that Medfly activity and presence in citrus orchards started during the first week of October coincide with the beginning of fruits ripening. The result indicated that Medfly population density in Wasit orchards was more than that of Baghdad orchards. The total trapped insects after two weeks of Ceranock were 59, 94, 142 and 205, 277, 765 adults for the firsst, second and the control orchards in the two locations, respectively. The percentage of fruit injuries were increased dramatically when fruits mature and its color turn to yellowish reaching of 35%, 56%, 21% and 32% in mandarin and orange fruits in Baghdad and Wasit orchards, respectively, compared with 3%, 4%, 4% and 5% in treated orchards, respectively. Calculated percentage of fruit damage indicated that reduction in injuries were 97% in mandarin and 96% in orange at Baghdad orchards and were 95% and 96%, respectively, in Wasit orchards. The results of this study demonstrate clearly the efficacy of Ceranock bait station, ＂attract and kill＂ system as a control measure for Medfly in citrus orchards.展开更多
Objective:With Persicaria capitata as test materials,we compared and analyzed the chloroplast(cp)genome characteristics as well as their phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history with related species of Pers...Objective:With Persicaria capitata as test materials,we compared and analyzed the chloroplast(cp)genome characteristics as well as their phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history with related species of Persicaria nepalensis,Persicaria japonica,Persicaria chinensis,Persicaria filiformis,Persicaria perfoliata,Persicaria pubescens,Persicaria hnydropiper.Methods:The Illumina HiSeq high-throughput sequencing platform was used for the first time for P.capitata cp genome sequencing.NOVOPlasty and CpGAVAS2 were used for assembly and annotation,and Codon W,DnaSP,and MISA were used to conduct a series of comparative genomic analyses between the plant and seven species of the same genus.A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the maximum likelihood(ML)and neighbor-joining(NJ)methods,and divergence time was estimated using BEAST.Results:The total length of P.capitata cp genome was 158,821 bp,with a guanine and cytosine(GC)content of 38.0%,exhibiting a typical circular tetrad structure.The genome contains 127 annotated genes,including 82 protein-coding and 45 tRNA-encoding genes.The cp genome harbors simple sequence repeat(SSR)loci primarily composed of A/T.The conserved species structure of this genus is reinforced by the expansion and contraction of the inverted repeat(IR)region.The non-coding regions of the cp genomes exhibited significant differences among the genera.Six different mutation hotspots(psbK-psbI,atpI-rps2,petN-psbD,atpB-rbcL,cemA-petA,ndhI-ndhA-ycf1)were screened from the non-coding regions of genes with high nucleotide variability(pI).These hotspots were expected to define the phylogenetic species of Persicaria.Furthermore,phylogenetic analysis of Polygonaceae plants showed that P.capitata was more closely related to P.chinensis than P.nepalensis.Analysis of divergence time indicated that Polygonaceae originated in the Late Cretaceous(~180 Ma)and began to differentiate during the Middle Miocene.Persicaria differentiated~66.44 million years ago,during the Miocene.Conclusions:Our findings will serve as a scientific basis for further research on species identification and evolution,population genetics,and phylogenetic analysis of P.capitata.Further,we provide valuable information for understanding the origin and evolution of Persicaria in Polygonaceae and estimating the differentiation time of Persicaria and its population.展开更多
Cornus capitata,commonly known as the Himalayan strawberry,is a dogwood species from the family Cornaceae.Dogwood plants have been used extensively to practice conventional medicine due to their biological activities;...Cornus capitata,commonly known as the Himalayan strawberry,is a dogwood species from the family Cornaceae.Dogwood plants have been used extensively to practice conventional medicine due to their biological activities;however,the mechanisms behind these activities,particularly in C.capitata,remain largely unexplored.This study focuses on the preliminary phytochemical screening,antioxidant activity,anti-diabetic potential,and antimicrobial profiling of different extracts(i.e.,leaves,bark,and fruit)from C.capitata to evaluate its potential pharmaceutical and medicinal applications.The in-vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)scavenging assay,Ferric-reducing antioxidant power(FRAP)assay,and Superoxide Anion Scavenging assay.The anti-diabetic potential was assessed usingα-Glucosidase,α-Amylase,and Pancreatic lipase inhibition assay.The anti-microbial activity was evaluated using the Kirby-Bauer method and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration(MIC).According to the quantitative investigation,the most substantial quantities of flavonoids and phenolic compounds were identified in the leaves of C.capitata.Antioxidant activity results corroborated this conclusion,demonstrating that methanolic leaf extract had strong antioxidant activity,with the lowest IC_(50) values recorded for the DPPH(32.4±0.19µg/mL)and Superoxide Radical Scavenging(37.10±0.21µg/mL)assays.Furthermore,the methanolic leaf extract displayed the highestα-Glucosidase inhibitory potential(IC_(50)=6.09±0.52µg/mL),while the methanolic bark extract exhibited the highestα-Amylase inhibitory activity(IC_(50)=49.10±0.38µg/mL).Regarding antimicrobial potential,the paper disc diffusion assay showed that none of the extracts demonstrated antibacterial effects against E.coli.However,the MIC assay revealed that the leaves and bark extracts exhibited antibacterial properties with MIC values of 80 and 500µg/mL against E.coli,respectively.The paper disc diffusion assay against C.albicans indicated the antimicrobial potency of all three extracts.The crude methanolic extract of C.capitata shows strong antioxidant and antidiabetic potential,highlighting its therapeutic value.This is the first comparative investigation of leaf,bark,and fruit extracts of C.capitata to orchestrate the phytochemical profile and evaluate the antioxidant,antidiabetic,and antimicrobial activities.Nevertheless,further studies are needed to understand its biological implications.展开更多
Belonechitina capitata, a typically middle to late Ordovician chitinozoan index taxon was for the first time recovered from the northeastern Kumaon region, a part of Garhwal-Kumaon Tethys basin of the Himalaya, India....Belonechitina capitata, a typically middle to late Ordovician chitinozoan index taxon was for the first time recovered from the northeastern Kumaon region, a part of Garhwal-Kumaon Tethys basin of the Himalaya, India. This species is of great biostratigraphic importance and has already been reported from Avalonia, Baltica and northern Gondwana. The study area was during Ordovician, part of a lowpalaeolatitudinal Gondwana region. The vesicles of recovered forms are black and fragmentary. This is principally attributed to intense tectonic activity during the Himalayan orogenic movement which resulted into high thermal alteration. The chitinozoans are found along with melanosclerites.展开更多
以紫甘蓝(Brassica oleracea var. capitata rubra)花青素为原料制备智能标签,探讨其在猪肉新鲜度监测中的应用效果。设置常温(25~30℃)和冷藏(4℃)2种储藏条件,通过测定猪肉的挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)含量、pH、菌落数等新鲜度指标,并结合...以紫甘蓝(Brassica oleracea var. capitata rubra)花青素为原料制备智能标签,探讨其在猪肉新鲜度监测中的应用效果。设置常温(25~30℃)和冷藏(4℃)2种储藏条件,通过测定猪肉的挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)含量、pH、菌落数等新鲜度指标,并结合感官评价与色差分析,系统探究花青素智能标签的颜色变化与猪肉新鲜度之间的相关性。结果表明,随着储藏时间的延长,猪肉中TVB-N含量和菌落数均呈上升趋势。TVB-N的积累和微生物的生长代谢会导致猪肉储藏环境pH发生变化。色差分析表明,色差与TVB-N含量的拟合度高(R2>0.900 00)。紫甘蓝花青素智能标签在不同储藏温度下均能有效监测猪肉的新鲜度变化。展开更多
The effectiveness of native entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana isolates in the biological control of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) was evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. Local isolate...The effectiveness of native entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana isolates in the biological control of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) was evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. Local isolates (P. Bv32, P. Bv39, P. Bv41, P. Bv51, and P. Bv52) of the fungus B. bassiana induced higher adult mortalities (77%, 65%, 65%, 65%, and 58%, respectively) than a control against the Mediterranean fruit fly under laboratory conditions. Adult mortality increased by increasing the conidial concentrations. In addition, the lethal time (LT50) for killing adult C. capitata ranged from 3.91 to 5.60 days, and the logged lethal concentration (LC50) ranged from 3.80 to 10.50, depending on the isolate. Furthermore, the contact application method induced significantly higher mortality than feeding alone, compared with the control. In addition, spraying peaches with a conidial suspension of the isolates P. Bv32 and P. Bv39 significantly reduced infestation by the fruit fly, compared with the control. The isolates grew well at a temperature range of 25°C - 30°C;germination of the conidia occurred at 15°C - 30°C, and sporulation occurred at 20°C - 25°C. High Mediterranean fruit fly mortalities were induced at 15°C - 30°C, with significant differences among the isolates. However, the isolates failed to grow, germinate, or sporulate above 35°C or below 10°C. Under field conditions, a formula of the bioinsecticide containing the isolate P. Bv32 of B. bassiana significantly reduced peach infestation with Medfly maggots by 25% compared with the control, and by 30% when combined with a low dose of the commercial insecticide Confidor®.展开更多
The dominant genic male sterility （DGMS） gene CDMs399-3 derived from a spontaneous mutation in the line 79-399-3 of spring cabbage （Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.）, has been successfully applied in hybrid seed...The dominant genic male sterility （DGMS） gene CDMs399-3 derived from a spontaneous mutation in the line 79-399-3 of spring cabbage （Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.）, has been successfully applied in hybrid seed production of several cabbage cultivars in China. During the development of dominant male sterility lines in cabbage, the conventional identification of homozygous male-sterile plants （CDMs399-3/CDMs399-3） is a laborious and time-consuming process. For marker-assisted selection （MAS） of the gene CDMs399-3 transferred into key spring cabbage line 397, expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeats （EST-SSR） and SSR technology were used to identify markers that were linked to CDMs399-3 based on method of bulked segregant analysis （BSA）. By screening a set of 978 EST-SSRs and 395 SSRs, a marker BoE332 linked to the CDMs399-3 at a distance of 3.6 cM in the genetic background of cabbage line 397 were identified. 7 homozygons male-sterile plants in population P1170 with 20 plants were obtained finally via MAS of BoE332. Thus, BoE332 will greatly facilitate the transferring of the gene CDMs399-3 into the key spring cabbage line 397 and improve the application of DGMS in cabbage hybrid breeding.展开更多
The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of Moroccan Bt strains against neonate larvae, third instar larvae and emerged adults of Ceratitis capitata. This Mediterranean fruit fly causes serious damag...The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of Moroccan Bt strains against neonate larvae, third instar larvae and emerged adults of Ceratitis capitata. This Mediterranean fruit fly causes serious damages to Argan forest and other agricultural plants. There is no successful control program of this pest fly in the endemic Argan forest in Morocco. A single-dose test was performed on neonate larvae (25 μL/g) and adult (333.33 μL/g), when three doses of Bt toxins (50 μL/g, 100 μL/g and 150 μL/g) were tested against third instar of C. capitata. Among the twenty-six Bt strains examined, local Bt13.4 and Bt A7 strains showed highest toxicity levels against larvae and adults, when compared to the reference strain, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis HD567 “code 4Q1”, and commercial product “Skeetal”. One hundred percent mortality was observed against neonate larvae after 7 days of application by Bt 13.4 toxin. Third instar larvae were very susceptible to Bt A7 and Bt M-Ag 21.6 strains with 68% mortality (Lethal Concentration: LC50 = 1.115) at a dose of 150 μL/g. The Bt A7 strain was also highly toxic to adults with 81.66% of mortality after 7 days of application. This study demonstrated that some of our collection Bt strains can contribute to integrated C. capitata management system with strong biological control components.展开更多
Objective:To study the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of Butia capitata(B.capitata)leaf extracts along with phytochemical analysis of the proposed bioactive constituents.Methods:Different successive extrac...Objective:To study the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of Butia capitata(B.capitata)leaf extracts along with phytochemical analysis of the proposed bioactive constituents.Methods:Different successive extracts of B.capitata Becc.leaves were prepared with selective organic solvents and screened for their anti-inflammatory activities in tested animals and invitro antioxidant effect.An extensive phytochemical investigation of the bioactive extracts through paper chromatography,thin layer chromatography,column chromatography,gasliquid chromatography(GLC),high pressure liquid chromatography and spectral analysis.GCMass,ultraviolet,hydrogen and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance,electron ionization-mass spectrometry,heteronuclear multiple bond correlation and heteronuclear multiple quantum correlation were carried out Results:Results showed that different extracts possess promising antioxidant effect and significant anti-inflammatory activity with variable degrees.The results of the phytochemical investigation of the bioactive extracts revealed the presence of volatile substances,lipoidal matter,α-tocopherol,free sugars,polysaccharides and flavonoidal compounds.Conclusions:B.capitata leaf extracts were shown to possess variable antioxidant effect,the most promising was methanol extract Both polar and non polar extracts were proved to have anti-inflammatory activity,the non polar extract was superior in this respect The bioactivity of the extracts was ascribed to the presence of flavonoids,sterols andα-tocopherol.展开更多
[Objectives]To optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction process of polysaccharides from Cyathula Capitata( Wall.) Moq. and evaluate its antioxidant capacity in vitro. [Methods] The single factor orthogonal design w...[Objectives]To optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction process of polysaccharides from Cyathula Capitata( Wall.) Moq. and evaluate its antioxidant capacity in vitro. [Methods] The single factor orthogonal design was applied to explore the effects of ultrasonic time,solid-to-liquid ratio,extraction time and ethanol precipitation concentration on the extraction rate of crude polysaccharides from C. Capitata,to obtain the optimal extraction process; DPPH and ABTS^+ free radical scavenging ability was detected to evaluate its in vitro antioxidant activity.[Results]The optimal extraction process of C. Capitata crude polysaccharide was as follows: solid-to-liquid ratio was 40∶ 1,the extraction temperature was 50℃,the ultrasonic time was 80 min. Under such conditions,the extraction rate of C. Capitata crude polysaccharide was 10. 51%,and the purity was 56. 9%; C. Capitata crude polysaccharide has good scavenging ability to DPPH and ABTS^+ free radicals,and its IC_(50) values are 0. 468 and 0. 231 mg/mL,respectively. [Conclusions]The optimized process is simple and feasible,and the C. Capitata polysaccharide has good antioxidant activity in vitro. This experiment provides a basis for the further development and utilization of the C. Capitata polysaccharide.展开更多
Timely detection of Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly) is very important so that eradication action can be taken on time. The larvae stage of this insect is the most dangerous stage as it is within the pulp of the fruit...Timely detection of Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly) is very important so that eradication action can be taken on time. The larvae stage of this insect is the most dangerous stage as it is within the pulp of the fruit, making it hard to detect by visual inspection. In most countries at ports of entry the inspector check a small sample of fruit by visual inspection or by cutting the produce and searching for fungus and pests. This paper will investigate a quick, reliable and sensitive method to determine the presence of fruit flies. Our research focuses on developing the technology for detecting hidden infestations by using the Head Space-Soild Phase Micro Extraction (HS-SPME) method coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrocopy (GC-MS) technique. Five different types of fruit were infested with an early stage of Medfly Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephidae). We investigated to detect the differences in volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) between infested and non- infested fruits by using HS-SPME with (GC-MS). The results indicated that for few chemicals no significant differences between infested and non-infested fruit can be seen, especially in the fruits with first instar. However, in case of third instar larvae infested fruits significant differences in the chemicals can be seen as compare to non infested fruits and other instar infestations. These chemicals include ethyl (Z)-2 butenoate, 2-heptanone, anisole, β-cis-ocimene, 1,3,7-nonatriene,4,8-dimethy-,ethyl octyate, isoamyl caproate and 1β,4βh,10βh- guaia-5,11-diene, in apple. Ethyl (Z)-2-butenoate, (+)-2-bornanone, (-)-trans- isopiperitenol, methyl caprate, caryophyllene and farnesene in orange. Butanoic acid, 3-methyl-,2-methylbutul acetate, sabinene, β-myrcene, octanoic acid, methyl ester, dihydrocarvone, (-)-trans-isopiperitenol and ethyl laurate in mandarin. Butyl 2-methylbutanoate, terpinen-4-ol, P-menth-8-en-2-one, E-,(3E,7E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene and dodecanoic acid, ethyl ester in lemon. Decane, 3-methyl-, p-menth-1,4(8)-diene, 1-undecene and α-cubebene in avocado. Thus, the VOC’s method could provide a possible tool for detecting tephritid larvae and this method could be adopted by industries importing and exporting fruit.展开更多
Attract and kill （AK） technology was evaluated against the Mediterranean fruit fly （Med-fly）, Ceratitis capitata W.. Treatment was carried out in two peach orchards of four hectares each; first one located in Borj...Attract and kill （AK） technology was evaluated against the Mediterranean fruit fly （Med-fly）, Ceratitis capitata W.. Treatment was carried out in two peach orchards of four hectares each; first one located in Borj-Touil and the second in El-Kssibi Mornag, Northern Tunisia during the 2012 field season. AK is a specialized system based on hydrolyzed proteins and alpha-cypermethrin. During this study, 400 AK bait stations were placed in every hectare, four weeks before fruits color changes. The tested AK system was found effective in reducing the number of C. capitata population to 70% comparing to the untreated orchards. Fruit damages assessment showed significant differences between treatments in respect of decreasing infestation onto fruits Study results indicated that AK baited treatments were able to reduce dropped and soften fruits infestation seven times than that of control plots. Fruit damages were restricted to 4%-5% in treated areas with AK system in compare to 31%-35% recorded in control plots. This novel AK system showed good performance to combat Med-fly and can successfully used to combat various fruit fly species when applied for an area wide application program.展开更多
A field experiment was conducted using Ceranock bait station, ＂attract and kill＂ system to combat Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, in apricot orchards, Central of lraq during the 2013 field season. Contr...A field experiment was conducted using Ceranock bait station, ＂attract and kill＂ system to combat Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, in apricot orchards, Central of lraq during the 2013 field season. Control program was implemented in three orchards of mixed apricot varieties. Ceranock traps were hung in each tree of two separate orchards. Delta and McPhail traps were used to monitor Medfly population density in each treated and control orchards. Results indicated that Medfly activity in apricot orchards started during the last week of April coincided with the beginning of maturity for fruits of early varieties. The total of trapped insects in monitoring traps after one week of Ceranock application were 0, 1 and 31 adults for the 1st, 2nd and the control orchards, respectively. Three weeks later and on, the number of trapped adults started to increase dramatically. At the end of apricot season and after 45 days of Ceranock trap application, the number of trapped insects in monitoring traps reached 110, 111 and 2,349 adults/week, respectively, for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd orchard. The use of Ceranock traps reduced Medfly population density by 86%-97%. The percentage of fruit injuries in early maturing varieties were 0.75%, 1% and 34% for the 1st, 2nd and control orchards, respectively. While, late varieties were 2% and 3% for 1st and 2nd orchards, and 69% for the control. The percentage of reduction in fruit damages reached to 95% and 97%, respectively in the 1st and 2nd orchard. The results of this study demonstrate clearly the efficacy of Ceranock bait station, ＂attract and kill＂ system as a control measure for Medfly in apricot orchards.展开更多
The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata Wied. （1824） is one of the most important pest that can infest orchards if its spread is not controlled. Among the preventive measures recommended in the fight against...The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata Wied. （1824） is one of the most important pest that can infest orchards if its spread is not controlled. Among the preventive measures recommended in the fight against this pest, we are interested in looking for varieties that are less favorable to the development of this pest among different varieties of fig trees in our region. The biological parameters of the fruit fly which were followed in this study are duration of pupation, rate of emergence, sex ratio and longevity of males and females. The results show that these parameters vary depending on the variety of fruit.展开更多
文摘In the recent years The Mediterranean Fruit fly Ceratitis capitata is distributed in the orchards of central Iraq and caused highly economic losses. This study was conducted in orchards in central Iraq during 2009 and 2010 and made field survey of the insect in four types of orchards （Citrus, Apricot, Figs ＆ Citrus and A mixture of fruit trees） and used for this purpose Tephri Traps supplied with Q-Lure and dimethyl dichloroviny phosphate （DDVP）. The present preliminary study has shown that the Mediterranean fruit fly C. capitata has a year round presence in fruit orchards in central Iraq and reached its highest ntunerical density of the pest in citrus orchards during of November and December were 345 and 363 insect/trap per month in citrus orchards and the least numerical density during of January and February while the highest numerical density of the insect in orchards of Apricot in March 2010, Figs ＆ Citrus in August 2009 and a Mixture of fruit trees in November 2009 were 45, 116, 311 insect/trap per month respectively. The population density of the pest was highest is started 2010 compared with 2009, but the high temperature degree （46-51℃） in August 2010 caused decreasing the population density of this pest. C. capitata caused highly economic losses in citrus reached 68% and 71% of the Mandarin and Kaki fruits respectively Currently in Iraq to fight no control method to reduce the economic losses caused by this pest except the use of pesticides GF-120.
文摘The present study forms a part of biological control against the medfly （Ceratitis capitata） and seeks to isolate and determine the diversity of the medfly-associated entomopathogenic fungi in soil samples collected from Argane （Argania spinosa） forest, in different localities of Souss-Massa region. Search and isolation of the indigenous populations of Ceratitis capitata entomopathogenic fungi was carried out by using larvae of this pest as baits. After trapping, isolation and identification of fungal isolates, a pathogenicity test was used to select fungal strains that have significant virulence potential against the Mediterranean fruit fly. The degree of virulence was estimated by the ability of the fungus to induce the disease and/or the death in the insect and also by calculating the lethal time 50 （LT50）. The obtained results were clearly demonstrated the sensitivity of medfly to tested fungal strains and particularly to strains of Fusarium sp., Aspergillus niger and Scopulariopsis sp. that have shown high mortality rates （more than 84%） and to Trichoderma harzianum, Scedosporium sp., Epicoeeum sp. and Ulocladium sp. with more than 70% mortality for the two tested concentrations. Furthermore these strains showed short LT50 （less than 83 hours）. All these results confirm the presence of entomopathogenic fungi of Ceratitis capitata in Argane soil, and prove the potential of entomopathogenic fungi for biocontrol of the Mediterranean fruit fly under laboratory conditions.
文摘Field experiments were conducted using Ceranock bait station, ＂attract and kill＂ system to combat Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, in citrus orchards of Baghdad and Wasit governorates, Iraq, during 2013-2014 season. Control program was implemented in six citrus orchards of mixed citrus varieties： Orange, Citrus sinensis; Mandarin, C. reticulate; Lemon, C. lemon; and Bergamot, C. aurantium. Ceranock traps 240/ha were hanged in trees of two separate orchards in each location, with third orchard served as control. Delta and McPhail traps supplied with pheromone were used to monitor Medfly population density in treated and control orchards. Results indicated that Medfly activity and presence in citrus orchards started during the first week of October coincide with the beginning of fruits ripening. The result indicated that Medfly population density in Wasit orchards was more than that of Baghdad orchards. The total trapped insects after two weeks of Ceranock were 59, 94, 142 and 205, 277, 765 adults for the firsst, second and the control orchards in the two locations, respectively. The percentage of fruit injuries were increased dramatically when fruits mature and its color turn to yellowish reaching of 35%, 56%, 21% and 32% in mandarin and orange fruits in Baghdad and Wasit orchards, respectively, compared with 3%, 4%, 4% and 5% in treated orchards, respectively. Calculated percentage of fruit damage indicated that reduction in injuries were 97% in mandarin and 96% in orange at Baghdad orchards and were 95% and 96%, respectively, in Wasit orchards. The results of this study demonstrate clearly the efficacy of Ceranock bait station, ＂attract and kill＂ system as a control measure for Medfly in citrus orchards.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82060913).
文摘Objective:With Persicaria capitata as test materials,we compared and analyzed the chloroplast(cp)genome characteristics as well as their phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history with related species of Persicaria nepalensis,Persicaria japonica,Persicaria chinensis,Persicaria filiformis,Persicaria perfoliata,Persicaria pubescens,Persicaria hnydropiper.Methods:The Illumina HiSeq high-throughput sequencing platform was used for the first time for P.capitata cp genome sequencing.NOVOPlasty and CpGAVAS2 were used for assembly and annotation,and Codon W,DnaSP,and MISA were used to conduct a series of comparative genomic analyses between the plant and seven species of the same genus.A phylogenetic tree was constructed using the maximum likelihood(ML)and neighbor-joining(NJ)methods,and divergence time was estimated using BEAST.Results:The total length of P.capitata cp genome was 158,821 bp,with a guanine and cytosine(GC)content of 38.0%,exhibiting a typical circular tetrad structure.The genome contains 127 annotated genes,including 82 protein-coding and 45 tRNA-encoding genes.The cp genome harbors simple sequence repeat(SSR)loci primarily composed of A/T.The conserved species structure of this genus is reinforced by the expansion and contraction of the inverted repeat(IR)region.The non-coding regions of the cp genomes exhibited significant differences among the genera.Six different mutation hotspots(psbK-psbI,atpI-rps2,petN-psbD,atpB-rbcL,cemA-petA,ndhI-ndhA-ycf1)were screened from the non-coding regions of genes with high nucleotide variability(pI).These hotspots were expected to define the phylogenetic species of Persicaria.Furthermore,phylogenetic analysis of Polygonaceae plants showed that P.capitata was more closely related to P.chinensis than P.nepalensis.Analysis of divergence time indicated that Polygonaceae originated in the Late Cretaceous(~180 Ma)and began to differentiate during the Middle Miocene.Persicaria differentiated~66.44 million years ago,during the Miocene.Conclusions:Our findings will serve as a scientific basis for further research on species identification and evolution,population genetics,and phylogenetic analysis of P.capitata.Further,we provide valuable information for understanding the origin and evolution of Persicaria in Polygonaceae and estimating the differentiation time of Persicaria and its population.
文摘Cornus capitata,commonly known as the Himalayan strawberry,is a dogwood species from the family Cornaceae.Dogwood plants have been used extensively to practice conventional medicine due to their biological activities;however,the mechanisms behind these activities,particularly in C.capitata,remain largely unexplored.This study focuses on the preliminary phytochemical screening,antioxidant activity,anti-diabetic potential,and antimicrobial profiling of different extracts(i.e.,leaves,bark,and fruit)from C.capitata to evaluate its potential pharmaceutical and medicinal applications.The in-vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl(DPPH)scavenging assay,Ferric-reducing antioxidant power(FRAP)assay,and Superoxide Anion Scavenging assay.The anti-diabetic potential was assessed usingα-Glucosidase,α-Amylase,and Pancreatic lipase inhibition assay.The anti-microbial activity was evaluated using the Kirby-Bauer method and Minimal Inhibitory Concentration(MIC).According to the quantitative investigation,the most substantial quantities of flavonoids and phenolic compounds were identified in the leaves of C.capitata.Antioxidant activity results corroborated this conclusion,demonstrating that methanolic leaf extract had strong antioxidant activity,with the lowest IC_(50) values recorded for the DPPH(32.4±0.19µg/mL)and Superoxide Radical Scavenging(37.10±0.21µg/mL)assays.Furthermore,the methanolic leaf extract displayed the highestα-Glucosidase inhibitory potential(IC_(50)=6.09±0.52µg/mL),while the methanolic bark extract exhibited the highestα-Amylase inhibitory activity(IC_(50)=49.10±0.38µg/mL).Regarding antimicrobial potential,the paper disc diffusion assay showed that none of the extracts demonstrated antibacterial effects against E.coli.However,the MIC assay revealed that the leaves and bark extracts exhibited antibacterial properties with MIC values of 80 and 500µg/mL against E.coli,respectively.The paper disc diffusion assay against C.albicans indicated the antimicrobial potency of all three extracts.The crude methanolic extract of C.capitata shows strong antioxidant and antidiabetic potential,highlighting its therapeutic value.This is the first comparative investigation of leaf,bark,and fruit extracts of C.capitata to orchestrate the phytochemical profile and evaluate the antioxidant,antidiabetic,and antimicrobial activities.Nevertheless,further studies are needed to understand its biological implications.
基金DST (New Delhi) for funding the research project (SR/S4/ES-562/ 2011)
文摘Belonechitina capitata, a typically middle to late Ordovician chitinozoan index taxon was for the first time recovered from the northeastern Kumaon region, a part of Garhwal-Kumaon Tethys basin of the Himalaya, India. This species is of great biostratigraphic importance and has already been reported from Avalonia, Baltica and northern Gondwana. The study area was during Ordovician, part of a lowpalaeolatitudinal Gondwana region. The vesicles of recovered forms are black and fragmentary. This is principally attributed to intense tectonic activity during the Himalayan orogenic movement which resulted into high thermal alteration. The chitinozoans are found along with melanosclerites.
文摘The effectiveness of native entomopathogenic Beauveria bassiana isolates in the biological control of the Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata) was evaluated under laboratory and field conditions. Local isolates (P. Bv32, P. Bv39, P. Bv41, P. Bv51, and P. Bv52) of the fungus B. bassiana induced higher adult mortalities (77%, 65%, 65%, 65%, and 58%, respectively) than a control against the Mediterranean fruit fly under laboratory conditions. Adult mortality increased by increasing the conidial concentrations. In addition, the lethal time (LT50) for killing adult C. capitata ranged from 3.91 to 5.60 days, and the logged lethal concentration (LC50) ranged from 3.80 to 10.50, depending on the isolate. Furthermore, the contact application method induced significantly higher mortality than feeding alone, compared with the control. In addition, spraying peaches with a conidial suspension of the isolates P. Bv32 and P. Bv39 significantly reduced infestation by the fruit fly, compared with the control. The isolates grew well at a temperature range of 25°C - 30°C;germination of the conidia occurred at 15°C - 30°C, and sporulation occurred at 20°C - 25°C. High Mediterranean fruit fly mortalities were induced at 15°C - 30°C, with significant differences among the isolates. However, the isolates failed to grow, germinate, or sporulate above 35°C or below 10°C. Under field conditions, a formula of the bioinsecticide containing the isolate P. Bv32 of B. bassiana significantly reduced peach infestation with Medfly maggots by 25% compared with the control, and by 30% when combined with a low dose of the commercial insecticide Confidor®.
基金supported by the National Science and Technology Ministry of China (2008BADB1B02 and 2009BADB8B03)the Core Research Budget of the Non-profit Governmental Research Institution (ICS, CAAS) (1610032011011)+1 种基金the China Agriculture Research System (CARS-25)the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (863 Program, 2012AA100101)
文摘The dominant genic male sterility （DGMS） gene CDMs399-3 derived from a spontaneous mutation in the line 79-399-3 of spring cabbage （Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.）, has been successfully applied in hybrid seed production of several cabbage cultivars in China. During the development of dominant male sterility lines in cabbage, the conventional identification of homozygous male-sterile plants （CDMs399-3/CDMs399-3） is a laborious and time-consuming process. For marker-assisted selection （MAS） of the gene CDMs399-3 transferred into key spring cabbage line 397, expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeats （EST-SSR） and SSR technology were used to identify markers that were linked to CDMs399-3 based on method of bulked segregant analysis （BSA）. By screening a set of 978 EST-SSRs and 395 SSRs, a marker BoE332 linked to the CDMs399-3 at a distance of 3.6 cM in the genetic background of cabbage line 397 were identified. 7 homozygons male-sterile plants in population P1170 with 20 plants were obtained finally via MAS of BoE332. Thus, BoE332 will greatly facilitate the transferring of the gene CDMs399-3 into the key spring cabbage line 397 and improve the application of DGMS in cabbage hybrid breeding.
文摘The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of Moroccan Bt strains against neonate larvae, third instar larvae and emerged adults of Ceratitis capitata. This Mediterranean fruit fly causes serious damages to Argan forest and other agricultural plants. There is no successful control program of this pest fly in the endemic Argan forest in Morocco. A single-dose test was performed on neonate larvae (25 μL/g) and adult (333.33 μL/g), when three doses of Bt toxins (50 μL/g, 100 μL/g and 150 μL/g) were tested against third instar of C. capitata. Among the twenty-six Bt strains examined, local Bt13.4 and Bt A7 strains showed highest toxicity levels against larvae and adults, when compared to the reference strain, Bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis HD567 “code 4Q1”, and commercial product “Skeetal”. One hundred percent mortality was observed against neonate larvae after 7 days of application by Bt 13.4 toxin. Third instar larvae were very susceptible to Bt A7 and Bt M-Ag 21.6 strains with 68% mortality (Lethal Concentration: LC50 = 1.115) at a dose of 150 μL/g. The Bt A7 strain was also highly toxic to adults with 81.66% of mortality after 7 days of application. This study demonstrated that some of our collection Bt strains can contribute to integrated C. capitata management system with strong biological control components.
基金Supported by National Research Centre,Cairo,Egypt(Fifth plan of National Research Centre,Grant No:1/8/5)
文摘Objective:To study the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of Butia capitata(B.capitata)leaf extracts along with phytochemical analysis of the proposed bioactive constituents.Methods:Different successive extracts of B.capitata Becc.leaves were prepared with selective organic solvents and screened for their anti-inflammatory activities in tested animals and invitro antioxidant effect.An extensive phytochemical investigation of the bioactive extracts through paper chromatography,thin layer chromatography,column chromatography,gasliquid chromatography(GLC),high pressure liquid chromatography and spectral analysis.GCMass,ultraviolet,hydrogen and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance,electron ionization-mass spectrometry,heteronuclear multiple bond correlation and heteronuclear multiple quantum correlation were carried out Results:Results showed that different extracts possess promising antioxidant effect and significant anti-inflammatory activity with variable degrees.The results of the phytochemical investigation of the bioactive extracts revealed the presence of volatile substances,lipoidal matter,α-tocopherol,free sugars,polysaccharides and flavonoidal compounds.Conclusions:B.capitata leaf extracts were shown to possess variable antioxidant effect,the most promising was methanol extract Both polar and non polar extracts were proved to have anti-inflammatory activity,the non polar extract was superior in this respect The bioactivity of the extracts was ascribed to the presence of flavonoids,sterols andα-tocopherol.
基金Supported by Open Fund Project of Key Laboratory of Higher Education in Sichuan Province in 2017 for Development of Characteristic Biological Resources in Dry and Hot Valley(GR-2017-C-01)
文摘[Objectives]To optimize the ultrasonic-assisted extraction process of polysaccharides from Cyathula Capitata( Wall.) Moq. and evaluate its antioxidant capacity in vitro. [Methods] The single factor orthogonal design was applied to explore the effects of ultrasonic time,solid-to-liquid ratio,extraction time and ethanol precipitation concentration on the extraction rate of crude polysaccharides from C. Capitata,to obtain the optimal extraction process; DPPH and ABTS^+ free radical scavenging ability was detected to evaluate its in vitro antioxidant activity.[Results]The optimal extraction process of C. Capitata crude polysaccharide was as follows: solid-to-liquid ratio was 40∶ 1,the extraction temperature was 50℃,the ultrasonic time was 80 min. Under such conditions,the extraction rate of C. Capitata crude polysaccharide was 10. 51%,and the purity was 56. 9%; C. Capitata crude polysaccharide has good scavenging ability to DPPH and ABTS^+ free radicals,and its IC_(50) values are 0. 468 and 0. 231 mg/mL,respectively. [Conclusions]The optimized process is simple and feasible,and the C. Capitata polysaccharide has good antioxidant activity in vitro. This experiment provides a basis for the further development and utilization of the C. Capitata polysaccharide.
文摘Timely detection of Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly) is very important so that eradication action can be taken on time. The larvae stage of this insect is the most dangerous stage as it is within the pulp of the fruit, making it hard to detect by visual inspection. In most countries at ports of entry the inspector check a small sample of fruit by visual inspection or by cutting the produce and searching for fungus and pests. This paper will investigate a quick, reliable and sensitive method to determine the presence of fruit flies. Our research focuses on developing the technology for detecting hidden infestations by using the Head Space-Soild Phase Micro Extraction (HS-SPME) method coupled with Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrocopy (GC-MS) technique. Five different types of fruit were infested with an early stage of Medfly Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann (Diptera: Tephidae). We investigated to detect the differences in volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) between infested and non- infested fruits by using HS-SPME with (GC-MS). The results indicated that for few chemicals no significant differences between infested and non-infested fruit can be seen, especially in the fruits with first instar. However, in case of third instar larvae infested fruits significant differences in the chemicals can be seen as compare to non infested fruits and other instar infestations. These chemicals include ethyl (Z)-2 butenoate, 2-heptanone, anisole, β-cis-ocimene, 1,3,7-nonatriene,4,8-dimethy-,ethyl octyate, isoamyl caproate and 1β,4βh,10βh- guaia-5,11-diene, in apple. Ethyl (Z)-2-butenoate, (+)-2-bornanone, (-)-trans- isopiperitenol, methyl caprate, caryophyllene and farnesene in orange. Butanoic acid, 3-methyl-,2-methylbutul acetate, sabinene, β-myrcene, octanoic acid, methyl ester, dihydrocarvone, (-)-trans-isopiperitenol and ethyl laurate in mandarin. Butyl 2-methylbutanoate, terpinen-4-ol, P-menth-8-en-2-one, E-,(3E,7E)-4,8,12-trimethyltrideca-1,3,7,11-tetraene and dodecanoic acid, ethyl ester in lemon. Decane, 3-methyl-, p-menth-1,4(8)-diene, 1-undecene and α-cubebene in avocado. Thus, the VOC’s method could provide a possible tool for detecting tephritid larvae and this method could be adopted by industries importing and exporting fruit.
文摘Attract and kill （AK） technology was evaluated against the Mediterranean fruit fly （Med-fly）, Ceratitis capitata W.. Treatment was carried out in two peach orchards of four hectares each; first one located in Borj-Touil and the second in El-Kssibi Mornag, Northern Tunisia during the 2012 field season. AK is a specialized system based on hydrolyzed proteins and alpha-cypermethrin. During this study, 400 AK bait stations were placed in every hectare, four weeks before fruits color changes. The tested AK system was found effective in reducing the number of C. capitata population to 70% comparing to the untreated orchards. Fruit damages assessment showed significant differences between treatments in respect of decreasing infestation onto fruits Study results indicated that AK baited treatments were able to reduce dropped and soften fruits infestation seven times than that of control plots. Fruit damages were restricted to 4%-5% in treated areas with AK system in compare to 31%-35% recorded in control plots. This novel AK system showed good performance to combat Med-fly and can successfully used to combat various fruit fly species when applied for an area wide application program.
文摘A field experiment was conducted using Ceranock bait station, ＂attract and kill＂ system to combat Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata, in apricot orchards, Central of lraq during the 2013 field season. Control program was implemented in three orchards of mixed apricot varieties. Ceranock traps were hung in each tree of two separate orchards. Delta and McPhail traps were used to monitor Medfly population density in each treated and control orchards. Results indicated that Medfly activity in apricot orchards started during the last week of April coincided with the beginning of maturity for fruits of early varieties. The total of trapped insects in monitoring traps after one week of Ceranock application were 0, 1 and 31 adults for the 1st, 2nd and the control orchards, respectively. Three weeks later and on, the number of trapped adults started to increase dramatically. At the end of apricot season and after 45 days of Ceranock trap application, the number of trapped insects in monitoring traps reached 110, 111 and 2,349 adults/week, respectively, for the 1st, 2nd and 3rd orchard. The use of Ceranock traps reduced Medfly population density by 86%-97%. The percentage of fruit injuries in early maturing varieties were 0.75%, 1% and 34% for the 1st, 2nd and control orchards, respectively. While, late varieties were 2% and 3% for 1st and 2nd orchards, and 69% for the control. The percentage of reduction in fruit damages reached to 95% and 97%, respectively in the 1st and 2nd orchard. The results of this study demonstrate clearly the efficacy of Ceranock bait station, ＂attract and kill＂ system as a control measure for Medfly in apricot orchards.
文摘The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata Wied. （1824） is one of the most important pest that can infest orchards if its spread is not controlled. Among the preventive measures recommended in the fight against this pest, we are interested in looking for varieties that are less favorable to the development of this pest among different varieties of fig trees in our region. The biological parameters of the fruit fly which were followed in this study are duration of pupation, rate of emergence, sex ratio and longevity of males and females. The results show that these parameters vary depending on the variety of fruit.
