A case study on the transport process of agricultural diffuse P-pollutants was conducted in an experimental watershed locating in the north bank of Yuqiao Reservoir during 2001 and 2002. It was found that diversified ...A case study on the transport process of agricultural diffuse P-pollutants was conducted in an experimental watershed locating in the north bank of Yuqiao Reservoir during 2001 and 2002. It was found that diversified artificial and natural buffer/detention landscape structures distributing along the ephemeral stream channel in this watershed played an important role of pollutants removal on downstream water quality, especially they have control effect on the diffuse P-pollutants transport process. Surface flow velocity was reduced sharply after passing through these structures. During continuous runoff events, the removal rate of TSS, TP, TDP, DRP by the whole system were 66.7%, 60.7%, 48.4%, and 43.3%, respectively. During discontinuous runoff events, removal rate of pollutants by the whole system was higher due to there was no or little surface water and pollutants exported from the watershed, of which removal rate of pollutants all exceeded 99%. The statistical analysis results of runoff events(n=8) indicated that dry pond was the steadiest structure for controlling diffuse P-pollutants export.展开更多
Introduction In all branches of healthcare,clinicians are seen to be making professional judgements based on objective facts and assessments.However,in our daily lives,we recognise and celebrate individual differences...Introduction In all branches of healthcare,clinicians are seen to be making professional judgements based on objective facts and assessments.However,in our daily lives,we recognise and celebrate individual differences in interests,beliefs and personalities.展开更多
On-site stormwater detention (OSD) is a conventional component of urban drainage systems, designed with the intention of mitigating the increase to peak discharge of stormwater runoff that inevitably results from urba...On-site stormwater detention (OSD) is a conventional component of urban drainage systems, designed with the intention of mitigating the increase to peak discharge of stormwater runoff that inevitably results from urbanization. In Australia, singular temporal patterns for design storms have governed the inputs of hydrograph generation and in turn the design process of OSD for the last three decades. This paper raises the concern that many existing OSD systems designed using the singular temporal pattern for design storms may not be achieving their stated objectives when they are assessed against a variety of alternative temporal patterns. The performance of twenty real OSD systems was investigated using two methods:(1) ensembles of design temporal patterns prescribed in the latest version of Australian Rainfall and Runoff, and (2) real recorded rainfall data taken from pluviograph stations modeled with continuous simulation. It is shown conclusively that the use of singular temporal patterns is ineffective in providing assurance that an OSD will mitigate the increase to peak discharge for all possible storm events. Ensemble analysis is shown to provide improved results. However, it also falls short of providing any guarantee in the face of naturally occurring rainfall.展开更多
Drug dependence is a serious global health problem.To assist individuals with drug addiction,China alone has established 678 Compulsory Detoxification Detention Centers （CDDCs） that treat over300,000i ndividuals who...Drug dependence is a serious global health problem.To assist individuals with drug addiction,China alone has established 678 Compulsory Detoxification Detention Centers （CDDCs） that treat over300,000i ndividuals who are required by national law to receive compulsory treatment;because community-based outpatient treatment failed.展开更多
Flood control detention basins （DBs） can act as water quality control structures or best management practices （BMPs）. A key pollutant that DBs serve to settle out is particulate phosphorus, which adsorbs onto sedi...Flood control detention basins （DBs） can act as water quality control structures or best management practices （BMPs）. A key pollutant that DBs serve to settle out is particulate phosphorus, which adsorbs onto sediment. This study examines the sediment phosphorus concentration and its relationship with the particle size of sediment microcosms from pre- and post-rain event samples obtained from six DBs located in Clark County, Nevada. DBs were allotted a land use classification to determine if there was a correlation between the sediment phosphorus concentration and surrounding land use. The curve number method was used to calculate the runoff and subsequent phosphorus carried into the DB by the runoff. Our data show sediment phosphorus concentrations to he highest in soils from undeveloped areas. Runoff amount also plays a substantial role in determining the amount of phosphorus brought into the DB by sediment. This research has implications for improvement of water quality in arid regions.展开更多
This study analyzes the groundwater environment in the Yangzhuang flood detention basin in Henan Province,China.A numerical model of groundwater flow is established based on the hydrogeological conditions in the basin...This study analyzes the groundwater environment in the Yangzhuang flood detention basin in Henan Province,China.A numerical model of groundwater flow is established based on the hydrogeological conditions in the basin and changes of groundwater level in the flood detention basin under flood detention and recession conditions.The results show that during flood diversion and storage,the groundwater level in the basin rises,mainly in four flood detention zones,with a maximum rise of 1.0 m.After the floodwater recedes,the groundwater level slowly drops in the detention basin along with flood discharge,finally returning to its original level fifty days later.This study indicates that groundwater recession in the flood detention basin is a slow process,where the rise of groundwater level may cause environmental problems such as soil swamping.展开更多
Introduction: The number of children and adolescents admitted in Dar es Salaam juvenile centers due to misbehavior and criminal offences has risen from 20 to 30 per month. Increasing aberrant behaviors in children hav...Introduction: The number of children and adolescents admitted in Dar es Salaam juvenile centers due to misbehavior and criminal offences has risen from 20 to 30 per month. Increasing aberrant behaviors in children have been linked to mental disorders. Assessment of presence mental health disorders as the main cause of these behaviors would be important to restore mental health of children and assist the system to impose a fair trial. Objective: This study aimed to determine the presence of mental disorders and associated factors among children and adolescents within Dar es Salaam juvenile systems and explore factors that may affect their mental health while in juvenile home. Methods: The mixed research method was used to estimate prevalence of mental disorders by a cross-sectional study and a qualitative method was applied to evaluate mental disorders according to DSM IV TR criteria. Results: The overall prevalence of mental dysfunction by mental status evaluation was 3%: 95% (CI;25.3 - 43.2;n =37 out of 108). The younger age group (13 - 15) years presented with a prevalence of 30%: 95% (CI;14.7 - 44.5) while the older adolescents (16 - 17 years) had a prevalence of 55%: 95% (CI;43.3 - 67.1). Attention deficit disorder was found in some children, some had history of drug and alcohol abuse, with few sexual disorders, depression and brief psychotic reaction and was found to be common among adolescent with unstable family situations such as death of parents, divorce of parents, and single parented children. Conclusion: Findings are suggestive that there is a presence of underlying mental disorders in some of the adolescents in the juvenile detention. Thus mental health screening for children in juvenile homes should be made mandatory in order to identify causes of aberrant behavior as well as provide treatment, prevent complications and maintain mental health of these children. Mental health screening for such children would also assist in conducting a fair trial for these emancipated children.展开更多
The utilization of pretrial detention,which constrains and expropriates the human rights of citizens,should be of legitimacy. That is to say,the implementation of pretrial detention must follow the standards of legiti...The utilization of pretrial detention,which constrains and expropriates the human rights of citizens,should be of legitimacy. That is to say,the implementation of pretrial detention must follow the standards of legitimacy and legal procedures. To guarantee the legitimacy,the process of pretrial detention should stick to three principles,the presumption of innocence,judicial inspection and proportion. The legitimacy benefits constructing the system of detention,preventing the alienation of pretrial detention,saving the judicial resources,perfecting the litigation structure,and improving non-costidal measures. Aiming at the deficiency of the legitimacy of pretrial detention in present China,there are necessities of promoting the constitution awareness of protection of human rights in criminal process,of constructing factual standard systems of legitimacy,and of perfecting the due procedural mechanism of pretrial detention.展开更多
Detainees’ rights in pre-trial detention houses are a means of assessing a country’s human rights protection. As a legal facility for carrying out criminal detention, a pre-trial detention house should remain neutra...Detainees’ rights in pre-trial detention houses are a means of assessing a country’s human rights protection. As a legal facility for carrying out criminal detention, a pre-trial detention house should remain neutral and safeguard detainees’ substantive and procedural rights. It should be an important base for the country to respect and protect human rights. At the macro level, protecting detainees’ rights comprises two aspects: 1) procedural rights, regarding which the principle of presumption of innocence should be applied; and 2) detainee treatment, regarding which the principle of socialization should be applied. At the current stage of China’s rights protection situation, China should improve detainees’ rights, such as the right to have an individual bed, the rights to health care and religious freedom, rules regarding the use of legirons, and transparency and independent monitoring mechanisms.展开更多
The Measures on Aid and Management for Urban Vagrants and Beggars, issued by the State Council in mid-July, took effect on August 1. It marks a further improvement of China’s mechanism to aid urban vagrants and begga...The Measures on Aid and Management for Urban Vagrants and Beggars, issued by the State Council in mid-July, took effect on August 1. It marks a further improvement of China’s mechanism to aid urban vagrants and beggars. The new regulation has been enacted to replace the two-decade-old Measures for the Internment and Deportation of Urban Vagrants and Beggars. This policy reform has stemmed from the astounding case of Sun Zhigang, a young man that was brutally beaten to death while in custody at the Guangzhou Detention Center.展开更多
In official Norwegian government reports’ prison statistics, it is claimed that the prevalence of Dissocial Personality Disorder (DPD) or Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) among inmates in preventive detention is...In official Norwegian government reports’ prison statistics, it is claimed that the prevalence of Dissocial Personality Disorder (DPD) or Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) among inmates in preventive detention is approximately 50%. Furthermore, previous findings have described a practice in which forensic examiners use the DSM SCID axis II for APD to confirm an ICD 10 diagnosis of DPD. Clinical investigation supported by the use of SCID Axis II for quality assurance was performed on almost half the population of inmates (46.4%) in preventive detention at a high security prison. The inmates had all committed severe violent acts including murder. All the information obtained by applying the DSM IV-TR criteria was tested against the ICD-10 Research Criteria (ICD-10-RC) for Dissocial Personality Disorder (ICD-10, DPD). It was found that all inmates met the ICD-10-RC for (DPD) and the DSM-IV-TR definition for Adult Antisocial Behavior (AAB). On the other hand, none met the DSM-IV-TR criteria for (APD). The SCID Axis II failed to identify inmates with APD because the DSM-IV-TR C-criteria, referring to symptoms of childhood Conduct Disorder (CD), were not met. These findings raise important questions since the choice of diagnostic system may influence whether a person’s clinically described antisocial behaviour should be classified as a personality disorder or not. For the inmates, a diagnosis of APD or DPD may compromise their legal rights and affect decisions on prolongation of the preventive detention. Studies have shown that combining the DSM and the ICD diagnostic systems may have consequences for the reliability of the diagnosis.展开更多
China protects human rights of detainees in the entire process of the judicial system, from the making of law, to the administrationof justice, law enforcement and legal supervision. According to China＇s Constitutio...China protects human rights of detainees in the entire process of the judicial system, from the making of law, to the administrationof justice, law enforcement and legal supervision. According to China＇s Constitution, detainees enjoy the following political rights： 1. All the rights that have not been deprived of just like ordinary citizens, including the fight of voting, the right to speech and publication; the fight to human dignity and non-humiliation, the right to non-infringement of personal safety, lawful property right and freedom of religious belief;展开更多
The Casimir pressure plays an important role in the adhesion stability of nanofilms at submicro scales.In this work,the Casimir pressure of peptide films deposited on a layered substrate is investigated.Three types of...The Casimir pressure plays an important role in the adhesion stability of nanofilms at submicro scales.In this work,the Casimir pressure of peptide films deposited on a layered substrate is investigated.Three types of semi-infinite substrates,i.e.,silica,silicon and gold,are considered.The buffer layer between the peptide film and substrate consists of silicon or silica.The switching sign of the Casimir pressure can be controlled in a region ranging from about 130 nm to 1000 nm,depending on the thickness of the buffer layer and the substrate.The results suggest that the critical thickness of peptide films for Casimir equilibrium increases(or decreases)by increasing the thickness of the silicon(or silica)buffer film.The influences of wetting and electrolyte screening on the Casimir pressure are also investigated.Our finding provides a theoretical guide for the adhesion stability of peptide films in organic electronics.展开更多
Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy(STORM),as a typical technique of single-molecule localization microscopy(SMLM),has overcome the diffraction limit by randomly switching fluorophores between fluorescent and...Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy(STORM),as a typical technique of single-molecule localization microscopy(SMLM),has overcome the diffraction limit by randomly switching fluorophores between fluorescent and dark states,allowing for the precise localization of isolated emission patterns and the super-resolution reconstruction from millions of localized positions of single fluorophores.A critical factor influencing localization precision is the photo-switching behavior of fluorophores,which is affected by the imaging buffer.The imaging buffer typically comprises oxygen scavengers,photo-switching reagents,and refractive index regulators.Oxygen scavengers help prevent photobleaching,photo-switching reagents assist in facilitating the conversion of fluorophores,and refractive index regulators are used to adjust the refractive index of the solution.The synergistic interaction of these components promotes stable blinking of fluorophores,reduces irreversible photobleaching,and thereby ensures high-quality super-resolution imaging.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the essential compositions and functionalities of imaging buffers used in STORM,serving as a valuable resource for researchers seeking to select appropriate imaging buffers for their experiments.展开更多
Man-made superheavy elements(SHE)are produced as energetic recoils in complete-fusion reactions and need to be thermalized in a gas-filled chamber for chemical studies.The ever-shorter half-lives and decreasing produc...Man-made superheavy elements(SHE)are produced as energetic recoils in complete-fusion reactions and need to be thermalized in a gas-filled chamber for chemical studies.The ever-shorter half-lives and decreasing production rates of the elements beyond Fl(atomic number Z=114)-the heaviest element chemically studied today-require the development of novel techniques for quantitative thermalization and fast extraction efficiency.The Universal high-density gas stopping Cell(UniCell),currently under construction,was proposed to achieve this.Within this work,we propose an Ion Transfer by Gas Flow(ITGF)device,which serves as a UniCell ejector to interface with a gas chromatography detector array for chemical studies.Detailed parameter optimizations,using gas dynamics and Monte Carlo ion-trajectory simulations,promise fast(within a few ms)and highly efficient(up to 100%)ion extraction across a wide mass range.These ions can then be transmitted quantitatively through the ITGF into the high-pressure environment needed for further chemical studies.展开更多
The squeezing deformation of surrounding rock is an important factor restricting the safe construction and long-term operation of tunnels when a tunnel passes through soft strata with high ground stress.Under such sof...The squeezing deformation of surrounding rock is an important factor restricting the safe construction and long-term operation of tunnels when a tunnel passes through soft strata with high ground stress.Under such soft rock geological conditions,the large deformation of the surrounding rock can easily lead to the failure of supporting structures,including shotcrete cracks,spalling,and steel arch distortion.To improve the lining support performance during the large deformation of squeezed surrounding rock,this work selects aluminum foam with densities of 0.25 g/cm3,0.42 g/cm3 and 0.61 g/cm3 as the buffer layer material and carries out uniaxial confined compression tests.Through the evaluation and analysis of energy absorption and the comparison of the yield pressure of aluminum foam with those of other cushioning materials and yield pressure support systems,the strength,deformation and energy absorption of aluminum foam with a density of 0.25 g/cm3 meet the yield pressure performance requirements.The numerical model of the buffer layer yielding support system is then established via the finite element analysis software ABAQUS,and the influence of the buffer layer setting on the lining support is analyzed.Compared with the conventional support scheme,the addition of an aluminum foam buffer layer can reduce the stress and deformation of the primary support and secondary lining.The maximum and minimum principal stresses of the primary support are reduced by 13%and 15%,respectively.The maximum and minimum principal stresses of the secondary lining are reduced by 15%and 12%,respectively,and the displacement deformation of the secondary lining position is reduced by 15%.In summary,the application of aluminum foam buffer layer can reduce the stress and deformation of the primary support and secondary lining,improve the stress safety of the support and reduce the deformation of the support.展开更多
Temperate forests exert significant biogeophysical influences on local and regional climates through modulating the energy and moisture exchanges between the land surface and the atmosphere,thereby serving as crucial ...Temperate forests exert significant biogeophysical influences on local and regional climates through modulating the energy and moisture exchanges between the land surface and the atmosphere,thereby serving as crucial barriers with significant buffering impacts on the productivity of adjacent agricultural ecosystems.However,the extent and underlying mechanisms of these biogeophysical and buffering effects of temperate forest barriers remains insufficiently understood.In this study,we integrated the dynamic crop model Noah-MP-Crop with the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model to investigate the biogeophysical climate regulation of temperate forests and its buffering effects on crop yields in adjacent agricultural lands across Northeast China.Our findings revealed that temperate forest barriers induced significant local climate effects by cooling air and surface temperatures and reducing wind speeds within forested areas during the growing season,while also regulating non-local climate,particularly by altering regional precipitation patterns,2 m water vapor mixing ratio(Q2),and soil moisture,predominantly in adjacent cropland areas.Furthermore,these forest barriers were found to modulate climate extremes,through affecting maximum temperature and wind speed on a local scale,as well as both maximum and minimum Q2 in non-local croplands.Our study also observed that temperate forest barriers,through biogeophysical climate regulation,enhanced GPP,NPP,and grain yields across most cropland areas.This productivity boost was especially pronounced,with yield increases up to 20%in certain regions during the extreme drought conditions of 2017,underscoring the critical role of temperate forest barriers in sustaining and enhancing crop yields under severe climatic stress.Our findings underscore the significant buffering effects of temperate forest barriers on regional agricultural production,having important implications for climate adaptation strategies aimed at bolstering agricultural resilience in the face of increasing climate variability and extremes.展开更多
The shop scheduling problem with limited buffers has broad applications in real-world production scenarios,so this research direction is of great practical significance.However,there is currently little research on th...The shop scheduling problem with limited buffers has broad applications in real-world production scenarios,so this research direction is of great practical significance.However,there is currently little research on the hybrid flow shop scheduling problem with limited buffers(LBHFSP).This paper deeply investigates the LBHFSP to optimize the goal of the total completion time.To better solve the LBHFSP,a multi-level subpopulation-based particle swarm optimization algorithm(MLPSO)is proposed,which is founded on the attributes of the LBHFSP and the shortcomings of the basic PSO(particle swarm optimization)algorithm.In MLPSO,firstly,considering the impact of the limited buffers on the process of subsequent operations,a specific circular decoding strategy is developed to accommodate the characteristics of limited buffers.Secondly,an initialization strategy based on blocking time is designed to enhance the quality and diversity of the initial population.Afterward,a multi-level subpopulation collaborative search is developed to prevent being trapped in a local optimum and improve the global exploration capability.Additionally,a local search strategy based on the first blocked job is designed to enhance the MLPSO algorithm’s exploitation capability.Lastly,numerous experiments are carried out to test the performance of the proposed MLPSO by comparing it with classical intelligent optimization and popular algorithms in recent years.The results confirm that the proposed MLPSO has an outstanding performance when compared to other algorithms when solving LBHFSP.展开更多
Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)have developed rapidly in recent years but still face several challenges,including zinc dendrites growth,hydrogen evolution reaction,passivation and corrosion.The pH of the electrolyte...Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)have developed rapidly in recent years but still face several challenges,including zinc dendrites growth,hydrogen evolution reaction,passivation and corrosion.The pH of the electrolyte plays a crucial role in these processes,significantly impacting the stability and reversibility of Zn^(2+)deposition.Therefore,pH-buffer tris(hydroxymethyl)amino methane(tris)is chosen as a versatile electrolyte additive to address these issues.Tris can buffer electrolyte pH at Zn/electrolyte interface by protonated/deprotonated nature of amino group,optimize the coordination environment of zinc solvate ions by its strong interaction with zinc ions,and simultaneously create an in-situ stable solid electrolyte interface membrane on the zinc anode surface.These synergistic effects effectively restrain dendrite formation and side reactions,resulting in a highly stable and reversible Zn anode,thereby enhancing the electrochemical performance of AZIBs.The Zn||Zn battery with 0.15 wt%tris additives maintains stable cycling for 1500 h at 4 mA·cm^(−2) and 1120 h at 10 mA·cm^(−2).Furthermore,the Coulombic efficiency reaches~99.2%at 4 mA·cm^(−2)@1 mAh·cm^(−2).The Zn||NVO full batteries also demonstrated a stable specific capacity and exceptional capacity retention.展开更多
文摘A case study on the transport process of agricultural diffuse P-pollutants was conducted in an experimental watershed locating in the north bank of Yuqiao Reservoir during 2001 and 2002. It was found that diversified artificial and natural buffer/detention landscape structures distributing along the ephemeral stream channel in this watershed played an important role of pollutants removal on downstream water quality, especially they have control effect on the diffuse P-pollutants transport process. Surface flow velocity was reduced sharply after passing through these structures. During continuous runoff events, the removal rate of TSS, TP, TDP, DRP by the whole system were 66.7%, 60.7%, 48.4%, and 43.3%, respectively. During discontinuous runoff events, removal rate of pollutants by the whole system was higher due to there was no or little surface water and pollutants exported from the watershed, of which removal rate of pollutants all exceeded 99%. The statistical analysis results of runoff events(n=8) indicated that dry pond was the steadiest structure for controlling diffuse P-pollutants export.
文摘Introduction In all branches of healthcare,clinicians are seen to be making professional judgements based on objective facts and assessments.However,in our daily lives,we recognise and celebrate individual differences in interests,beliefs and personalities.
文摘On-site stormwater detention (OSD) is a conventional component of urban drainage systems, designed with the intention of mitigating the increase to peak discharge of stormwater runoff that inevitably results from urbanization. In Australia, singular temporal patterns for design storms have governed the inputs of hydrograph generation and in turn the design process of OSD for the last three decades. This paper raises the concern that many existing OSD systems designed using the singular temporal pattern for design storms may not be achieving their stated objectives when they are assessed against a variety of alternative temporal patterns. The performance of twenty real OSD systems was investigated using two methods:(1) ensembles of design temporal patterns prescribed in the latest version of Australian Rainfall and Runoff, and (2) real recorded rainfall data taken from pluviograph stations modeled with continuous simulation. It is shown conclusively that the use of singular temporal patterns is ineffective in providing assurance that an OSD will mitigate the increase to peak discharge for all possible storm events. Ensemble analysis is shown to provide improved results. However, it also falls short of providing any guarantee in the face of naturally occurring rainfall.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [No.71774175]
文摘Drug dependence is a serious global health problem.To assist individuals with drug addiction,China alone has established 678 Compulsory Detoxification Detention Centers （CDDCs） that treat over300,000i ndividuals who are required by national law to receive compulsory treatment;because community-based outpatient treatment failed.
基金supported by the Urban Flood Demonstration Program of the United States Army Corps of Engineers(Grant No.W912HZ-08-2-0021)
文摘Flood control detention basins （DBs） can act as water quality control structures or best management practices （BMPs）. A key pollutant that DBs serve to settle out is particulate phosphorus, which adsorbs onto sediment. This study examines the sediment phosphorus concentration and its relationship with the particle size of sediment microcosms from pre- and post-rain event samples obtained from six DBs located in Clark County, Nevada. DBs were allotted a land use classification to determine if there was a correlation between the sediment phosphorus concentration and surrounding land use. The curve number method was used to calculate the runoff and subsequent phosphorus carried into the DB by the runoff. Our data show sediment phosphorus concentrations to he highest in soils from undeveloped areas. Runoff amount also plays a substantial role in determining the amount of phosphorus brought into the DB by sediment. This research has implications for improvement of water quality in arid regions.
基金funded by the Major Scientific and Technological Project of Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources (2012045)Research Project of Shandong Provincial Bureau of Geology & Mineral Resources (KY2018003+1 种基金 KY201933)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 41772257 and 41472216)
文摘This study analyzes the groundwater environment in the Yangzhuang flood detention basin in Henan Province,China.A numerical model of groundwater flow is established based on the hydrogeological conditions in the basin and changes of groundwater level in the flood detention basin under flood detention and recession conditions.The results show that during flood diversion and storage,the groundwater level in the basin rises,mainly in four flood detention zones,with a maximum rise of 1.0 m.After the floodwater recedes,the groundwater level slowly drops in the detention basin along with flood discharge,finally returning to its original level fifty days later.This study indicates that groundwater recession in the flood detention basin is a slow process,where the rise of groundwater level may cause environmental problems such as soil swamping.
文摘Introduction: The number of children and adolescents admitted in Dar es Salaam juvenile centers due to misbehavior and criminal offences has risen from 20 to 30 per month. Increasing aberrant behaviors in children have been linked to mental disorders. Assessment of presence mental health disorders as the main cause of these behaviors would be important to restore mental health of children and assist the system to impose a fair trial. Objective: This study aimed to determine the presence of mental disorders and associated factors among children and adolescents within Dar es Salaam juvenile systems and explore factors that may affect their mental health while in juvenile home. Methods: The mixed research method was used to estimate prevalence of mental disorders by a cross-sectional study and a qualitative method was applied to evaluate mental disorders according to DSM IV TR criteria. Results: The overall prevalence of mental dysfunction by mental status evaluation was 3%: 95% (CI;25.3 - 43.2;n =37 out of 108). The younger age group (13 - 15) years presented with a prevalence of 30%: 95% (CI;14.7 - 44.5) while the older adolescents (16 - 17 years) had a prevalence of 55%: 95% (CI;43.3 - 67.1). Attention deficit disorder was found in some children, some had history of drug and alcohol abuse, with few sexual disorders, depression and brief psychotic reaction and was found to be common among adolescent with unstable family situations such as death of parents, divorce of parents, and single parented children. Conclusion: Findings are suggestive that there is a presence of underlying mental disorders in some of the adolescents in the juvenile detention. Thus mental health screening for children in juvenile homes should be made mandatory in order to identify causes of aberrant behavior as well as provide treatment, prevent complications and maintain mental health of these children. Mental health screening for such children would also assist in conducting a fair trial for these emancipated children.
文摘The utilization of pretrial detention,which constrains and expropriates the human rights of citizens,should be of legitimacy. That is to say,the implementation of pretrial detention must follow the standards of legitimacy and legal procedures. To guarantee the legitimacy,the process of pretrial detention should stick to three principles,the presumption of innocence,judicial inspection and proportion. The legitimacy benefits constructing the system of detention,preventing the alienation of pretrial detention,saving the judicial resources,perfecting the litigation structure,and improving non-costidal measures. Aiming at the deficiency of the legitimacy of pretrial detention in present China,there are necessities of promoting the constitution awareness of protection of human rights in criminal process,of constructing factual standard systems of legitimacy,and of perfecting the due procedural mechanism of pretrial detention.
文摘Detainees’ rights in pre-trial detention houses are a means of assessing a country’s human rights protection. As a legal facility for carrying out criminal detention, a pre-trial detention house should remain neutral and safeguard detainees’ substantive and procedural rights. It should be an important base for the country to respect and protect human rights. At the macro level, protecting detainees’ rights comprises two aspects: 1) procedural rights, regarding which the principle of presumption of innocence should be applied; and 2) detainee treatment, regarding which the principle of socialization should be applied. At the current stage of China’s rights protection situation, China should improve detainees’ rights, such as the right to have an individual bed, the rights to health care and religious freedom, rules regarding the use of legirons, and transparency and independent monitoring mechanisms.
文摘The Measures on Aid and Management for Urban Vagrants and Beggars, issued by the State Council in mid-July, took effect on August 1. It marks a further improvement of China’s mechanism to aid urban vagrants and beggars. The new regulation has been enacted to replace the two-decade-old Measures for the Internment and Deportation of Urban Vagrants and Beggars. This policy reform has stemmed from the astounding case of Sun Zhigang, a young man that was brutally beaten to death while in custody at the Guangzhou Detention Center.
文摘In official Norwegian government reports’ prison statistics, it is claimed that the prevalence of Dissocial Personality Disorder (DPD) or Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD) among inmates in preventive detention is approximately 50%. Furthermore, previous findings have described a practice in which forensic examiners use the DSM SCID axis II for APD to confirm an ICD 10 diagnosis of DPD. Clinical investigation supported by the use of SCID Axis II for quality assurance was performed on almost half the population of inmates (46.4%) in preventive detention at a high security prison. The inmates had all committed severe violent acts including murder. All the information obtained by applying the DSM IV-TR criteria was tested against the ICD-10 Research Criteria (ICD-10-RC) for Dissocial Personality Disorder (ICD-10, DPD). It was found that all inmates met the ICD-10-RC for (DPD) and the DSM-IV-TR definition for Adult Antisocial Behavior (AAB). On the other hand, none met the DSM-IV-TR criteria for (APD). The SCID Axis II failed to identify inmates with APD because the DSM-IV-TR C-criteria, referring to symptoms of childhood Conduct Disorder (CD), were not met. These findings raise important questions since the choice of diagnostic system may influence whether a person’s clinically described antisocial behaviour should be classified as a personality disorder or not. For the inmates, a diagnosis of APD or DPD may compromise their legal rights and affect decisions on prolongation of the preventive detention. Studies have shown that combining the DSM and the ICD diagnostic systems may have consequences for the reliability of the diagnosis.
文摘China protects human rights of detainees in the entire process of the judicial system, from the making of law, to the administrationof justice, law enforcement and legal supervision. According to China＇s Constitution, detainees enjoy the following political rights： 1. All the rights that have not been deprived of just like ordinary citizens, including the fight of voting, the right to speech and publication; the fight to human dignity and non-humiliation, the right to non-infringement of personal safety, lawful property right and freedom of religious belief;
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.11804288)the Natural Science Foundation of Henan(Grant No.232300420120)。
文摘The Casimir pressure plays an important role in the adhesion stability of nanofilms at submicro scales.In this work,the Casimir pressure of peptide films deposited on a layered substrate is investigated.Three types of semi-infinite substrates,i.e.,silica,silicon and gold,are considered.The buffer layer between the peptide film and substrate consists of silicon or silica.The switching sign of the Casimir pressure can be controlled in a region ranging from about 130 nm to 1000 nm,depending on the thickness of the buffer layer and the substrate.The results suggest that the critical thickness of peptide films for Casimir equilibrium increases(or decreases)by increasing the thickness of the silicon(or silica)buffer film.The influences of wetting and electrolyte screening on the Casimir pressure are also investigated.Our finding provides a theoretical guide for the adhesion stability of peptide films in organic electronics.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.62305041)the Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province(No.2023-MS-103)。
文摘Stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy(STORM),as a typical technique of single-molecule localization microscopy(SMLM),has overcome the diffraction limit by randomly switching fluorophores between fluorescent and dark states,allowing for the precise localization of isolated emission patterns and the super-resolution reconstruction from millions of localized positions of single fluorophores.A critical factor influencing localization precision is the photo-switching behavior of fluorophores,which is affected by the imaging buffer.The imaging buffer typically comprises oxygen scavengers,photo-switching reagents,and refractive index regulators.Oxygen scavengers help prevent photobleaching,photo-switching reagents assist in facilitating the conversion of fluorophores,and refractive index regulators are used to adjust the refractive index of the solution.The synergistic interaction of these components promotes stable blinking of fluorophores,reduces irreversible photobleaching,and thereby ensures high-quality super-resolution imaging.This review provides a comprehensive overview of the essential compositions and functionalities of imaging buffers used in STORM,serving as a valuable resource for researchers seeking to select appropriate imaging buffers for their experiments.
基金This work was supported by the German BMBF (No.05P21UMFN2)
文摘Man-made superheavy elements(SHE)are produced as energetic recoils in complete-fusion reactions and need to be thermalized in a gas-filled chamber for chemical studies.The ever-shorter half-lives and decreasing production rates of the elements beyond Fl(atomic number Z=114)-the heaviest element chemically studied today-require the development of novel techniques for quantitative thermalization and fast extraction efficiency.The Universal high-density gas stopping Cell(UniCell),currently under construction,was proposed to achieve this.Within this work,we propose an Ion Transfer by Gas Flow(ITGF)device,which serves as a UniCell ejector to interface with a gas chromatography detector array for chemical studies.Detailed parameter optimizations,using gas dynamics and Monte Carlo ion-trajectory simulations,promise fast(within a few ms)and highly efficient(up to 100%)ion extraction across a wide mass range.These ions can then be transmitted quantitatively through the ITGF into the high-pressure environment needed for further chemical studies.
基金the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.42207199)Scientific Research Project of Education of Zhejiang Province(No.Y202351343)+1 种基金Zhejiang Postdoctoral Scientific Research Project(Grant Nos.ZJ2022155,ZJ2022156)Zhejiang Province International Science and Technology Cooperation Base Open Fund Project(IBGDP-2023-01)。
文摘The squeezing deformation of surrounding rock is an important factor restricting the safe construction and long-term operation of tunnels when a tunnel passes through soft strata with high ground stress.Under such soft rock geological conditions,the large deformation of the surrounding rock can easily lead to the failure of supporting structures,including shotcrete cracks,spalling,and steel arch distortion.To improve the lining support performance during the large deformation of squeezed surrounding rock,this work selects aluminum foam with densities of 0.25 g/cm3,0.42 g/cm3 and 0.61 g/cm3 as the buffer layer material and carries out uniaxial confined compression tests.Through the evaluation and analysis of energy absorption and the comparison of the yield pressure of aluminum foam with those of other cushioning materials and yield pressure support systems,the strength,deformation and energy absorption of aluminum foam with a density of 0.25 g/cm3 meet the yield pressure performance requirements.The numerical model of the buffer layer yielding support system is then established via the finite element analysis software ABAQUS,and the influence of the buffer layer setting on the lining support is analyzed.Compared with the conventional support scheme,the addition of an aluminum foam buffer layer can reduce the stress and deformation of the primary support and secondary lining.The maximum and minimum principal stresses of the primary support are reduced by 13%and 15%,respectively.The maximum and minimum principal stresses of the secondary lining are reduced by 15%and 12%,respectively,and the displacement deformation of the secondary lining position is reduced by 15%.In summary,the application of aluminum foam buffer layer can reduce the stress and deformation of the primary support and secondary lining,improve the stress safety of the support and reduce the deformation of the support.
基金supported by National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2024YFD1501600)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grants No.42071025,42371075)the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences(Grant No.2023240).
文摘Temperate forests exert significant biogeophysical influences on local and regional climates through modulating the energy and moisture exchanges between the land surface and the atmosphere,thereby serving as crucial barriers with significant buffering impacts on the productivity of adjacent agricultural ecosystems.However,the extent and underlying mechanisms of these biogeophysical and buffering effects of temperate forest barriers remains insufficiently understood.In this study,we integrated the dynamic crop model Noah-MP-Crop with the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model to investigate the biogeophysical climate regulation of temperate forests and its buffering effects on crop yields in adjacent agricultural lands across Northeast China.Our findings revealed that temperate forest barriers induced significant local climate effects by cooling air and surface temperatures and reducing wind speeds within forested areas during the growing season,while also regulating non-local climate,particularly by altering regional precipitation patterns,2 m water vapor mixing ratio(Q2),and soil moisture,predominantly in adjacent cropland areas.Furthermore,these forest barriers were found to modulate climate extremes,through affecting maximum temperature and wind speed on a local scale,as well as both maximum and minimum Q2 in non-local croplands.Our study also observed that temperate forest barriers,through biogeophysical climate regulation,enhanced GPP,NPP,and grain yields across most cropland areas.This productivity boost was especially pronounced,with yield increases up to 20%in certain regions during the extreme drought conditions of 2017,underscoring the critical role of temperate forest barriers in sustaining and enhancing crop yields under severe climatic stress.Our findings underscore the significant buffering effects of temperate forest barriers on regional agricultural production,having important implications for climate adaptation strategies aimed at bolstering agricultural resilience in the face of increasing climate variability and extremes.
基金supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.52175490.
文摘The shop scheduling problem with limited buffers has broad applications in real-world production scenarios,so this research direction is of great practical significance.However,there is currently little research on the hybrid flow shop scheduling problem with limited buffers(LBHFSP).This paper deeply investigates the LBHFSP to optimize the goal of the total completion time.To better solve the LBHFSP,a multi-level subpopulation-based particle swarm optimization algorithm(MLPSO)is proposed,which is founded on the attributes of the LBHFSP and the shortcomings of the basic PSO(particle swarm optimization)algorithm.In MLPSO,firstly,considering the impact of the limited buffers on the process of subsequent operations,a specific circular decoding strategy is developed to accommodate the characteristics of limited buffers.Secondly,an initialization strategy based on blocking time is designed to enhance the quality and diversity of the initial population.Afterward,a multi-level subpopulation collaborative search is developed to prevent being trapped in a local optimum and improve the global exploration capability.Additionally,a local search strategy based on the first blocked job is designed to enhance the MLPSO algorithm’s exploitation capability.Lastly,numerous experiments are carried out to test the performance of the proposed MLPSO by comparing it with classical intelligent optimization and popular algorithms in recent years.The results confirm that the proposed MLPSO has an outstanding performance when compared to other algorithms when solving LBHFSP.
基金supported by the Fund of Xuzhou Science and Technology Key R&D Program(Social Development)Project(No.KC22289)the Postgraduate Research&Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province(No.KYCX22_2783).
文摘Aqueous zinc-ion batteries(AZIBs)have developed rapidly in recent years but still face several challenges,including zinc dendrites growth,hydrogen evolution reaction,passivation and corrosion.The pH of the electrolyte plays a crucial role in these processes,significantly impacting the stability and reversibility of Zn^(2+)deposition.Therefore,pH-buffer tris(hydroxymethyl)amino methane(tris)is chosen as a versatile electrolyte additive to address these issues.Tris can buffer electrolyte pH at Zn/electrolyte interface by protonated/deprotonated nature of amino group,optimize the coordination environment of zinc solvate ions by its strong interaction with zinc ions,and simultaneously create an in-situ stable solid electrolyte interface membrane on the zinc anode surface.These synergistic effects effectively restrain dendrite formation and side reactions,resulting in a highly stable and reversible Zn anode,thereby enhancing the electrochemical performance of AZIBs.The Zn||Zn battery with 0.15 wt%tris additives maintains stable cycling for 1500 h at 4 mA·cm^(−2) and 1120 h at 10 mA·cm^(−2).Furthermore,the Coulombic efficiency reaches~99.2%at 4 mA·cm^(−2)@1 mAh·cm^(−2).The Zn||NVO full batteries also demonstrated a stable specific capacity and exceptional capacity retention.
