A promising biomass carbon material,manufactured by the carbonation of Physalis peruviana L.calyx at 700℃,is presented in this wo rk.Morphology characterization shows that the carbon material possesses long microtubu...A promising biomass carbon material,manufactured by the carbonation of Physalis peruviana L.calyx at 700℃,is presented in this wo rk.Morphology characterization shows that the carbon material possesses long microtubule bundling and above 30%natural O-atom component on the surface.After KOH chemical etching,the materials maintain the oxygen content but exhibit more micropores and higher specific surface area up to 1732.6 m^2/g.Using as an electrode material for supercapacitor,the active carbon material exhibits high specific capacitance up to 339.7 F/g at 0.5 A/g in 3 mol/L KOH aqueous solution through three-electrode system.The active carbon material also exhibits excellent cycling stability(97%retention)by 10,000 cycles at 10 A/g.The outstanding electrochemical performances are attributing to the unique long microtubule bundling with much more pores and the abundant Oelement on the surface.This biomass carbon material with excellent electrochemical properties could be a useful material for multiple applications.展开更多
Plastins are a family of actin binding proteins （ABPs） known to cross-link actin microfilaments in mammalian cells, creating actin microfilament bundles necessary to confer cell polarity and cell shape. Plastins als...Plastins are a family of actin binding proteins （ABPs） known to cross-link actin microfilaments in mammalian cells, creating actin microfilament bundles necessary to confer cell polarity and cell shape. Plastins also support cell movement in response to changes in environment, involved in cell/tissue growth and development. They also confer plasticity to cells and tissues in response to infection or other pathological conditions （e.g., inflammation）. In the testis, the cell-cell anchoring junction unique to the testis that is found at the Sertoli cell-cell interface at the blood-testis barrier （BTB） and at the Sertoli-spermatid （e.g., 8-19 spermatids in the rat testis） is the basal and the apical ectoplasmic specialization （ES）, respectively. The ES is an F-actin-rich anchoring junction constituted most notably by actin microfilament bundles. A recent report using RNAi that specifically knocks down plastin 3 has yielded some insightful information regarding the mechanism by which plastin 3 regulates the status of actin microfilament bundles at the ES via its intrinsic actin filament bundling activity. Herein, we provide a brief review on the role of plastins in the testis in light of this report, which together with recent findings in the field, we propose a likely model by which plastins regulate ES function during the epithelial cycle of sDermatogenesis via their intrinsic activity on actin microfilament organization in the rat testis.展开更多
Rising global change intensifies water scarcity in China’s vital Yellow River Basin grain region,which mounts the need for precise spatial water management.In this study,we investigated the irrigation water demand fo...Rising global change intensifies water scarcity in China’s vital Yellow River Basin grain region,which mounts the need for precise spatial water management.In this study,we investigated the irrigation water demand for seven major crops in cities at the prefecture level between 2000 and 2019.Using Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index(LMDI)decomposition and k-means clustering,we quantified how yield,area,water use efficiency,and cropping patterns affect water demand and identified five irrigation development clusters.Key water-saving areas were identified by tracking transitions among clusters,and NSGA-II was applied to optimize crop structure.The results revealed that the total irrigation demand in the Yellow River Basin averaged 50.09 billion m3/year,with wheat accounting for 54.7%.The increase in yield and area increased demand by 15.2 and 5.5 billion m3,respectively,which was partly offset by changes in water use efficiency and cropping pattern(−7.0 and−1.8 billion m^(3),respectively).Regions in the upper reaches,particularly within the Lanzhou-Toudaoguai section,were identified as critical for water conservation.Optimization of the cropping structure in key regions can reduce annual irrigation water demand by 280 million m3,which accounts for 4.9%of the total demand in these areas,with minimal impact on crop production.This study provides a spatially explicit basis for targeted water conservation strategies in water-scarce agricultural regions.展开更多
Effective mitigation of supply disruption is a crucial issue for many retailers.Although prior studies of supply disruption mainly focused on the sale of a single product,the bundling of products is one of the importa...Effective mitigation of supply disruption is a crucial issue for many retailers.Although prior studies of supply disruption mainly focused on the sale of a single product,the bundling of products is one of the important marketing tools that significantly impact businesses’profitability.In this study,we investigate a retailer who uses a dual-sourcing strategy for complementary products.The problem is formulated under different selling strategies,i.e.,separate selling,pure bundling,and mixed bundling.In each strategy,the concavity of the objective function is explored,and a solution algorithm is proposed.The results show that pure bundling is more sensitive to supply disruption than mixed bundling and separate selling.Actually,under pure bundling,the retailer transfers its sourcing strategy from dual to single sourcing even under a low probability of supply disruption.Furthermore,when bundle price elasticity is high,separate selling outperforms bundling and mixed bundling.展开更多
The edge, which can encode relational data in graphs and multidimensional data in parallel coordinates plots, is an important visual primitive for encoding data in information visualization research. However, when dat...The edge, which can encode relational data in graphs and multidimensional data in parallel coordinates plots, is an important visual primitive for encoding data in information visualization research. However, when data become very large, visualizations often suffer from visual clutter as thousands of edges can easily overwhelm the display and obscure underlying patterns. Many edge-bundling techniques have been proposed to reduce visual clutter in visualizations. In this survey, we briefly introduce the visual-clutter problem in visualizations. Thereafter, we review the cost-based, geometry-based, and image-based edge-bundling methods for graphs, parallel coordinates, and flow maps. We then describe the various visualization applications that use edge-bundling techniques and discuss the evaluation studies concerning the effectiveness of edge-bundling methods. An edge-bundling taxonomy is proposed at the end of this survey.展开更多
This article explores bundling and pricing decisions for two complementary products in a two-layer supply chain consisting of a multi-product manufacturer and a retailer. We establish four different pricing models und...This article explores bundling and pricing decisions for two complementary products in a two-layer supply chain consisting of a multi-product manufacturer and a retailer. We establish four different pricing models under cases of decentralized decision, while considering different portfolio-bundling strategies of the manufacturer and the retailer. A game-theoretical method is used to characterize the corresponding equilibrium outcomes in each scenario. By further analyzing and comparing the maximum profits of all four possible scenarios, optimal bundling and pricing decisions for the manufacturer and the retailer are obtained, respectively. Model extensions and numerical examples are enriched to highlight the factors affecting optimal decision-making. Finally, valuable and interesting managerial insights are summarized. Results show that the upstream manufacturer always profits more when he sells complementary products separately. However, the optimal bundling decision of the downstream retailer is jointly determined by product complementarity （as a major factor） and the difference of product profitability （as a secondary factor）. Market power cannot exert an influence on both optimal bundling decisions, but it can partly affect pricing decisions.展开更多
Integration of electric vehicles(EVs),demand response and renewable energy will bring multiple opportunities for low carbon power system.A promising integration will be EV battery swapping station(BSS)bundled with PV(...Integration of electric vehicles(EVs),demand response and renewable energy will bring multiple opportunities for low carbon power system.A promising integration will be EV battery swapping station(BSS)bundled with PV(photovoltaic)power.Optimizing the configuration and operation of BSS is the key problem to maximize benefit of this integration.The main objective of this paper is to solve infrastructure configuration of BSS.The principle challenge of such an objective is to enhance the swapping ability and save corresponding investment and operation cost under uncertainties of PV generation and swapping demand.Consequently this paper mainly concentrates on combining operation optimization with optimal investment strategies for BSS considering multiscenarios PV power generation and swapping demand.A stochastic programming model is developed by using state flow method to express different states of batteries and its objective is to maximize the station’s net profit.The model is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program to guarantee the efficiency and stability of the optimization.Case studies validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach and demonstrate that ignoring the uncertainties of PV generation and swapping demand may lead to an inappropriate batteries,chargers and swapping robots configuration for BSS.展开更多
The node-link diagram is an intuitive way to depict a graph and present relationships between entities. Addressing the visual clutter induced by edge crossing and node-edge overlapping is a challenging task as the siz...The node-link diagram is an intuitive way to depict a graph and present relationships between entities. Addressing the visual clutter induced by edge crossing and node-edge overlapping is a challenging task as the size of graph outgrows the visualization space. Many edge bundling methods are proposed to disclose high-level edge patterns. Though previous methods can successfully reveal the skeleton graph structure, the relation patterns at the individual node level can be overlooked. In addition, most edge bundling algorithms are computationally complex, which prevents them from scaling up for extremely large graphs. In this article, we extend SideKnot, an efficient edge bundling method to cluster and knot edges at the node side. Our proposed method is light, runs faster than most existing algorithms, and can reveal the relation patterns at the individual node level. Our results show that SideKnot can disclose a node＇s standing in the graph as well as the directional connection patterns to its peers.展开更多
It has been proposed that cortical fine actin filaments are needed for the morphogenesis of pavement cells(PCs).However,the precise role and regulation mechanisms of actin filaments in PC morphogenesis are not well un...It has been proposed that cortical fine actin filaments are needed for the morphogenesis of pavement cells(PCs).However,the precise role and regulation mechanisms of actin filaments in PC morphogenesis are not well understood.Here,we found that Arabidopsis thaliana ACTIN DEPOLYMERIZING FACTOR9(ADF9) is required for the morphogenesis of PC,which is negatively regulated by the R2R3 MYELOBLASTOSIS(MYB) transcription factor MYB52.In adf9 mutants,the lobe number of cotyledon PCs was significantly reduced,while the average lobe length did not differ significantly compared to that of wild type(Col-0),except for the variations in cell area and circularity,whereas the PC shapes in ADF9 overexpression seedlings showed different results.ADF9 decorated actin filaments,and colocalized with plasma membrane.The extent of filament bundling and actin filament bundling activity in adf9 mutant decreased.In addition,MYB52 directly targeted the promoter of ADF9 and negatively regulated its expression.The myb52-2 mutant showed increased lobe number and cell area,reduced cell circularity of PCs,and the PC phenotypes were suppressed when ADF9 was knocked out.Taken together,our data demonstrate that actin filaments play an important role in the morphogenesis of PC and reveal a transcriptional mechanism underlying MYB52 regulation of ADF9-mediated actin filament bundling in PC morphogenesis.展开更多
Current literatures assume that a consumer’s willing to pay(WTP) for a bundle is equal to the sum of his or her separate reservation prices for the component goods and concludes that mixed bundling is superior to pur...Current literatures assume that a consumer’s willing to pay(WTP) for a bundle is equal to the sum of his or her separate reservation prices for the component goods and concludes that mixed bundling is superior to pure components in a monopoly market. However, full mixed bundling is a discount conduct in order to attract more consumers, and the price of the bundle must be lower than the sum of the prices of two products, which must be considered in a consumers’ WTP for the bundle.Then, if consumers’ reservation prices are heterogeneous and subject to the uniform distribution, we can draw opposite conclusions: Full mixed bundling is disadvantageous to firms when Stackelberg pricing.The profit under full mixed bundling is less than that under pure components.展开更多
The flexibility of the media access control(MAC) layer has always been an important concern in the existing communication architecture. To meet the more stringent requirements under large-scale connections, the MAC la...The flexibility of the media access control(MAC) layer has always been an important concern in the existing communication architecture. To meet the more stringent requirements under large-scale connections, the MAC layer structure needs to be optimized carefully. This paper proposes a new architecture of the MAC layer to optimize the complex communication backhaul link structure, which will increase the flexibility of the system and decrease the transmission delay. Moreover, an adaptive transmission time interval(TTI) bundling with self-healing scheme is proposed to further decrease the transmission delay and improve the quality of service(QoS). The simulation results show that the average transmission delay is greatly reduced with our proposed scheme. The bit error rate(BER) and the block error rate are also improved even if the channel changes drastically.展开更多
A greater understanding of the interactions among water,food,and carbon is needed to promote the sustainable development of the Yangtze River Basin(YRB),China.In this study,we calculated the water yield(WY),food suppl...A greater understanding of the interactions among water,food,and carbon is needed to promote the sustainable development of the Yangtze River Basin(YRB),China.In this study,we calculated the water yield(WY),food supply(FS),and carbon sequestra-tion(CS)services of the YRB in 2000,2010,and 2020 via the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs(InVEST)model.Then,we used the correlation coefficient and spatial clustering methods to analyse the coupling relationships among WY,FS,and CS.Finally,we identified the main factors of the water-food-carbon(WFC)coupling system via the optimal parameter geographic detector.The results showed that WY,FS,and CS in the YRB have degraded from 2010 to 2020 with reductions of-6.30%,-0.13%,and-0.31%,respectively.A notable trade-off relationship existed between FS and CS,with correlation coefficients of-0.63 in 2000,-0.62 in 2010,and-0.60 in 2020.From 2000 to 2020,the area proportion of the grassland low-service bundle decreased from 28.18% to 25.05%,whereas that of the ecologically balanced bundle increased from 23.24%to 24.85%.Distance to cropland,distance to forested land,and land use were the main driving factors for the WFC coupling system in the YRB,with explanatory power of 0.72,0.43,and 0.87 in 2010,respectively.These findings provide scientific theoretical support for achieving food security,water security,carbon neut-rality and peak carbon goals in the YRB.展开更多
In many equipment manufacturing industries, firms compete with each other not only on products price, but also on maintenance service. More and more traditional products oriented finns are offering their customers pro...In many equipment manufacturing industries, firms compete with each other not only on products price, but also on maintenance service. More and more traditional products oriented finns are offering their customers products bundled with maintenance service （P＆S bundles）. In this study, we examine finns＇ incentive to offer customers products bundling with long-term maintenance or repair support service in a duopoly competitive environment. When providing P＆S bundles, a finn need to determine the service level （in terms of average response time guarantee for the service in this paper） to offer and needs to build a service facility to handle the maintenance service requirements. Based on the analysis of three sub-game models, we characterize the market conditions in which only one firm, both finns or neither finn will offer P＆S bundles. Finally, we analyze the affects of serval market factors on firms＇ strategy choices.展开更多
Microtubule dynamics and organization are important for plant cell morphogenesis and development.The microtubule-based motor protein kinesins are mainly responsible for the transport of some organelles and vesicles,al...Microtubule dynamics and organization are important for plant cell morphogenesis and development.The microtubule-based motor protein kinesins are mainly responsible for the transport of some organelles and vesicles,although several have also been shown to regulate microtubule organization.The ARMADILLO REPEAT KINESIN(ARK)family is a plant-specific motor protein subfamily that consists of three members(ARK1,ARK2,and ARK3)in Arabidopsis thaliana.ARK2 has been shown to participate in root epidermal cell morphogenesis.However,whether and how ARK2 associates with microtubules needs further elucidation.Here,we demonstrated that ARK2 co-localizes with microtubules and facilitates microtubule bundling in vitro and in vivo.Pharmacological assays and microtubule dynamics analyses indicated that ARK2 stabilizes cortical microtubules.Live-cell imaging revealed that ARK2moves along cortical microtubules in a processive mode and localizes both at the plus-end and the sidewall of microtubules.ARK2 therefore tracks and stabilizes the growing plus-ends of microtubules,which facilitates the formation of parallel microtubule bundles.展开更多
The influence of the squeeze film between the tube and the support structure on flow-induced vibrations is a critical factor in tube bundles subjected to two-phase cross-flow.This aspect can significantly alter the th...The influence of the squeeze film between the tube and the support structure on flow-induced vibrations is a critical factor in tube bundles subjected to two-phase cross-flow.This aspect can significantly alter the threshold for fluidelastic instability and affect heat transfer efficiency.This paper presents a mathematical model incorporating the squeeze film force between the tube and the support structure.We aim to clarify the mechanisms underlying fluidelastic instability in tube bundle systems exposed to two-phase flow.Using a self-developed computer program,we performed numerical calculations to examine the influence of the squeeze film on the threshold of fluidelastic instability in the tube bundle system.Furthermore,we analyzed how the thickness and length of the squeeze film affect both the underlying mechanisms and the critical velocity of fluidelastic instability.展开更多
Ecosystems play a pivotal role in advancing Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)by providing indispensable and resilient ecosystem services(ESs).However,the limited analysis of spatiotemporal heterogeneity often re str...Ecosystems play a pivotal role in advancing Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)by providing indispensable and resilient ecosystem services(ESs).However,the limited analysis of spatiotemporal heterogeneity often re stricts the recognition of ESs’roles in attaining SDGs and landscape planning.We selected 183 counties in the Sichuan Province as the study area and mapped 10 SDGs and 7 ESs from 2000 to 2020.We used correlation analysis,principal component analysis,Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression model,and self organizing maps to reveal the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the impacts of the bundle of ESs on the SDGs and to develop spatial planning and management strategies.The results showed that(1)SDGs were improved in all counties,with SDG 1(No Poverty)and SDG 3(Good Health and Well-being)exhibiting poor performance.West ern Sichuan demonstrated stronger performance in environment-related SDGs in the Sichuan Province,while the Sichuan Basin showed better progress in socio-economic-related SDGs;(2)habitat quality,carbon sequestration,air pollution removal,and soil retention significantly influenced the development of 9 SDGs;(3)supporting,regulating,and provisioning service bundles have persistent and stable spatiotemporal heterogeneity effects on SDG1,SDG8,SDG11,SDG13,and SDG15.These findings substantiate the need for integrated management of multiple ESs and facilitate the regional achievement of SDGs in geographically intricate areas.展开更多
The Qinghai-Xizang Plateau of China faces challenges like thaw slumping,threatening slope stability and infrastructure.Understanding the mechanical properties of the roots of the dominant herbaceous plant species in t...The Qinghai-Xizang Plateau of China faces challenges like thaw slumping,threatening slope stability and infrastructure.Understanding the mechanical properties of the roots of the dominant herbaceous plant species in the alpine meadow layer of the permafrost regions on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is essential for evaluating their role in enhancing soil shear strength and mitigating slope deformation in these fragile environments.In this study,the roots of four dominant herbaceous plant species—Kobresia pygmaea,Kobresia humilis,Carex moorcroftii,and Leontopodium pusillum—that are widely distributed in the permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau were explored to determine their mechanical properties and effects in enhancing soil shear strength.Through indoor single root tensile and root group tensile tests,we determined the root diameter,tensile force,tensile strength,tensile ratio,and strength frequency distributions.We also evaluated their contributions to inhibiting slope deformation and failure during the formation and development of thermal thaw slumps in the alpine meadow.The results showed that the distribution of the root diameter of the dominant plant species is mostly normal,while the tensile strength tends to be logarithmically normally distributed.The relationship between the root diameter and root tensile strength conforms to a power function.The theoretical tensile strength of the root group was calculated using the Wu-Waldron Model(WWM)and the Fiber Bundle Model(FBM)under the assumption that the cumulative single tensile strength of the root bundle is identical to the tensile strength of the root group in the WWM.The FBM considers three fracture modes:FBM-D(the tensile force on each single root is proportional to its diameter relative to the total sum of all the root diameters),FBM-S(the cross-sectional stress in the root bundle is uniform),and FBM-N(each tensile strength test of individual roots experiences an equal load).It was found that the model-calculated tensile strength of the root group was 162.60%higher than the test value.The model-derived tensile force of the root group from the FBM-D,FBM-S,and FBM-N was 73.10%,28.91%,and 13.47%higher than the test values,respectively.The additional cohesion of the soil provided by the roots was calculated to be 25.90-45.06 kPa using the modified WWM,67.05-38.15 kPa using the FBM-S,and 57.24-32.74 kPa using the FBM-N.These results not only provide a theoretical basis for further quantitative evaluation of the mechanical effects of the root systems of herbaceous plant species in reinforcing the surface soil but also have practical significance for the effective prevention and control of thermal thaw slumping disasters in the permafrost regions containing native alpine meadows on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau using flexible plant protection measures.展开更多
基金Hebei Natural Science Foundation(No.B2015203259)Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry(Ministry of Education),College of Chemistry,Nankai University for providing the financial support for this project。
文摘A promising biomass carbon material,manufactured by the carbonation of Physalis peruviana L.calyx at 700℃,is presented in this wo rk.Morphology characterization shows that the carbon material possesses long microtubule bundling and above 30%natural O-atom component on the surface.After KOH chemical etching,the materials maintain the oxygen content but exhibit more micropores and higher specific surface area up to 1732.6 m^2/g.Using as an electrode material for supercapacitor,the active carbon material exhibits high specific capacitance up to 339.7 F/g at 0.5 A/g in 3 mol/L KOH aqueous solution through three-electrode system.The active carbon material also exhibits excellent cycling stability(97%retention)by 10,000 cycles at 10 A/g.The outstanding electrochemical performances are attributing to the unique long microtubule bundling with much more pores and the abundant Oelement on the surface.This biomass carbon material with excellent electrochemical properties could be a useful material for multiple applications.
文摘Plastins are a family of actin binding proteins （ABPs） known to cross-link actin microfilaments in mammalian cells, creating actin microfilament bundles necessary to confer cell polarity and cell shape. Plastins also support cell movement in response to changes in environment, involved in cell/tissue growth and development. They also confer plasticity to cells and tissues in response to infection or other pathological conditions （e.g., inflammation）. In the testis, the cell-cell anchoring junction unique to the testis that is found at the Sertoli cell-cell interface at the blood-testis barrier （BTB） and at the Sertoli-spermatid （e.g., 8-19 spermatids in the rat testis） is the basal and the apical ectoplasmic specialization （ES）, respectively. The ES is an F-actin-rich anchoring junction constituted most notably by actin microfilament bundles. A recent report using RNAi that specifically knocks down plastin 3 has yielded some insightful information regarding the mechanism by which plastin 3 regulates the status of actin microfilament bundles at the ES via its intrinsic actin filament bundling activity. Herein, we provide a brief review on the role of plastins in the testis in light of this report, which together with recent findings in the field, we propose a likely model by which plastins regulate ES function during the epithelial cycle of sDermatogenesis via their intrinsic activity on actin microfilament organization in the rat testis.
基金National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.42041007。
文摘Rising global change intensifies water scarcity in China’s vital Yellow River Basin grain region,which mounts the need for precise spatial water management.In this study,we investigated the irrigation water demand for seven major crops in cities at the prefecture level between 2000 and 2019.Using Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index(LMDI)decomposition and k-means clustering,we quantified how yield,area,water use efficiency,and cropping patterns affect water demand and identified five irrigation development clusters.Key water-saving areas were identified by tracking transitions among clusters,and NSGA-II was applied to optimize crop structure.The results revealed that the total irrigation demand in the Yellow River Basin averaged 50.09 billion m3/year,with wheat accounting for 54.7%.The increase in yield and area increased demand by 15.2 and 5.5 billion m3,respectively,which was partly offset by changes in water use efficiency and cropping pattern(−7.0 and−1.8 billion m^(3),respectively).Regions in the upper reaches,particularly within the Lanzhou-Toudaoguai section,were identified as critical for water conservation.Optimization of the cropping structure in key regions can reduce annual irrigation water demand by 280 million m3,which accounts for 4.9%of the total demand in these areas,with minimal impact on crop production.This study provides a spatially explicit basis for targeted water conservation strategies in water-scarce agricultural regions.
文摘Effective mitigation of supply disruption is a crucial issue for many retailers.Although prior studies of supply disruption mainly focused on the sale of a single product,the bundling of products is one of the important marketing tools that significantly impact businesses’profitability.In this study,we investigate a retailer who uses a dual-sourcing strategy for complementary products.The problem is formulated under different selling strategies,i.e.,separate selling,pure bundling,and mixed bundling.In each strategy,the concavity of the objective function is explored,and a solution algorithm is proposed.The results show that pure bundling is more sensitive to supply disruption than mixed bundling and separate selling.Actually,under pure bundling,the retailer transfers its sourcing strategy from dual to single sourcing even under a low probability of supply disruption.Furthermore,when bundle price elasticity is high,separate selling outperforms bundling and mixed bundling.
基金supported by Foundation for Distinguished Young Talents in Higher Education of Guangdong, China (No. LYM11113)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61103055 and 61170204, and 61232012)
文摘The edge, which can encode relational data in graphs and multidimensional data in parallel coordinates plots, is an important visual primitive for encoding data in information visualization research. However, when data become very large, visualizations often suffer from visual clutter as thousands of edges can easily overwhelm the display and obscure underlying patterns. Many edge-bundling techniques have been proposed to reduce visual clutter in visualizations. In this survey, we briefly introduce the visual-clutter problem in visualizations. Thereafter, we review the cost-based, geometry-based, and image-based edge-bundling methods for graphs, parallel coordinates, and flow maps. We then describe the various visualization applications that use edge-bundling techniques and discuss the evaluation studies concerning the effectiveness of edge-bundling methods. An edge-bundling taxonomy is proposed at the end of this survey.
文摘This article explores bundling and pricing decisions for two complementary products in a two-layer supply chain consisting of a multi-product manufacturer and a retailer. We establish four different pricing models under cases of decentralized decision, while considering different portfolio-bundling strategies of the manufacturer and the retailer. A game-theoretical method is used to characterize the corresponding equilibrium outcomes in each scenario. By further analyzing and comparing the maximum profits of all four possible scenarios, optimal bundling and pricing decisions for the manufacturer and the retailer are obtained, respectively. Model extensions and numerical examples are enriched to highlight the factors affecting optimal decision-making. Finally, valuable and interesting managerial insights are summarized. Results show that the upstream manufacturer always profits more when he sells complementary products separately. However, the optimal bundling decision of the downstream retailer is jointly determined by product complementarity （as a major factor） and the difference of product profitability （as a secondary factor）. Market power cannot exert an influence on both optimal bundling decisions, but it can partly affect pricing decisions.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.51207050).
文摘Integration of electric vehicles(EVs),demand response and renewable energy will bring multiple opportunities for low carbon power system.A promising integration will be EV battery swapping station(BSS)bundled with PV(photovoltaic)power.Optimizing the configuration and operation of BSS is the key problem to maximize benefit of this integration.The main objective of this paper is to solve infrastructure configuration of BSS.The principle challenge of such an objective is to enhance the swapping ability and save corresponding investment and operation cost under uncertainties of PV generation and swapping demand.Consequently this paper mainly concentrates on combining operation optimization with optimal investment strategies for BSS considering multiscenarios PV power generation and swapping demand.A stochastic programming model is developed by using state flow method to express different states of batteries and its objective is to maximize the station’s net profit.The model is formulated as a mixed-integer linear program to guarantee the efficiency and stability of the optimization.Case studies validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach and demonstrate that ignoring the uncertainties of PV generation and swapping demand may lead to an inappropriate batteries,chargers and swapping robots configuration for BSS.
基金Supported by the National High-Tech Research and Development (863) Program of China (No.2012AA120903)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 61003193)+1 种基金Commonweal Project of Science and Technology Department of Zhejiang Province(No. 2011C21058)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2011M501004)
文摘The node-link diagram is an intuitive way to depict a graph and present relationships between entities. Addressing the visual clutter induced by edge crossing and node-edge overlapping is a challenging task as the size of graph outgrows the visualization space. Many edge bundling methods are proposed to disclose high-level edge patterns. Though previous methods can successfully reveal the skeleton graph structure, the relation patterns at the individual node level can be overlooked. In addition, most edge bundling algorithms are computationally complex, which prevents them from scaling up for extremely large graphs. In this article, we extend SideKnot, an efficient edge bundling method to cluster and knot edges at the node side. Our proposed method is light, runs faster than most existing algorithms, and can reveal the relation patterns at the individual node level. Our results show that SideKnot can disclose a node＇s standing in the graph as well as the directional connection patterns to its peers.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31970661 and 32370736)Liaoning Education Foundation(JYTQN2024007)Young and Middle-aged Science and Technology Innovation Talent Support Program of Shenyang(RC220273)。
文摘It has been proposed that cortical fine actin filaments are needed for the morphogenesis of pavement cells(PCs).However,the precise role and regulation mechanisms of actin filaments in PC morphogenesis are not well understood.Here,we found that Arabidopsis thaliana ACTIN DEPOLYMERIZING FACTOR9(ADF9) is required for the morphogenesis of PC,which is negatively regulated by the R2R3 MYELOBLASTOSIS(MYB) transcription factor MYB52.In adf9 mutants,the lobe number of cotyledon PCs was significantly reduced,while the average lobe length did not differ significantly compared to that of wild type(Col-0),except for the variations in cell area and circularity,whereas the PC shapes in ADF9 overexpression seedlings showed different results.ADF9 decorated actin filaments,and colocalized with plasma membrane.The extent of filament bundling and actin filament bundling activity in adf9 mutant decreased.In addition,MYB52 directly targeted the promoter of ADF9 and negatively regulated its expression.The myb52-2 mutant showed increased lobe number and cell area,reduced cell circularity of PCs,and the PC phenotypes were suppressed when ADF9 was knocked out.Taken together,our data demonstrate that actin filaments play an important role in the morphogenesis of PC and reveal a transcriptional mechanism underlying MYB52 regulation of ADF9-mediated actin filament bundling in PC morphogenesis.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71571024)Ministry of Education of China(14YJA630087,15YJA630058)
文摘Current literatures assume that a consumer’s willing to pay(WTP) for a bundle is equal to the sum of his or her separate reservation prices for the component goods and concludes that mixed bundling is superior to pure components in a monopoly market. However, full mixed bundling is a discount conduct in order to attract more consumers, and the price of the bundle must be lower than the sum of the prices of two products, which must be considered in a consumers’ WTP for the bundle.Then, if consumers’ reservation prices are heterogeneous and subject to the uniform distribution, we can draw opposite conclusions: Full mixed bundling is disadvantageous to firms when Stackelberg pricing.The profit under full mixed bundling is less than that under pure components.
文摘The flexibility of the media access control(MAC) layer has always been an important concern in the existing communication architecture. To meet the more stringent requirements under large-scale connections, the MAC layer structure needs to be optimized carefully. This paper proposes a new architecture of the MAC layer to optimize the complex communication backhaul link structure, which will increase the flexibility of the system and decrease the transmission delay. Moreover, an adaptive transmission time interval(TTI) bundling with self-healing scheme is proposed to further decrease the transmission delay and improve the quality of service(QoS). The simulation results show that the average transmission delay is greatly reduced with our proposed scheme. The bit error rate(BER) and the block error rate are also improved even if the channel changes drastically.
基金Under the auspices of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.U24A20580,42201333,42171298)Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing(No.CSTB2023NSCQ-LZX0009,CSTB2022NSCQ-BHX0734)+1 种基金General Program of National Social Science Foundation in China(No.25BJY215)Research and Innovation Program for Graduate Students in Chongqing(No.CYS25587)。
文摘A greater understanding of the interactions among water,food,and carbon is needed to promote the sustainable development of the Yangtze River Basin(YRB),China.In this study,we calculated the water yield(WY),food supply(FS),and carbon sequestra-tion(CS)services of the YRB in 2000,2010,and 2020 via the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs(InVEST)model.Then,we used the correlation coefficient and spatial clustering methods to analyse the coupling relationships among WY,FS,and CS.Finally,we identified the main factors of the water-food-carbon(WFC)coupling system via the optimal parameter geographic detector.The results showed that WY,FS,and CS in the YRB have degraded from 2010 to 2020 with reductions of-6.30%,-0.13%,and-0.31%,respectively.A notable trade-off relationship existed between FS and CS,with correlation coefficients of-0.63 in 2000,-0.62 in 2010,and-0.60 in 2020.From 2000 to 2020,the area proportion of the grassland low-service bundle decreased from 28.18% to 25.05%,whereas that of the ecologically balanced bundle increased from 23.24%to 24.85%.Distance to cropland,distance to forested land,and land use were the main driving factors for the WFC coupling system in the YRB,with explanatory power of 0.72,0.43,and 0.87 in 2010,respectively.These findings provide scientific theoretical support for achieving food security,water security,carbon neut-rality and peak carbon goals in the YRB.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of China(No.61174171)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities+2 种基金the soft science project of Shaanxi ProvinceState-Sponsored Study Abroad Program of China(CSC)the School of Computer Science,University of Nottingham
文摘In many equipment manufacturing industries, firms compete with each other not only on products price, but also on maintenance service. More and more traditional products oriented finns are offering their customers products bundled with maintenance service （P＆S bundles）. In this study, we examine finns＇ incentive to offer customers products bundling with long-term maintenance or repair support service in a duopoly competitive environment. When providing P＆S bundles, a finn need to determine the service level （in terms of average response time guarantee for the service in this paper） to offer and needs to build a service facility to handle the maintenance service requirements. Based on the analysis of three sub-game models, we characterize the market conditions in which only one firm, both finns or neither finn will offer P＆S bundles. Finally, we analyze the affects of serval market factors on firms＇ strategy choices.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32061143018,91735305 and 91854119 to Y.F.32070311 and 31571384 to L.Z.)the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2022YFE0108200 to Y.F.and L.Z)。
文摘Microtubule dynamics and organization are important for plant cell morphogenesis and development.The microtubule-based motor protein kinesins are mainly responsible for the transport of some organelles and vesicles,although several have also been shown to regulate microtubule organization.The ARMADILLO REPEAT KINESIN(ARK)family is a plant-specific motor protein subfamily that consists of three members(ARK1,ARK2,and ARK3)in Arabidopsis thaliana.ARK2 has been shown to participate in root epidermal cell morphogenesis.However,whether and how ARK2 associates with microtubules needs further elucidation.Here,we demonstrated that ARK2 co-localizes with microtubules and facilitates microtubule bundling in vitro and in vivo.Pharmacological assays and microtubule dynamics analyses indicated that ARK2 stabilizes cortical microtubules.Live-cell imaging revealed that ARK2moves along cortical microtubules in a processive mode and localizes both at the plus-end and the sidewall of microtubules.ARK2 therefore tracks and stabilizes the growing plus-ends of microtubules,which facilitates the formation of parallel microtubule bundles.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.12072336).
文摘The influence of the squeeze film between the tube and the support structure on flow-induced vibrations is a critical factor in tube bundles subjected to two-phase cross-flow.This aspect can significantly alter the threshold for fluidelastic instability and affect heat transfer efficiency.This paper presents a mathematical model incorporating the squeeze film force between the tube and the support structure.We aim to clarify the mechanisms underlying fluidelastic instability in tube bundle systems exposed to two-phase flow.Using a self-developed computer program,we performed numerical calculations to examine the influence of the squeeze film on the threshold of fluidelastic instability in the tube bundle system.Furthermore,we analyzed how the thickness and length of the squeeze film affect both the underlying mechanisms and the critical velocity of fluidelastic instability.
基金supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scien-tific Expedition and Research Program(STEP)of China(Grant No.2019QZKK0402).
文摘Ecosystems play a pivotal role in advancing Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)by providing indispensable and resilient ecosystem services(ESs).However,the limited analysis of spatiotemporal heterogeneity often re stricts the recognition of ESs’roles in attaining SDGs and landscape planning.We selected 183 counties in the Sichuan Province as the study area and mapped 10 SDGs and 7 ESs from 2000 to 2020.We used correlation analysis,principal component analysis,Geographically and Temporally Weighted Regression model,and self organizing maps to reveal the spatiotemporal heterogeneity of the impacts of the bundle of ESs on the SDGs and to develop spatial planning and management strategies.The results showed that(1)SDGs were improved in all counties,with SDG 1(No Poverty)and SDG 3(Good Health and Well-being)exhibiting poor performance.West ern Sichuan demonstrated stronger performance in environment-related SDGs in the Sichuan Province,while the Sichuan Basin showed better progress in socio-economic-related SDGs;(2)habitat quality,carbon sequestration,air pollution removal,and soil retention significantly influenced the development of 9 SDGs;(3)supporting,regulating,and provisioning service bundles have persistent and stable spatiotemporal heterogeneity effects on SDG1,SDG8,SDG11,SDG13,and SDG15.These findings substantiate the need for integrated management of multiple ESs and facilitate the regional achievement of SDGs in geographically intricate areas.
基金supported by the Qinghai Science and Technology Department Project(2025-QY-225)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(42267024)the Second Comprehensive Scientific Investigation and Research Project of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau(2019QZKK0905).
文摘The Qinghai-Xizang Plateau of China faces challenges like thaw slumping,threatening slope stability and infrastructure.Understanding the mechanical properties of the roots of the dominant herbaceous plant species in the alpine meadow layer of the permafrost regions on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau is essential for evaluating their role in enhancing soil shear strength and mitigating slope deformation in these fragile environments.In this study,the roots of four dominant herbaceous plant species—Kobresia pygmaea,Kobresia humilis,Carex moorcroftii,and Leontopodium pusillum—that are widely distributed in the permafrost regions of the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau were explored to determine their mechanical properties and effects in enhancing soil shear strength.Through indoor single root tensile and root group tensile tests,we determined the root diameter,tensile force,tensile strength,tensile ratio,and strength frequency distributions.We also evaluated their contributions to inhibiting slope deformation and failure during the formation and development of thermal thaw slumps in the alpine meadow.The results showed that the distribution of the root diameter of the dominant plant species is mostly normal,while the tensile strength tends to be logarithmically normally distributed.The relationship between the root diameter and root tensile strength conforms to a power function.The theoretical tensile strength of the root group was calculated using the Wu-Waldron Model(WWM)and the Fiber Bundle Model(FBM)under the assumption that the cumulative single tensile strength of the root bundle is identical to the tensile strength of the root group in the WWM.The FBM considers three fracture modes:FBM-D(the tensile force on each single root is proportional to its diameter relative to the total sum of all the root diameters),FBM-S(the cross-sectional stress in the root bundle is uniform),and FBM-N(each tensile strength test of individual roots experiences an equal load).It was found that the model-calculated tensile strength of the root group was 162.60%higher than the test value.The model-derived tensile force of the root group from the FBM-D,FBM-S,and FBM-N was 73.10%,28.91%,and 13.47%higher than the test values,respectively.The additional cohesion of the soil provided by the roots was calculated to be 25.90-45.06 kPa using the modified WWM,67.05-38.15 kPa using the FBM-S,and 57.24-32.74 kPa using the FBM-N.These results not only provide a theoretical basis for further quantitative evaluation of the mechanical effects of the root systems of herbaceous plant species in reinforcing the surface soil but also have practical significance for the effective prevention and control of thermal thaw slumping disasters in the permafrost regions containing native alpine meadows on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau using flexible plant protection measures.
