Single crystals of ternary sodium tungsten bronzes have been prepared by the electrolysis of molten Na_(2)W0_(4)-W0_(3)system.X-ray powder diffraction and energy dispersive spectroscopy results reveal that the obtaine...Single crystals of ternary sodium tungsten bronzes have been prepared by the electrolysis of molten Na_(2)W0_(4)-W0_(3)system.X-ray powder diffraction and energy dispersive spectroscopy results reveal that the obtained samples are of cubic phase with empirical formula of Na0.54W03.Electrical resistivity measurement indicates a metallic conducting behavior without any anomaly from 5-300 K.展开更多
New polyoxometalate α-K 12H 3[Y(BW 11O 39) 2]·25H 2O was synthesized and treated by high temperature gaseous rare earth permeation to prepare tungsten bronze K 0.475WO 3. XRD, TG-DTA, XPS, ...New polyoxometalate α-K 12H 3[Y(BW 11O 39) 2]·25H 2O was synthesized and treated by high temperature gaseous rare earth permeation to prepare tungsten bronze K 0.475WO 3. XRD, TG-DTA, XPS, 183W-NMR,CV and AC impedance spectra were used to characterize the resulting material. The results of XPS indicate that La has permeated and diffused into the body of the sample and exists in the forms of binding with other components. The crystal structure parameters of K 0.475WO 3 were obtained by the analysis of XRD, which shows tetragonal crystal system with lattice parameters: a=12 28 nm, c=3.833 nm, V=578.48 nm -3. The conductivities calculated from the results of AC impedance spectra of the material increase with the increasing of temperature, which shows a semiconductor character.展开更多
The present study was set up to examine the effect of alloying elements （including harmful elements） on metallurgical features （material properties and qualitative parameters） of tin bronzes, with particular refer...The present study was set up to examine the effect of alloying elements （including harmful elements） on metallurgical features （material properties and qualitative parameters） of tin bronzes, with particular reference to church bells from Middle Ages to Current times. A driving force of this study was to identify and demonstrate features related to the quality of church bells made in different centuries. The findings have been derived via metallographic and chemical analysis of specimens of bells from various parts of Australasia and Europe. The bell materials consisted of a mixture of the a phase and the （α＋β） eutectoid essentially, in proportions determined by tin content and mould materials during casting. The samples from the 15th century to the one from the 20th century showed a progressive increase in hardness, ranging from the minimum of -280 VHM20g to a maximum of -470 VHM20g for the （α＋β） eutectoid, and -160 VHM20g to -230 VHM20g for the a phase. The investigation also shows that the sound decay of the bell decreased with lowering the wt.% of tin and increasing the wt.% of lead and silver. This information is expected to provide an additional interesting knowledge into manufacturing practices and their significance in the quality of church bells over past centuries.展开更多
A rare glimse into a forotten toorld,with bronzeware as the only relic left behind from one of southwest China's more advanced,yet more savage,civilizations.
The typical morphology of alloy lead（Pb） in ancient bronzes made in the Spring-Autumn Warring States Period（770 B.C.-221 B.C.）,China,was examined by using electron microscopic techniques.We propose that the main p...The typical morphology of alloy lead（Pb） in ancient bronzes made in the Spring-Autumn Warring States Period（770 B.C.-221 B.C.）,China,was examined by using electron microscopic techniques.We propose that the main purposes for adding metallic Pb in a large quantity into ancient bronzes,such as arrows and ritual vessel-Ding,were for increasing weight and economical reasons.In order to promote adding efficiency and improve casting quality for getting homogenously distributed Pb particles in the bronzes,a process through inserting Pb rod into the mold is supposed to be used during casting,which provided a process for preventing Pb sinkage.Scanning electron microscope（SEM） observations from the fracture surface of the bronzes revealed that the Pb particle possessed a ＂hollow-cored bubble＂ structure,which was formed due to absorbing casting gases during solidification and therefore indirectly eliminated the casting porosity and loosen.展开更多
The use of lead,some of which is characterized by a highly radiogenic signature,sharply distinguishes Bronze Age China from the rest of Eurasia.Scholars have long hypothesized that silver can offer an independent prox...The use of lead,some of which is characterized by a highly radiogenic signature,sharply distinguishes Bronze Age China from the rest of Eurasia.Scholars have long hypothesized that silver can offer an independent proxy to characterize lead minerals.The summary of silver distribution associated with Shang and Western Zhou bronzes in this paper reveals an important difference between the south(Sanxingdui,Hanzhong,Jinsha,Panlongcheng,Xin’gan)and the Central Plains.Correlating silver with lead content as well as with the isotopic signature indicates that south China and the Central Plains had different lead sources during the late Shang period,and also that the highly radiogenic and common lead used at Anyang come from geochemical environments which cannot be distinguished by the level of silver.展开更多
By identifying the dates of the Zhouji materials (one kind of oracle bone) during the period of King Xin (also called Zhou the last monarch in Shang Dynasty), this paper establishes a new 'Direct Solving Method...By identifying the dates of the Zhouji materials (one kind of oracle bone) during the period of King Xin (also called Zhou the last monarch in Shang Dynasty), this paper establishes a new 'Direct Solving Method' (DSM) to solve the chronology problems in the Shang and Zhou dynasties. The mathematical models are more suitable for those materials with the Ganzhi (the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches, the Chinese ancient date recorded method being of the 60-day cycle, that the repetitive cycle is independent of any astronomical parameter, each day within this cycle has its own name and can also be expressed by the numbers from 1 to 60) record of the date, lunar month, and their year intervals and all of them are in history documents, oracle bones and bronze vessels. For example, taking the 12 Zhouji materials in the period of King Xin, we derive the two best results of the first year when Xin assumed the reins of government in probably 1063 BC or 1052 BC.展开更多
A pyrimidine derivative,6-phenyl-2-thiouracil(PT),was synthesized for developing a corrosion inhibitor(CI)applied in the protection of the nickel−aluminum bronze(NAB)in seawater.The anti-corrosion effect of PT was eva...A pyrimidine derivative,6-phenyl-2-thiouracil(PT),was synthesized for developing a corrosion inhibitor(CI)applied in the protection of the nickel−aluminum bronze(NAB)in seawater.The anti-corrosion effect of PT was evaluated by the mass loss experiment,electrochemical tests and surface analysis.The results show that PT exhibits excellent inhibition performance and the maximum inhibition efficiency of PT reaches 99.6%.The interaction mechanism was investigated through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and molecule dynamics simulation based on the density functional theory(DFT).The S-Cu,Al-N and Cu-N bonds are formed by the chemical interactions,leading to the adsorption of PT on the NAB surface.The diffusion of corrosive species is hindered considerably by the protective PT film with composition of(PT-Cu)_(ads)and(PT-Al)_(ads)on the PT/NAB interface.The degree of suppression is increased with the addition of more PT molecules.展开更多
The effect of Cr addition on nickel aluminium bronze(NAB)alloy microstructure,mechanical properties,and erosion-corrosion behaviour has been studied.The results show that Cr addition does not change the composition of...The effect of Cr addition on nickel aluminium bronze(NAB)alloy microstructure,mechanical properties,and erosion-corrosion behaviour has been studied.The results show that Cr addition does not change the composition of the precipitated phases,more Cr entered theκphase and a small amount of Cr solubilized in the matrix,which increase the hardness of theκand matrix and decrease the potential difference between theκand matrix.NAB alloy with Cr shows high erosion-corrosion resistance at high flow rate conditions,due to its lower phase potential difference and higher surface hardness.At the flow rate of 3 m·s^(-1),the corrosion rate is 0.076 mm·year^(-1),which is~20%lower than that of the unadded Cr sample.Moreover,the corrosion product film contains Cr_(2)O_(3)and Cr^(3+),which improves the densification of the film and raises alloy’s corrosion resistance with Cr addition.The combination of mechanical and corrosion resistant properties may qualify this alloy as a potential candidate material for sustainable and safe equipment.展开更多
The layer-by-layer deposition strategy of additive manufacturing makes it ideal to fabricate dissimilar alloy components with varying functionality,which has promising application potential in a large number of indust...The layer-by-layer deposition strategy of additive manufacturing makes it ideal to fabricate dissimilar alloy components with varying functionality,which has promising application potential in a large number of industrial areas.In this study,two components composed of ERCuAl-A2 aluminum bronze(CuAl9)and Inconel 718 nickel-based superalloy were fabricated with different deposition orders by wire-arc directed energy deposition.Subject to changes in heat input and thermophysical properties of the substrate,the transition region of the deposited Cu-Ni component with the bottom half of CuAl9 and the top half of Inconel 718 is narrow and serrated.This region features a laminated intermetallic compound layer due to the convection and rapid cooling in the molten pool.In contrast,the Ni-Cu component deposited in the opposite order exhibits a 2 mm gradient transition zone.Within this region,a large number of diverse precipitates were found as well as regional variations in grain size due to the multi-layer partial remelting.Both two components show strong bonds and their tensile specimens tested along the vertical direction always fracture at the softer CuAl9 side.Excellent tensile properties along the horizontal direction were obtained for Cu-Ni(Ultimate tensile strength:573 MPa,yield stress:302 MPa,elongation:22%),while those of Ni-Cu are much lower due to the existence of the solidification cracks in the transition zone.The results from this study provide a reference for the additive manufacturing of Cu/Ni dissimilar alloy components,as well as their microstructure and mechanical properties control.展开更多
OVER 2,000 years ago,the bronze craftsmen in today’s Datong City,Shanxi Province,had already mastered the superb skills of copper production.Datong bronze-making craft was included in China’s state-level intangible ...OVER 2,000 years ago,the bronze craftsmen in today’s Datong City,Shanxi Province,had already mastered the superb skills of copper production.Datong bronze-making craft was included in China’s state-level intangible cultural heritage list in 2014.The craftsmanship which has been passed down through the millennia still shines brightly today after countless hammer blows and engravings.展开更多
Yunnan in southwest China is a geographically and ethnically complex region at the intersection of southern China and Southeast Asia,and a focal point for human migrations.To clarify its maternal genetic history,we ge...Yunnan in southwest China is a geographically and ethnically complex region at the intersection of southern China and Southeast Asia,and a focal point for human migrations.To clarify its maternal genetic history,we generated 152 complete mitogenomes from 17 Yunnan archaeological sites.Our results reveal distinct genetic histories segregated by geographical regions.Maternal lineages of ancient populations from northwestern and northern Yunnan exhibit closer affinities with past and present-day populations from northern East Asia and Xizang,providing important genetic evidence for the migration and interaction of populations along the Tibetan-Yi corridor since the Neolithic.Between 5500 and 1800 years ago,central Yunnan populations maintained their internal genetic relationships,including a 7000-year-old basal lineage of the rare and widely dispersed haplogroup M61.At the Xingyi site,changes in mitochondrial DNA haplogroups occurred between the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age,with haplogroups shifting from those predominant in the Yellow River region to those predominant in coastal southern China.These results highlight the high diversity of Yunnan populations during the Neolithic to Bronze Age.展开更多
A review of previous archaeological studies on the Xia,Shang,and Zhou dynasties reveals that the classification of artifacts has largely relied on researchers’subjective judgments.This phenomenon is limited by both o...A review of previous archaeological studies on the Xia,Shang,and Zhou dynasties reveals that the classification of artifacts has largely relied on researchers’subjective judgments.This phenomenon is limited by both objective conditions and the researchers’subjective understanding.By analyzing bronzes excavated from a Warring States tomb at Majia town,Xindu district,Chengdu,located in southwestern China’s Sichuan province,this study attempts to develop a more objective methodological framework through three steps:(a)identifying representative examples with well-preserved artifacts and primary contexts;(b)establishing classification criteria based on artifact forms,quantities,spatial arrangements,and anomalies;and(c)testing these criteria against a broader range of archaeological materials.展开更多
Here,visitors can enjoy the melodic tunes of chime bells,admire the exquisite craftsmanship of ancient bronze ware,and get a glimpse of rust-resistant swords and records of laws that date back several millennia.
The cultural relics on display at this museum have become a window for visitors to get a glimpse of Chinese civilization thousands of years ago.THE Hunan Museum in Changsha is the largest history museum in Hunan Provi...The cultural relics on display at this museum have become a window for visitors to get a glimpse of Chinese civilization thousands of years ago.THE Hunan Museum in Changsha is the largest history museum in Hunan Province.It houses over 570,000 items in its collection,featuring relics from the Mawangdui Han Dynasty Tombs,bronzeware from the Shang(1600 B.C.-1046 B.C.)and Zhou(1046 B.C.-256 B.C.)dynasties,Chu State historical artifacts,and other objects.展开更多
Understanding the role of cations within the catalysts in the interfacial water behavior at the electrolyte/catalyst interface is of pivotal importance for designing advanced catalysts toward hydrogen evolution reacti...Understanding the role of cations within the catalysts in the interfacial water behavior at the electrolyte/catalyst interface is of pivotal importance for designing advanced catalysts toward hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),which remains obscure and requires deep probing.Herein,we demonstrate the first investigation of interfacial water behavior on the surface of a series of sodium tungsten bronzes(Na_(x)WO_(3),0_(x)WO_(3)/electrolyte interface.Our integrated studies indicate that the Na ions significantly enrich the electronic state of WO_(6)octahedrons in Na_(x)WO_(3),which leads to the regulated electronic and atomic structures,endowing Na_(x)WO_(3)with disordered interfacial water network containing more isolated H_(3)O^(+)and subsequently moderate H^(*)adsorption to speed the Volmer step at the Na_(x)WO_(3)surface,thus boosting the HER.Consequently,the intrinsic HER activities achieved on those Na_(x)WO_(3)are tens of times higher than those on WO_(3).Particularly,it is found that Na concentration x=0.69 endows Na_(x)WO_(3)with the highest intrinsic HER activity,and the resultant Na_(0.69)WO_(3)with a unique porous octahedral structure exhibits a low overpotential of only 64 mV at current density of 10 mA cm^(-2)in acidic electrolyte.This study provides the first insight into the cation-dependent interfacial water behavior induced by the cations within the catalyst and establishes the interfacial water-activity relationship of HER,thus allowing for the design of a more advanced catalyst with efficient interfacial structu res towa rds HER.展开更多
On New Year’s Eve,Chinese President Xi Jinping delivered his 2025 New Year message through China Media Group and the Internet.Edited excerpts of the message follow:Nurtured by our 5,000-plus years of continuous civil...On New Year’s Eve,Chinese President Xi Jinping delivered his 2025 New Year message through China Media Group and the Internet.Edited excerpts of the message follow:Nurtured by our 5,000-plus years of continuous civilisation,our country,China,is engraved not only on the bottom of the ancient bronze ritual wine vessel of He Zun,but also in the heart of every Chinese.展开更多
Wear is a prevalent issue across various industries. Spherical fused tungsten carbide (sFTC) reinforced nickel-aluminum bronze (NAB) matrix composite surface deposits have shown remarkable potential in mitigating wear...Wear is a prevalent issue across various industries. Spherical fused tungsten carbide (sFTC) reinforced nickel-aluminum bronze (NAB) matrix composite surface deposits have shown remarkable potential in mitigating wear by approximately 80%. However, the performance of these sFTC/NAB composite surface deposits is determined by their residual stress state, and the precise macroscopic and microscopic residual stresses within these composites have yet to be clearly established. To address this gap, we employed neutron diffraction to measure the residual stresses in the sFTC/NAB composite surface deposits and re-melted NAB samples produced via laser melt injection. Significant residual stresses were determined. The maximum tensile macro residual stress appears approximately 1-1.5 mm below the composite layer. Residual stresses accumulate with an increasing number of laser process tracks. The maximum tensile macro residual stress in the three-track samples reaches about 350 MPa. Preheating the base plate significantly reduces the levels of macroscopic residual stress. The WC phase displayed significant compressive thermal misfit residual stress magnitude, while the Cu matrix exhibited tensile thermal misfit residual stress. Preheating the base plate does not reduce microscopic thermal misfit residual stress levels. In addition, a finite element model was built to investigate temperature and residual stresses in the re-melted NAB samples. The predicted temperature history and residual stress agree with the experimental results.展开更多
Phosphor bronze is a commonly used elastic copper alloy,widely applied in electronic connectors and terminals[1-4].With the rapid development of 5 G mobile communication technology and the new energy vehicle industry,...Phosphor bronze is a commonly used elastic copper alloy,widely applied in electronic connectors and terminals[1-4].With the rapid development of 5 G mobile communication technology and the new energy vehicle industry,the size requirements for connectors have been reduced,while the demand for strength has gradually increased[5].This requires the alloy to possess higher strength and better deformability.展开更多
In contemporary China,some domestic films are deeply rooted in traditional Chinese culture,contributing to more and more excellent film&TV programs,among which,the styling inspired by animal patterns on Late Shang...In contemporary China,some domestic films are deeply rooted in traditional Chinese culture,contributing to more and more excellent film&TV programs,among which,the styling inspired by animal patterns on Late Shang Dynasty bronze ware has given strong vitality to the film&TV programs.This paper is intended to compile and understand the cultural value and artistic features of the patterns on Late Shang Dynasty bronze ware as well as its value in the traditional pattern application.It provides certain references regarding the role of film&TV styling in the inheritance and application of traditional patterns,if we analyze the cognition and status quo of the Late Shang Dynasty bronze ware patterns in the contemporary film&TV styling,and if we go deep into its artistic value and its application within such makeup design and identify the problems and laws in current design cases.Such analysis also provides a way of thinking for the application of traditional patterns in current film&TV costume design.展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province(No.10151063201000003)Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.21610706)
文摘Single crystals of ternary sodium tungsten bronzes have been prepared by the electrolysis of molten Na_(2)W0_(4)-W0_(3)system.X-ray powder diffraction and energy dispersive spectroscopy results reveal that the obtained samples are of cubic phase with empirical formula of Na0.54W03.Electrical resistivity measurement indicates a metallic conducting behavior without any anomaly from 5-300 K.
文摘New polyoxometalate α-K 12H 3[Y(BW 11O 39) 2]·25H 2O was synthesized and treated by high temperature gaseous rare earth permeation to prepare tungsten bronze K 0.475WO 3. XRD, TG-DTA, XPS, 183W-NMR,CV and AC impedance spectra were used to characterize the resulting material. The results of XPS indicate that La has permeated and diffused into the body of the sample and exists in the forms of binding with other components. The crystal structure parameters of K 0.475WO 3 were obtained by the analysis of XRD, which shows tetragonal crystal system with lattice parameters: a=12 28 nm, c=3.833 nm, V=578.48 nm -3. The conductivities calculated from the results of AC impedance spectra of the material increase with the increasing of temperature, which shows a semiconductor character.
基金the University of South Australia Postgraduate Research Program during a period of1996 to 1999
文摘The present study was set up to examine the effect of alloying elements （including harmful elements） on metallurgical features （material properties and qualitative parameters） of tin bronzes, with particular reference to church bells from Middle Ages to Current times. A driving force of this study was to identify and demonstrate features related to the quality of church bells made in different centuries. The findings have been derived via metallographic and chemical analysis of specimens of bells from various parts of Australasia and Europe. The bell materials consisted of a mixture of the a phase and the （α＋β） eutectoid essentially, in proportions determined by tin content and mould materials during casting. The samples from the 15th century to the one from the 20th century showed a progressive increase in hardness, ranging from the minimum of -280 VHM20g to a maximum of -470 VHM20g for the （α＋β） eutectoid, and -160 VHM20g to -230 VHM20g for the a phase. The investigation also shows that the sound decay of the bell decreased with lowering the wt.% of tin and increasing the wt.% of lead and silver. This information is expected to provide an additional interesting knowledge into manufacturing practices and their significance in the quality of church bells over past centuries.
文摘A rare glimse into a forotten toorld,with bronzeware as the only relic left behind from one of southwest China's more advanced,yet more savage,civilizations.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(J1210061)
文摘The typical morphology of alloy lead（Pb） in ancient bronzes made in the Spring-Autumn Warring States Period（770 B.C.-221 B.C.）,China,was examined by using electron microscopic techniques.We propose that the main purposes for adding metallic Pb in a large quantity into ancient bronzes,such as arrows and ritual vessel-Ding,were for increasing weight and economical reasons.In order to promote adding efficiency and improve casting quality for getting homogenously distributed Pb particles in the bronzes,a process through inserting Pb rod into the mold is supposed to be used during casting,which provided a process for preventing Pb sinkage.Scanning electron microscope（SEM） observations from the fracture surface of the bronzes revealed that the Pb particle possessed a ＂hollow-cored bubble＂ structure,which was formed due to absorbing casting gases during solidification and therefore indirectly eliminated the casting porosity and loosen.
基金This work has been partially supported by European Research Council Horizon 2020 Advanced Project FLAME(ERC AdG 670010Flow of Metal Across Eurasia).
文摘The use of lead,some of which is characterized by a highly radiogenic signature,sharply distinguishes Bronze Age China from the rest of Eurasia.Scholars have long hypothesized that silver can offer an independent proxy to characterize lead minerals.The summary of silver distribution associated with Shang and Western Zhou bronzes in this paper reveals an important difference between the south(Sanxingdui,Hanzhong,Jinsha,Panlongcheng,Xin’gan)and the Central Plains.Correlating silver with lead content as well as with the isotopic signature indicates that south China and the Central Plains had different lead sources during the late Shang period,and also that the highly radiogenic and common lead used at Anyang come from geochemical environments which cannot be distinguished by the level of silver.
基金This work was supported by the Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project.
文摘By identifying the dates of the Zhouji materials (one kind of oracle bone) during the period of King Xin (also called Zhou the last monarch in Shang Dynasty), this paper establishes a new 'Direct Solving Method' (DSM) to solve the chronology problems in the Shang and Zhou dynasties. The mathematical models are more suitable for those materials with the Ganzhi (the Heavenly Stems and Earthly Branches, the Chinese ancient date recorded method being of the 60-day cycle, that the repetitive cycle is independent of any astronomical parameter, each day within this cycle has its own name and can also be expressed by the numbers from 1 to 60) record of the date, lunar month, and their year intervals and all of them are in history documents, oracle bones and bronze vessels. For example, taking the 12 Zhouji materials in the period of King Xin, we derive the two best results of the first year when Xin assumed the reins of government in probably 1063 BC or 1052 BC.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52171069).
文摘A pyrimidine derivative,6-phenyl-2-thiouracil(PT),was synthesized for developing a corrosion inhibitor(CI)applied in the protection of the nickel−aluminum bronze(NAB)in seawater.The anti-corrosion effect of PT was evaluated by the mass loss experiment,electrochemical tests and surface analysis.The results show that PT exhibits excellent inhibition performance and the maximum inhibition efficiency of PT reaches 99.6%.The interaction mechanism was investigated through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS)and molecule dynamics simulation based on the density functional theory(DFT).The S-Cu,Al-N and Cu-N bonds are formed by the chemical interactions,leading to the adsorption of PT on the NAB surface.The diffusion of corrosive species is hindered considerably by the protective PT film with composition of(PT-Cu)_(ads)and(PT-Al)_(ads)on the PT/NAB interface.The degree of suppression is increased with the addition of more PT molecules.
基金supported by Beijing Nova Program(No.20230484371)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2021YFB3700700).
文摘The effect of Cr addition on nickel aluminium bronze(NAB)alloy microstructure,mechanical properties,and erosion-corrosion behaviour has been studied.The results show that Cr addition does not change the composition of the precipitated phases,more Cr entered theκphase and a small amount of Cr solubilized in the matrix,which increase the hardness of theκand matrix and decrease the potential difference between theκand matrix.NAB alloy with Cr shows high erosion-corrosion resistance at high flow rate conditions,due to its lower phase potential difference and higher surface hardness.At the flow rate of 3 m·s^(-1),the corrosion rate is 0.076 mm·year^(-1),which is~20%lower than that of the unadded Cr sample.Moreover,the corrosion product film contains Cr_(2)O_(3)and Cr^(3+),which improves the densification of the film and raises alloy’s corrosion resistance with Cr addition.The combination of mechanical and corrosion resistant properties may qualify this alloy as a potential candidate material for sustainable and safe equipment.
基金supported by the Key Research and Development Program of Shaanxi Province(2023-YBGY361)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52275374 and 52205414)+1 种基金the Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(GZC20232098)as well as the Xiaomi Foundation through Xiaomi Young Scholar Program。
文摘The layer-by-layer deposition strategy of additive manufacturing makes it ideal to fabricate dissimilar alloy components with varying functionality,which has promising application potential in a large number of industrial areas.In this study,two components composed of ERCuAl-A2 aluminum bronze(CuAl9)and Inconel 718 nickel-based superalloy were fabricated with different deposition orders by wire-arc directed energy deposition.Subject to changes in heat input and thermophysical properties of the substrate,the transition region of the deposited Cu-Ni component with the bottom half of CuAl9 and the top half of Inconel 718 is narrow and serrated.This region features a laminated intermetallic compound layer due to the convection and rapid cooling in the molten pool.In contrast,the Ni-Cu component deposited in the opposite order exhibits a 2 mm gradient transition zone.Within this region,a large number of diverse precipitates were found as well as regional variations in grain size due to the multi-layer partial remelting.Both two components show strong bonds and their tensile specimens tested along the vertical direction always fracture at the softer CuAl9 side.Excellent tensile properties along the horizontal direction were obtained for Cu-Ni(Ultimate tensile strength:573 MPa,yield stress:302 MPa,elongation:22%),while those of Ni-Cu are much lower due to the existence of the solidification cracks in the transition zone.The results from this study provide a reference for the additive manufacturing of Cu/Ni dissimilar alloy components,as well as their microstructure and mechanical properties control.
文摘OVER 2,000 years ago,the bronze craftsmen in today’s Datong City,Shanxi Province,had already mastered the superb skills of copper production.Datong bronze-making craft was included in China’s state-level intangible cultural heritage list in 2014.The craftsmanship which has been passed down through the millennia still shines brightly today after countless hammer blows and engravings.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(41925009)National Key R&D Program of China(2022YFE0203800)+2 种基金the Ministry of Finance of the People’s Republic of China(YSBR-019)Science and Technology Innovation Team of Shaanxi Province(2024RS-CXTD-74)Xiaohong Wu was supported by the Key National Social Science Foundation of China(No.16ZDA144).
文摘Yunnan in southwest China is a geographically and ethnically complex region at the intersection of southern China and Southeast Asia,and a focal point for human migrations.To clarify its maternal genetic history,we generated 152 complete mitogenomes from 17 Yunnan archaeological sites.Our results reveal distinct genetic histories segregated by geographical regions.Maternal lineages of ancient populations from northwestern and northern Yunnan exhibit closer affinities with past and present-day populations from northern East Asia and Xizang,providing important genetic evidence for the migration and interaction of populations along the Tibetan-Yi corridor since the Neolithic.Between 5500 and 1800 years ago,central Yunnan populations maintained their internal genetic relationships,including a 7000-year-old basal lineage of the rare and widely dispersed haplogroup M61.At the Xingyi site,changes in mitochondrial DNA haplogroups occurred between the Late Neolithic and Bronze Age,with haplogroups shifting from those predominant in the Yellow River region to those predominant in coastal southern China.These results highlight the high diversity of Yunnan populations during the Neolithic to Bronze Age.
基金the National Social Science Fund of China-sponsored key project Collation and Research of Materials from the Sanxingdui Sacrificial Pit(Grant No.:22AKG006).
文摘A review of previous archaeological studies on the Xia,Shang,and Zhou dynasties reveals that the classification of artifacts has largely relied on researchers’subjective judgments.This phenomenon is limited by both objective conditions and the researchers’subjective understanding.By analyzing bronzes excavated from a Warring States tomb at Majia town,Xindu district,Chengdu,located in southwestern China’s Sichuan province,this study attempts to develop a more objective methodological framework through three steps:(a)identifying representative examples with well-preserved artifacts and primary contexts;(b)establishing classification criteria based on artifact forms,quantities,spatial arrangements,and anomalies;and(c)testing these criteria against a broader range of archaeological materials.
文摘Here,visitors can enjoy the melodic tunes of chime bells,admire the exquisite craftsmanship of ancient bronze ware,and get a glimpse of rust-resistant swords and records of laws that date back several millennia.
文摘The cultural relics on display at this museum have become a window for visitors to get a glimpse of Chinese civilization thousands of years ago.THE Hunan Museum in Changsha is the largest history museum in Hunan Province.It houses over 570,000 items in its collection,featuring relics from the Mawangdui Han Dynasty Tombs,bronzeware from the Shang(1600 B.C.-1046 B.C.)and Zhou(1046 B.C.-256 B.C.)dynasties,Chu State historical artifacts,and other objects.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22279069,22179067,22478211 and 22372017)the Major Fundamental Research Program of Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2022ZD10)。
文摘Understanding the role of cations within the catalysts in the interfacial water behavior at the electrolyte/catalyst interface is of pivotal importance for designing advanced catalysts toward hydrogen evolution reaction(HER),which remains obscure and requires deep probing.Herein,we demonstrate the first investigation of interfacial water behavior on the surface of a series of sodium tungsten bronzes(Na_(x)WO_(3),0_(x)WO_(3)/electrolyte interface.Our integrated studies indicate that the Na ions significantly enrich the electronic state of WO_(6)octahedrons in Na_(x)WO_(3),which leads to the regulated electronic and atomic structures,endowing Na_(x)WO_(3)with disordered interfacial water network containing more isolated H_(3)O^(+)and subsequently moderate H^(*)adsorption to speed the Volmer step at the Na_(x)WO_(3)surface,thus boosting the HER.Consequently,the intrinsic HER activities achieved on those Na_(x)WO_(3)are tens of times higher than those on WO_(3).Particularly,it is found that Na concentration x=0.69 endows Na_(x)WO_(3)with the highest intrinsic HER activity,and the resultant Na_(0.69)WO_(3)with a unique porous octahedral structure exhibits a low overpotential of only 64 mV at current density of 10 mA cm^(-2)in acidic electrolyte.This study provides the first insight into the cation-dependent interfacial water behavior induced by the cations within the catalyst and establishes the interfacial water-activity relationship of HER,thus allowing for the design of a more advanced catalyst with efficient interfacial structu res towa rds HER.
文摘On New Year’s Eve,Chinese President Xi Jinping delivered his 2025 New Year message through China Media Group and the Internet.Edited excerpts of the message follow:Nurtured by our 5,000-plus years of continuous civilisation,our country,China,is engraved not only on the bottom of the ancient bronze ritual wine vessel of He Zun,but also in the heart of every Chinese.
文摘Wear is a prevalent issue across various industries. Spherical fused tungsten carbide (sFTC) reinforced nickel-aluminum bronze (NAB) matrix composite surface deposits have shown remarkable potential in mitigating wear by approximately 80%. However, the performance of these sFTC/NAB composite surface deposits is determined by their residual stress state, and the precise macroscopic and microscopic residual stresses within these composites have yet to be clearly established. To address this gap, we employed neutron diffraction to measure the residual stresses in the sFTC/NAB composite surface deposits and re-melted NAB samples produced via laser melt injection. Significant residual stresses were determined. The maximum tensile macro residual stress appears approximately 1-1.5 mm below the composite layer. Residual stresses accumulate with an increasing number of laser process tracks. The maximum tensile macro residual stress in the three-track samples reaches about 350 MPa. Preheating the base plate significantly reduces the levels of macroscopic residual stress. The WC phase displayed significant compressive thermal misfit residual stress magnitude, while the Cu matrix exhibited tensile thermal misfit residual stress. Preheating the base plate does not reduce microscopic thermal misfit residual stress levels. In addition, a finite element model was built to investigate temperature and residual stresses in the re-melted NAB samples. The predicted temperature history and residual stress agree with the experimental results.
基金support of the Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.U23A20611 and 52071050)the Innovation and Entrepreneurship of High-level Talents Project of Dalian(No.2020RD07)the Science and Technology Innovation Project of Ningbo(No.2024Z077).
文摘Phosphor bronze is a commonly used elastic copper alloy,widely applied in electronic connectors and terminals[1-4].With the rapid development of 5 G mobile communication technology and the new energy vehicle industry,the size requirements for connectors have been reduced,while the demand for strength has gradually increased[5].This requires the alloy to possess higher strength and better deformability.
基金supported by the Education and Teaching Reform Program,Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology.
文摘In contemporary China,some domestic films are deeply rooted in traditional Chinese culture,contributing to more and more excellent film&TV programs,among which,the styling inspired by animal patterns on Late Shang Dynasty bronze ware has given strong vitality to the film&TV programs.This paper is intended to compile and understand the cultural value and artistic features of the patterns on Late Shang Dynasty bronze ware as well as its value in the traditional pattern application.It provides certain references regarding the role of film&TV styling in the inheritance and application of traditional patterns,if we analyze the cognition and status quo of the Late Shang Dynasty bronze ware patterns in the contemporary film&TV styling,and if we go deep into its artistic value and its application within such makeup design and identify the problems and laws in current design cases.Such analysis also provides a way of thinking for the application of traditional patterns in current film&TV costume design.
