Cluster analyses using the amino acid content predicted from the coding regions (13 genes) of complete vertebrate mitochondrial genomes as traits grouped selected vertebrates into two clusters, terrestrial and aquatic...Cluster analyses using the amino acid content predicted from the coding regions (13 genes) of complete vertebrate mitochondrial genomes as traits grouped selected vertebrates into two clusters, terrestrial and aquatic vertebrates. Exceptions were the hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri), thought to be an early ancestor of vertebrates, and the black spotted frog (Rana nigromaculata), which is terrestrial as an adult and aquatic as a larva. These two species fall into the terrestrial and aquatic clusters, respectively. Using the nucleotide (G, C, T and A) content in the coding and non-coding regions, and in the complete genome as traits, similar results were obtained but with some additional exceptions. In addition, phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA sequences produced a consistent result. The results of this study indicated that vertebrate evolution is controlled by natural selection under both an internal bias as a result of nucleotide replacement genomic rules, and an external bias caused by environmental biospheric conditions.展开更多
Objective:To systematically review outcomes for cautery-assisted palatal stiffening operation(CAPSO)as a treatment for adult obstructive sleep apnea(OSA).Methods:Five databases(including PubMed/MEDLINE)were searched t...Objective:To systematically review outcomes for cautery-assisted palatal stiffening operation(CAPSO)as a treatment for adult obstructive sleep apnea(OSA).Methods:Five databases(including PubMed/MEDLINE)were searched through July 12,2017.Results:Eight studies(307 patients)met criteria.Overall,CAPSO alone(80 patients)improved AHI from a mean±standard deviation(M±SD)of(16.8±11.9)to(9.9±10.9)events/h(41.1%decrease).Mixed CAPSO with/without tonsillectomy(92 patients)improved AHI from a M]SD of(24.8±12.6)to(10.6±9.5)events/h(61.7%decrease).CAPSO with expansion pharyngoplasty(EP),(78 patients)improved AHI from a M±SD of(26.3±17.7)to(12.6±5.8)events/h(52.1%decrease).CAPSO alone(90 patients)improved lowest oxygen saturation(LSAT)by 5.4 points.Mixed CAPSO with/without tonsillectomy(77 patients)improved LSAT by 10.6 points,and CAPSO with EP(78 patients)improved LSAT by 5.2 points.Sleepiness improved(182 patients)from an Epworth Sleepiness Scale score of 11.8 to 5.1,P<0.001.Snoring reduced(120 patients)from 7.9 to 2.5 on visual analog scales(0-10 scale),P<0.001.Conclusions:Apnea-hypopnea index has improved by 41.0%for CAPSO alone,61.7%for CAPSO with tonsillectomy and 52.1%for CAPSO with expansion pharyngoplasty.Additionally,lowest oxygen saturation,sleepiness and snoring have also improved after CAPSO.展开更多
文摘Cluster analyses using the amino acid content predicted from the coding regions (13 genes) of complete vertebrate mitochondrial genomes as traits grouped selected vertebrates into two clusters, terrestrial and aquatic vertebrates. Exceptions were the hagfish (Eptatretus burgeri), thought to be an early ancestor of vertebrates, and the black spotted frog (Rana nigromaculata), which is terrestrial as an adult and aquatic as a larva. These two species fall into the terrestrial and aquatic clusters, respectively. Using the nucleotide (G, C, T and A) content in the coding and non-coding regions, and in the complete genome as traits, similar results were obtained but with some additional exceptions. In addition, phylogenetic analyses of 16S rRNA sequences produced a consistent result. The results of this study indicated that vertebrate evolution is controlled by natural selection under both an internal bias as a result of nucleotide replacement genomic rules, and an external bias caused by environmental biospheric conditions.
文摘Objective:To systematically review outcomes for cautery-assisted palatal stiffening operation(CAPSO)as a treatment for adult obstructive sleep apnea(OSA).Methods:Five databases(including PubMed/MEDLINE)were searched through July 12,2017.Results:Eight studies(307 patients)met criteria.Overall,CAPSO alone(80 patients)improved AHI from a mean±standard deviation(M±SD)of(16.8±11.9)to(9.9±10.9)events/h(41.1%decrease).Mixed CAPSO with/without tonsillectomy(92 patients)improved AHI from a M]SD of(24.8±12.6)to(10.6±9.5)events/h(61.7%decrease).CAPSO with expansion pharyngoplasty(EP),(78 patients)improved AHI from a M±SD of(26.3±17.7)to(12.6±5.8)events/h(52.1%decrease).CAPSO alone(90 patients)improved lowest oxygen saturation(LSAT)by 5.4 points.Mixed CAPSO with/without tonsillectomy(77 patients)improved LSAT by 10.6 points,and CAPSO with EP(78 patients)improved LSAT by 5.2 points.Sleepiness improved(182 patients)from an Epworth Sleepiness Scale score of 11.8 to 5.1,P<0.001.Snoring reduced(120 patients)from 7.9 to 2.5 on visual analog scales(0-10 scale),P<0.001.Conclusions:Apnea-hypopnea index has improved by 41.0%for CAPSO alone,61.7%for CAPSO with tonsillectomy and 52.1%for CAPSO with expansion pharyngoplasty.Additionally,lowest oxygen saturation,sleepiness and snoring have also improved after CAPSO.
