The City of Calgary did a comparative study between two techniques of traffic data collection： Bluetooth sensors and crowdsourcing, for measuring travel time reliability on two goods movement corridors in Calgary, Al...The City of Calgary did a comparative study between two techniques of traffic data collection： Bluetooth sensors and crowdsourcing, for measuring travel time reliability on two goods movement corridors in Calgary, Alberta. To estimate travel time and speed, we used the output of BIuFAX sensors, which were operated by monitoring Bluetooth signals at several points along a roadway. On the other hand, TomTom historical traffic data were extracted from the TomTom Traffic Stats portal. To calculate travel time reliability, we applied the buffer index, and the planning time index recommended by FHWA （Federal Highway Administration）. The Bluetooth traffic data were presumed as the benchmark in this study. Unlike the TomTom traffic data, the data provided by the Bluetooth technology met the minimum recommended sample size requirement, although data processing was time consuming and impractical for long study periods. Our study results showed that crowdsourcing technique can be a viable alternative and provide travel time reliability estimates with a reasonable accuracy, when there are adequate numbers of records registered. However, the TomTom sample sizes in Calgary were not large enough to provide a statistically reliable method of providing travel time indices. Further researches may verify the accuracy of crowdsourcing technologies for travel time studies.展开更多
The priority of the EU transport policy in railway sector is to open up the railway market. The objective is to provide railway undertakings with access to the railway network on equal terms. The main problem is deter...The priority of the EU transport policy in railway sector is to open up the railway market. The objective is to provide railway undertakings with access to the railway network on equal terms. The main problem is determining the infrastructure capacity. A variety of methodologies are used across Europe for the capacity estimation of railway infrastructure. This diversity has forced railway infrastructure managers to seek a new, common methodology. The UIC methodology is an easy way to calculate the capacity consumption. However, there the possibility to expound this methodology in different ways, which can result in different capacity consumptions. There isan advantage to improve this methodology and to set a clear and unified method of occupation time estimation. The fundamental improvement to UIC methodology is the definition of the occupation time by the trains. This paper gives a description of Slovak and UIC methodologies as a basis for a newly developed approach. The new way of estimation of the capacity consumption （occupation time） is based on a graphic approach. The new methodology concerns the estimation of the infrastructure occupation time and is a conceptual framework developed by the authors for an easier evaluation of occupation time in train traffic diagrams. The new methodology makes the UIC methodology more usable and enables more exact results to be obtained from infrastructure capacity examination.展开更多
随着高清电视和网络媒体的快速发展,音视频同步技术在广播电视节目制作中的重要性日益突出。通过对当前音视频同步系统的分析,深入研究节目时钟参考(Program Clock Reference,PCR)、显示时间戳(Presentation Time Stamp,PTS)/解码时间戳...随着高清电视和网络媒体的快速发展,音视频同步技术在广播电视节目制作中的重要性日益突出。通过对当前音视频同步系统的分析,深入研究节目时钟参考(Program Clock Reference,PCR)、显示时间戳(Presentation Time Stamp,PTS)/解码时间戳(Decoding Time Stamp,DTS)、音视频缓冲区控制等关键技术在实际制作环境中的应用。基于自适应缓冲区控制的音视频同步方案能将音视频延迟控制在±15 ms以内,满足广播级节目制作要求。展开更多
BACKGROUND The needs for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER-2) and/or programmed death-ligand 1(PD-L1) evaluations in gastric cancer are dramatically increasing. Although the importance of standardization of...BACKGROUND The needs for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER-2) and/or programmed death-ligand 1(PD-L1) evaluations in gastric cancer are dramatically increasing. Although the importance of standardization of sample fixation has been widely recognized, most of the evidence regarding the fixation duration or type of fixing solution are based on breast cancer.AIM To investigate the real effects of fixation conditions on HER-2 testing or PD-L1 testing for gastric cancer using gastrectomy specimens.METHODS Thirty-two patients who underwent gastrectomy for gastric cancer were enrolled.Their resected specimens were each divided into four pieces and fixed in four strictly controlled different durations(6 h, 24 h, and 48 h, and 1 wk) by 10%formalin(n = 22) or 10% neutral buffered formalin(NBF)(n = 10).Immunohistochemistry(IHC) of HER-2 and PD-1 was performed, and a pathology examination was conducted. In the HER-2-immunoreactive cases, all four specimens were subjected to dual-color in situ hybridization(DISH). Five cases were assessed as HER-2-positive by IHC and DISH. We used the cut-off values of 1%, 10%, and 50% to assess the IHC findings of PD-L1.RESULTS No significant difference was observed in comparisons between the shorter fixation period groups(6 h, 24 h, and 48 h) and the prolonged fixation period(1 wk) group in the HER-2 and PD-L1 analyses. Although no significant difference was observed between 10% formalin and 10% NBF within 1 wk of fixation, the superiority of 10% NBF was confirmed in a long-term(> 3 mo) fixation in both the HER-2 and PD-L1 analyses.CONCLUSION In this small-numbered pilot study, prolonged fixation within 1 wk showed no inferiority in HER-2 or PD-L1 testing. However, a large-numbered prospective study is needed to obtain conclusive results.展开更多
The flow shop scheduling problem with limited buffers( LBFSP) widely exists in manufacturing systems. A hybrid discrete harmony search algorithm is proposed for the problem to minimize total flow time. The algorithm p...The flow shop scheduling problem with limited buffers( LBFSP) widely exists in manufacturing systems. A hybrid discrete harmony search algorithm is proposed for the problem to minimize total flow time. The algorithm presents a novel discrete improvisation and a differential evolution scheme with the jobpermutation-based representation. Moreover,the discrete harmony search is hybridized with the problem-dependent local search based on insert neighborhood to balance the global exploration and local exploitation. In addition, an orthogonal experiment design is employed to provide a receipt for turning the adjustable parameters of the algorithm. Comparisons based on the Taillard benchmarks indicate the superiority of the proposed algorithm in terms of effectiveness and efficiency.展开更多
文摘The City of Calgary did a comparative study between two techniques of traffic data collection： Bluetooth sensors and crowdsourcing, for measuring travel time reliability on two goods movement corridors in Calgary, Alberta. To estimate travel time and speed, we used the output of BIuFAX sensors, which were operated by monitoring Bluetooth signals at several points along a roadway. On the other hand, TomTom historical traffic data were extracted from the TomTom Traffic Stats portal. To calculate travel time reliability, we applied the buffer index, and the planning time index recommended by FHWA （Federal Highway Administration）. The Bluetooth traffic data were presumed as the benchmark in this study. Unlike the TomTom traffic data, the data provided by the Bluetooth technology met the minimum recommended sample size requirement, although data processing was time consuming and impractical for long study periods. Our study results showed that crowdsourcing technique can be a viable alternative and provide travel time reliability estimates with a reasonable accuracy, when there are adequate numbers of records registered. However, the TomTom sample sizes in Calgary were not large enough to provide a statistically reliable method of providing travel time indices. Further researches may verify the accuracy of crowdsourcing technologies for travel time studies.
文摘The priority of the EU transport policy in railway sector is to open up the railway market. The objective is to provide railway undertakings with access to the railway network on equal terms. The main problem is determining the infrastructure capacity. A variety of methodologies are used across Europe for the capacity estimation of railway infrastructure. This diversity has forced railway infrastructure managers to seek a new, common methodology. The UIC methodology is an easy way to calculate the capacity consumption. However, there the possibility to expound this methodology in different ways, which can result in different capacity consumptions. There isan advantage to improve this methodology and to set a clear and unified method of occupation time estimation. The fundamental improvement to UIC methodology is the definition of the occupation time by the trains. This paper gives a description of Slovak and UIC methodologies as a basis for a newly developed approach. The new way of estimation of the capacity consumption （occupation time） is based on a graphic approach. The new methodology concerns the estimation of the infrastructure occupation time and is a conceptual framework developed by the authors for an easier evaluation of occupation time in train traffic diagrams. The new methodology makes the UIC methodology more usable and enables more exact results to be obtained from infrastructure capacity examination.
文摘随着高清电视和网络媒体的快速发展,音视频同步技术在广播电视节目制作中的重要性日益突出。通过对当前音视频同步系统的分析,深入研究节目时钟参考(Program Clock Reference,PCR)、显示时间戳(Presentation Time Stamp,PTS)/解码时间戳(Decoding Time Stamp,DTS)、音视频缓冲区控制等关键技术在实际制作环境中的应用。基于自适应缓冲区控制的音视频同步方案能将音视频延迟控制在±15 ms以内,满足广播级节目制作要求。
文摘BACKGROUND The needs for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2(HER-2) and/or programmed death-ligand 1(PD-L1) evaluations in gastric cancer are dramatically increasing. Although the importance of standardization of sample fixation has been widely recognized, most of the evidence regarding the fixation duration or type of fixing solution are based on breast cancer.AIM To investigate the real effects of fixation conditions on HER-2 testing or PD-L1 testing for gastric cancer using gastrectomy specimens.METHODS Thirty-two patients who underwent gastrectomy for gastric cancer were enrolled.Their resected specimens were each divided into four pieces and fixed in four strictly controlled different durations(6 h, 24 h, and 48 h, and 1 wk) by 10%formalin(n = 22) or 10% neutral buffered formalin(NBF)(n = 10).Immunohistochemistry(IHC) of HER-2 and PD-1 was performed, and a pathology examination was conducted. In the HER-2-immunoreactive cases, all four specimens were subjected to dual-color in situ hybridization(DISH). Five cases were assessed as HER-2-positive by IHC and DISH. We used the cut-off values of 1%, 10%, and 50% to assess the IHC findings of PD-L1.RESULTS No significant difference was observed in comparisons between the shorter fixation period groups(6 h, 24 h, and 48 h) and the prolonged fixation period(1 wk) group in the HER-2 and PD-L1 analyses. Although no significant difference was observed between 10% formalin and 10% NBF within 1 wk of fixation, the superiority of 10% NBF was confirmed in a long-term(> 3 mo) fixation in both the HER-2 and PD-L1 analyses.CONCLUSION In this small-numbered pilot study, prolonged fixation within 1 wk showed no inferiority in HER-2 or PD-L1 testing. However, a large-numbered prospective study is needed to obtain conclusive results.
基金National Natural Science Foundations of China(Nos.61174040,61104178)Shanghai Commission of Science and Technology,China(No.12JC1403400)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China
文摘The flow shop scheduling problem with limited buffers( LBFSP) widely exists in manufacturing systems. A hybrid discrete harmony search algorithm is proposed for the problem to minimize total flow time. The algorithm presents a novel discrete improvisation and a differential evolution scheme with the jobpermutation-based representation. Moreover,the discrete harmony search is hybridized with the problem-dependent local search based on insert neighborhood to balance the global exploration and local exploitation. In addition, an orthogonal experiment design is employed to provide a receipt for turning the adjustable parameters of the algorithm. Comparisons based on the Taillard benchmarks indicate the superiority of the proposed algorithm in terms of effectiveness and efficiency.
