Viruses are representative of a global threat to agricultural production. Genetic resistance is the preferred strategy for the control of viral infection and against loss of crop yield. Viral protein synthesis require...Viruses are representative of a global threat to agricultural production. Genetic resistance is the preferred strategy for the control of viral infection and against loss of crop yield. Viral protein synthesis requires host cellular factors for translating their viral RNAs, and for regulating their replication and cell to cell systemic movement. Therefore, the viruses are dependent on cellular translation factors. Mutations in the gene encoding eIF4E and eIF4G or their isoforms, eIFiso4 E, eIFiso4 G and eIF2Bβ have been mapped as a source of plant potyvirus while other genus of plant virus recessive resistance genes in many species are originated from these loci. Some of other plant translation factors, such as eIF3,eIF4 A-like helicases, eEF1A and eEF1B, which are required in interacting with viral RNAs and regulating various aspects of the infection cycle,have also been identified. Here, we summarized the mechanisms utilized by RNA viruses of eukaryotic plants and the essential roles of e IFs in virus infection. Moreover, we discussed the potential of e IFs as a target gene in the development of genetic resistance to viruses for crop improvement. This review highlighted newly revealed examples of abnormal translational strategies and provided insights into natural host resistance mechanisms that have been linked to 3 cap-independent translational enhancer activity.展开更多
The process and regulation of cellular metabolism are extremely complex and accomplished through multiple signalling pathways that operate in parallel,and often experience significant overlap in upstream and downstrea...The process and regulation of cellular metabolism are extremely complex and accomplished through multiple signalling pathways that operate in parallel,and often experience significant overlap in upstream and downstream a signal transduction.Despite this complexity,single pathway or even single protein activations are commonly used to extrapolate broad characterizations of cellular metabolism.Furthermore,multiple routes for peptide-chain translation initiation exist,some of which may be either exclusive or overlapping depending on the state and environment of the cell.While it may be highly impractical to account for every aspect of metabolic regulation and permutation of mRNA translation,it is important to acknowledge that investigations relating to these pathways are often incomplete and not necessarily indicative of the overall metabolic status.This becomes urgent when considering the role that cellular anabolism plays in both healthy cellular functions and the aetiology of several disease's altered metabolisms.This review describes recent advances in the understanding of cellular metabolic regulation,with specific focus given to the complexity of‘downstream’mRNA translation initiation through both mTOR-dependent and mTOR-independent signallings.展开更多
circular RNA (circRNA) is a covalently closed single-stranded RNA that lacks 5’ and 3’ends and has long been considered a noncoding RNA. With the development of high-throughputsequencing and bioinformatics technolog...circular RNA (circRNA) is a covalently closed single-stranded RNA that lacks 5’ and 3’ends and has long been considered a noncoding RNA. With the development of high-throughputsequencing and bioinformatics technology, the understanding of circRNA has become increasingly advanced. Recent studies have shown that some cytoplasmic circRNAs can be effectivelytranslated into detectable proteins, further indicating the importance of circRNA in cellular pathology and physiological functions. Internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and N^(6)-methyladenosine(m^(6)A) mediated cap-independent translation initiation are considered potential mechanisms ofcircRNA translation. Multiple circRNAs have been shown to play crucial roles in human cancer.This paper provides an overview of the nature and functions of circRNA and describes thepossible mechanisms underlying the initiation of circRNA translation. We summarized theemerging functions of circRNA-encoded proteins in human cancer. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of circRNAs and the challenges of research in this field. This review on circRNAtranslation will reveal a hidden human proteome and enhance our understanding of the importance of circRNAs in human malignant tumors.展开更多
基金The authors thank Mr.Tomas Maher from the Department of Biology at the Pennsylvania State University for language editing.This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(Grant No.LZ20C150002)and the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.31872095).
文摘Viruses are representative of a global threat to agricultural production. Genetic resistance is the preferred strategy for the control of viral infection and against loss of crop yield. Viral protein synthesis requires host cellular factors for translating their viral RNAs, and for regulating their replication and cell to cell systemic movement. Therefore, the viruses are dependent on cellular translation factors. Mutations in the gene encoding eIF4E and eIF4G or their isoforms, eIFiso4 E, eIFiso4 G and eIF2Bβ have been mapped as a source of plant potyvirus while other genus of plant virus recessive resistance genes in many species are originated from these loci. Some of other plant translation factors, such as eIF3,eIF4 A-like helicases, eEF1A and eEF1B, which are required in interacting with viral RNAs and regulating various aspects of the infection cycle,have also been identified. Here, we summarized the mechanisms utilized by RNA viruses of eukaryotic plants and the essential roles of e IFs in virus infection. Moreover, we discussed the potential of e IFs as a target gene in the development of genetic resistance to viruses for crop improvement. This review highlighted newly revealed examples of abnormal translational strategies and provided insights into natural host resistance mechanisms that have been linked to 3 cap-independent translational enhancer activity.
文摘The process and regulation of cellular metabolism are extremely complex and accomplished through multiple signalling pathways that operate in parallel,and often experience significant overlap in upstream and downstream a signal transduction.Despite this complexity,single pathway or even single protein activations are commonly used to extrapolate broad characterizations of cellular metabolism.Furthermore,multiple routes for peptide-chain translation initiation exist,some of which may be either exclusive or overlapping depending on the state and environment of the cell.While it may be highly impractical to account for every aspect of metabolic regulation and permutation of mRNA translation,it is important to acknowledge that investigations relating to these pathways are often incomplete and not necessarily indicative of the overall metabolic status.This becomes urgent when considering the role that cellular anabolism plays in both healthy cellular functions and the aetiology of several disease's altered metabolisms.This review describes recent advances in the understanding of cellular metabolic regulation,with specific focus given to the complexity of‘downstream’mRNA translation initiation through both mTOR-dependent and mTOR-independent signallings.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81802406)Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.ZR2021MH045,ZR2020LZL009,ZR2019BH061,ZR2021MH225)Special Funds for Scientific Research on Breast Diseases of Shandong Medical Association of China(No.YXH2021ZX058).
文摘circular RNA (circRNA) is a covalently closed single-stranded RNA that lacks 5’ and 3’ends and has long been considered a noncoding RNA. With the development of high-throughputsequencing and bioinformatics technology, the understanding of circRNA has become increasingly advanced. Recent studies have shown that some cytoplasmic circRNAs can be effectivelytranslated into detectable proteins, further indicating the importance of circRNA in cellular pathology and physiological functions. Internal ribosome entry site (IRES) and N^(6)-methyladenosine(m^(6)A) mediated cap-independent translation initiation are considered potential mechanisms ofcircRNA translation. Multiple circRNAs have been shown to play crucial roles in human cancer.This paper provides an overview of the nature and functions of circRNA and describes thepossible mechanisms underlying the initiation of circRNA translation. We summarized theemerging functions of circRNA-encoded proteins in human cancer. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of circRNAs and the challenges of research in this field. This review on circRNAtranslation will reveal a hidden human proteome and enhance our understanding of the importance of circRNAs in human malignant tumors.
