Plant flowering and breeding characteristics are important for us to understand the reproduction of plant populations. In this paper, we studied the reproduction characteristics of Jatropha curcas in Yuanjiang County ...Plant flowering and breeding characteristics are important for us to understand the reproduction of plant populations. In this paper, we studied the reproduction characteristics of Jatropha curcas in Yuanjiang County （23°36＇1＇4, 101°00＇E）, Yunnan Province. The plant produces flowers in dichasial inflorescences. Normally, the flowers are unisexual, and male and female flowers are produced in the same inflorescence. Only a few male flowers are produced in an inflorescence, and fruits are produced only through pollination between different flowers from the same or different plants. By the treatments of emasculation, bagging and artificial pollination in this experiment, there were few but same fruit set ratios when the inflorescences were emasculated, bagged, or bagged with net, except artificial pollination treatments, which showed that Jatropha curcas could produce fruit through apomixis but not wind pollination. When the inflorescences were unbagged, unemasculated and with free pollination treatments, or bagged, emasculated and with artificial cross-pollination treatments, or unbagged, emasculated and with free pollination treatments, there were many fruits produced. It showed that Jatropha curcas shows outcrossing, is self-compatible, and demanding for pollinators. Normally, the male flowers open first and a few flowers bloom in one day in a raceme. These flowers last a long time in bloom. However, a large number of female flowers open from the third to the fifth day, with some female flowers opening first in a few raceme. This shows a tendency to promote xenogamy and minimize geitonogamy.展开更多
Meat and milk production needs to increase ～ 70–80% relative to its current levels for satisfying the human needs in 2050.However,it is impossible to achieve such genetic gain by conventional animal breeding systems...Meat and milk production needs to increase ～ 70–80% relative to its current levels for satisfying the human needs in 2050.However,it is impossible to achieve such genetic gain by conventional animal breeding systems.Based on recent advances with regard to in vitro induction of germ cell from pluripotent stem cells,herein we propose a novel embryo-stem cell breeding system.Distinct from the conventional breeding system in farm animals that involves selecting and mating individuals,the novel breeding system completes breeding cycles from parental to offspring embryos directly by selecting and mating embryos in a dish.In comparison to the conventional dairy breeding scheme,this system can rapidly achieve 30–40 times more genetic gain by significantly shortening generation interval and enhancing selection intensity.However,several major obstacles must be overcome before we can fully use this system in livestock breeding,which include derivation and mantaince of pluripotent stem cells in domestic animals,as well as in vitro induction of primordial germ cells,and subsequent haploid gametes.Thus,we also discuss the potential efforts needed in solving the obstacles for application this novel system,and elaborate on their groundbreaking potential in livestock breeding.This novel system would provide a revolutionary animal breeding system by offering an unprecedented opportunity for meeting the fast-growing meat and milk demand of humans.展开更多
Data on breeding ecology of a color-band marked population of the ground tit Parus humilis were collected in north Qinghai on the Tibetan plateau, during 2008 and 2009. In spring the birds excavated 0.8-3.2 m long nes...Data on breeding ecology of a color-band marked population of the ground tit Parus humilis were collected in north Qinghai on the Tibetan plateau, during 2008 and 2009. In spring the birds excavated 0.8-3.2 m long nesting burrows under the ground. First-egg laying occurred between late April and late June during which a pair produced one brood. Incubation was done by female alone for 15-16 days and nestling-feeding by both sexes and helpers in any for 23-25 days. Average brood size at fledging was 5.8 （＋ 1.4 SD, 3-8） and all the 27 observed nesting attempts fledged at least one young. At the population level, brood sex ratio did not differ from 1：1. The birds are a territory-living resident, with annual resight rates being 48% （22 of 46） in adult breeders and 10% （7 of 67） in yearlings. Pairs were socially monogamous, of which 23% （9 of 40） contained one and some- times two male helpers, most likely being philopatric sons of the breeders. The formation of cooperative groups is similar to the population in central Tibet but differs from that in south Guansu where breeding ground tits exhibit a high level of annual turnover展开更多
Shoot-tip culture of strawberry is the most important way to get virus-free plants.Moreover,detoxification and rapid propagation are the key techniques for producing high-quality seeds and seedlings massively and rapi...Shoot-tip culture of strawberry is the most important way to get virus-free plants.Moreover,detoxification and rapid propagation are the key techniques for producing high-quality seeds and seedlings massively and rapidly and achieving the high-quality,high-yield and high-efficiency development of strawberry industry.We have recently produced virus-free strawberry seedlings by combing tissue culture technology and stolon-reproduction method and this technology has been widely used.In addition,a relatively perfect three breeding system of virus-free strawberry seedlings was established after production practices,guaranteeing the supply of high-quality seeds and seedlings and technical support for strawberry industry in corps.展开更多
A questionnaire survey and focused group discussions were conducted to characterize sheep production systems and traditional breeding practices of Gumz sheep as an essential step for designing the Gumz sheep breed con...A questionnaire survey and focused group discussions were conducted to characterize sheep production systems and traditional breeding practices of Gumz sheep as an essential step for designing the Gumz sheep breed conservation and improvement programme. A total of 240 households were included in the study during the period of November 2016 to March 2016. Smallholder farmers kept sheep as a source of income, meat and wealth with an index value of 0.43, 0.19 and 0.15, respectively. Important purposes of large scale farmers for keeping sheep were source of cash income (0.57) and investment opportunity (0.22). Average sheep flock sizes were 17.25 ± 0.68 and 90.63 ± 5.38 at smallholder and large scale production systems, respectively. Smallholder sheep flocks’ composition was 7.47 ± 0.28 Gumz, 3.68 ± 0.25 Rutana and 4.52 ± 0.22 Rutana-Gumz crossbred sheep. The corresponding figures for large scale farms were 21.2 ± 1.4, 30.7 ± 1.69 and 24.7 ± 1.47 sheep. The average numbers of rams in the smallholder sheep flocks were 0.31 ± 0.04 Gumz, 0.39 ± 0.04 Rutana and 0.24 ± 0.03 crossbreds, respectively. The corresponding figures for large scale farms were 3.10 ± 0.13 Rutana and 0.90 ± 0.14 crossbreds. The Gumz sheep was large in number, but farmers prefer Rutana and its crosses than Gumz in both systems. Diseases, stock theft and labour shortage were reported as the main constraints of sheep production. Although the pure Gumz breed meets the multifaceted roles of sheep for the smallholder farmers, the Gumz sheep population was declining in number in the study area due to uncontrolled breeding with Rutana and high preference of farmers for crossbreds over Gumz sheep. It is observed that there is a risk of dilution and loss of genetic diversity of the Gumz sheep. Hence, we recommend designing of conservation-based breeding program to conserve the locally adapted Gumz breed as well as to improve sheep production and productivity in the area through rational utilization of all the three genotypes.展开更多
In order to reduce the use of peat resources and realize the sustainable development of tobacco, the pH of distiller s grain substrate was adjusted with humic acid, and the effects of various distiller s grain substra...In order to reduce the use of peat resources and realize the sustainable development of tobacco, the pH of distiller s grain substrate was adjusted with humic acid, and the effects of various distiller s grain substrates on the growth of tobacco seedlings were studied to find out the method of cultivating high-quality tobacco seedlings by using distiller s grain substrate. The results showed that when 60% of humic acid was added to the distiller s grain substrate made from coarse distiller s grains, fine distiller s grains, perlite and vermiculite, both the pH and electrical conductivity decreased significantly and were similar to that of the conventional substrate. Moreover, the emergence rate of tobacco seedlings, the rate of strong tobacco seedlings, leaf number, stem height, root growth and quality of tobacco seedlings were good.展开更多
Rice(Oryza sativa L.)isa staplecropforhalf theworld's Ipopulation and an important contributor to world food security.The discovery and application of cytoplasmic male sterility(CMS)and fertility restoration(Rf)ge...Rice(Oryza sativa L.)isa staplecropforhalf theworld's Ipopulation and an important contributor to world food security.The discovery and application of cytoplasmic male sterility(CMS)and fertility restoration(Rf)genetic materials have allowed the production of three-line hybrid rice(Kim and Zhang,2018),successfully harnessing heterosis in crops.Three major CMS and/or Rf systems are commonly used to produce three-line hybrid rice:Wild Abortive(CMS-WA),Boroll(CMS-BT),and Honglian(CMS-HL).Among these,the CMS-WA system is the most widely employed(Sattari et al.,2007;Chen and Liu,2014;Huang et al.,2014).Several Rf genes from different CMS systems have been cloned in rice,including Rf4 for CMS-WA(Tang et al.,2014),Rf1a and Rf1b for CMS-BT(Wang et al.,2006),Rf5,and Rf6 for CMS-HL(Huet al.,2012;Huang et al.,2015),and Rf19for CMS-FA(Jiang et al.,2022).A molecular mechanism and evolutionary model for the CMS-WA gene WA352c have also been reported(Luo et al.,2013;Tang et al.,2017).展开更多
In this work,we report long-term trends in the abundance and breeding performance of Adélie penguins(Pygoscelis adeliae)nesting in three Antarctic colonies(i.e.,at Martin Point,South Orkneys Islands;Stranger Poin...In this work,we report long-term trends in the abundance and breeding performance of Adélie penguins(Pygoscelis adeliae)nesting in three Antarctic colonies(i.e.,at Martin Point,South Orkneys Islands;Stranger Point/Cabo Funes,South Shetland Islands;and Esperanza/Hope Bay in the Antarctic Peninsula)from 1995/96 to 2022/23.Using yearly count data of breeding groups selected,we observed a decline in the number of breeding pairs and chicks in crèche at all colonies studied.However,the magnitude of change was higher at Stranger Point than that in the remaining colonies.Moreover,the index of breeding success,which was calculated as the ratio of chicks in crèche to breeding pairs,exhibited no apparent trend throughout the study period.However,it displayed greater variability at Martin Point compared to the other two colonies under investigation.Although the number of chicks in crèche of Adélie penguins showed a declining pattern,the average breeding performance was similar to that reported in gentoo penguin colonies,specifically,those undergoing a population increase(even in sympatric colonies facing similar local conditions).Consequently,it is plausible to assume a reduction of the over-winter survival as a likely cause of the declining trend observed,at least in the Stranger Point and Esperanza colonies.However,we cannot rule out local effects during the breeding season affecting the Adélie population of Martin Point.展开更多
The security of the seed industry is crucial for ensuring national food security.Currently,developed countries in Europe and America,along with international seed industry giants,have entered the Breeding 4.0 era.This...The security of the seed industry is crucial for ensuring national food security.Currently,developed countries in Europe and America,along with international seed industry giants,have entered the Breeding 4.0 era.This era integrates biotechnology,artificial intelligence(AI),and big data information technology.In contrast,China is still in a transition period between stages 2.0 and 3.0,which primarily relies on conventional selection and molecular breeding.In the context of increasingly complex international situations,accurately identifying core issues in China's seed industry innovation and seizing the frontier of international seed technology are strategically important.These efforts are essential for ensuring food security and revitalizing the seed industry.This paper systematically analyzes the characteristics of crop breeding data from artificial selection to intelligent design breeding.It explores the applications and development trends of AI and big data in modern crop breeding from several key perspectives.These include highthroughput phenotype acquisition and analysis,multiomics big data database and management system construction,AI-based multiomics integrated analysis,and the development of intelligent breeding software tools based on biological big data and AI technology.Based on an in-depth analysis of the current status and challenges of China's seed industry technology development,we propose strategic goals and key tasks for China's new generation of AI and big data-driven intelligent design breeding.These suggestions aim to accelerate the development of an intelligent-driven crop breeding engineering system that features large-scale gene mining,efficient gene manipulation,engineered variety design,and systematized biobreeding.This study provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the development of China's seed industry technology.展开更多
Advancements in molecular approaches have been utilized to breed crops with a wide range of economically valuable traits to develop superior cultivars.This review provides a concise overview of modern breakthroughs in...Advancements in molecular approaches have been utilized to breed crops with a wide range of economically valuable traits to develop superior cultivars.This review provides a concise overview of modern breakthroughs in molecular plant production.Genotyping and high-throughput phenotyping methods for predictive plant breeding are briefly discussed.In this study,we explore contemporary molecular breeding techniques for producing desirable crop varieties.These techniques include cisgenesis,clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat(CRISPR/Cas9)gene editing,haploid induction,and de novo domestication.We examine the speed breeding approach-a strategy for cultivating plants under controlled conditions.We further highlight the significance of modern breeding technologies in efficiently utilizing agricultural resources for crop production in urban areas.The deciphering of crop genomes has led to the development of extensive DNA markers,quantitative trait loci(QTLs),and pangenomes associated with various desirable crop traits.This shift to the genotypic selection of crops considerably expedites the plant breeding process.Based on the plant population used,the connection between genotypic and phenotypic data provides several genetic elements,including genes,markers,and alleles that can be used in genomic breeding and gene editing.The integration of speed breeding with genomic-assisted breeding and cutting-edge genome editing tools has made it feasible to rapidly manipulate and generate multiple crop cycles and accelerate the plant breeding process.Breakthroughs in molecular techniques have led to substantial improvements in modern breeding methods.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to solve the problems of long breeding cycle and low induction rate of double-haploid plants of asparagus.[Methods]Based on the achievements and practice of breeding research,an al...[Objectives]This study was conducted to solve the problems of long breeding cycle and low induction rate of double-haploid plants of asparagus.[Methods]Based on the achievements and practice of breeding research,an all-male asparagus breeding technology system was constructed.[Results]The technology system includes such six techniques as collection and identification of germplasm resources,tetraploid plant induction,anther culture,artificial hybridization of double-haploid plants,offspring screening and tissue culture and rapid propagation of parents.[Conclusions]The construction of this system lays a foundation for breeding new all-male asparagus varieties with excellent quality.展开更多
The intensification of global warming has led to the continuous outbreak of southern rust(Puccinia polysora Underw.)in major maize-producing regions worldwide.The severe outbreak in the Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize reg...The intensification of global warming has led to the continuous outbreak of southern rust(Puccinia polysora Underw.)in major maize-producing regions worldwide.The severe outbreak in the Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize region of China in 2021 caused yield losses exceeding 50%in some plots,and this disease has been included in the List of Key Crop Pests and Diseases.This paper systematically reviews the molecular resistance mechanisms of maize to southern rust,focusing on the immune mechanisms mediated by NLR family genes and the characteristics of the Bin 10.01 resistance gene cluster;it summarizes the advances in research of molecular breeding technologies such as gene marker development,map-based cloning,and gene editing;combined with the disease characteristics of the spring-sown maize region in Southwest China and the summer-sown maize region in Huang-Huai-Hai,it elaborates on regionally adapted prevention and control strategies;integrating breeding practices of Dunhuang Seed Industry Group(e.g.,Dunyu 810 and Dunyan 616),it proposes a full-chain solution of"precision gene pyramiding-heterotic group utilization-regional promotion".It is expected to provide theoretical and technical references for molecular breeding of maize resistance to southern rust.展开更多
Computer simulation permits answering theoretical and applied questions in animal and plant breeding.Blib is a novel multi-module simulation platform,which is able to handle more complicated genetic effects and models...Computer simulation permits answering theoretical and applied questions in animal and plant breeding.Blib is a novel multi-module simulation platform,which is able to handle more complicated genetic effects and models than most existing tools.In this study,we describe one major and unified application module of Blib,i.e.,ISB(abbreviated from in silico breeding),for simulating the three categories of breeding programs for developing clonal,pure-line and hybrid cultivars in plants.Genetic models on environments and breeding-targeted traits,one or several parental populations,and a number of breeding methods are key elements to run simulation experiments in ISB,which are arranged in three external input files by given formats.Applications of ISB are illustrated by three case studies,representing the three categories of plant breeding programs.Under the condition that 5000 F1 progenies were generated and tested from 50 heterozygous parents,Case study I showed that 50 crosses,each of 100 progenies,made the best balance between genetic achievement and field cost.In Case study II,one optimum breeding method was identified by which the pure lines with high yield and medium maturity could be developed.Case study III investigated the genetic consequence in hybrid breeding from five testers.One tester was identified for the simultaneous improvement in F1 hybrids and inbred lines.In summary,ISB identified a balanced crossing scheme,an optimum pure-line selection method,and an optimized tester in three case studies which are relevant to plant breeding.We believe the prediction by simulation would be highly required in front of the next generation of breeding to be driven by informatics and intelligence.展开更多
Molecular tools have drawn the attention ofmodern plant breeders for its great precision and superiority.As the global population is increasing gradually,food production should be enhanced to feed the growing populati...Molecular tools have drawn the attention ofmodern plant breeders for its great precision and superiority.As the global population is increasing gradually,food production should be enhanced to feed the growing population.Therefore,precise and fast breeding tools are becoming obvious.Moreover,climate change has become a critical issue in crop improvement.Advanced breeding methods are vital to combat the impact of climate change,including biotic and abiotic stresses.Major molecular techniques,such as‘CRISPR-Cas’mediated‘genome editing’,‘marker-assisted selection(MAS)’,‘whole genome sequencing’,‘RNAi’,transgenic approach,‘high-throughput phenotyping(HTP)’,mutation breeding,have been proven superior over traditional breeding in terms of precision,efficiency,and speed in developing stress-resistant improved varieties.This review explores the potential and superiority ofmolecular breeding methods and highlights the gaps(time,cost,efficiency,etc.)in traditional breeding methods,where modern breeding programs,asmentioned,are effective.Furthermore,this reviewwill focus on the necessity of keymodern plant breeding techniques as a foundation for sustainable farming practices to address emerging environmental challenges,ensure food security,and improve the yield and quality of crops.展开更多
[Objectives]To obtain a novel cultivar of Chuanminshen violaceum with robust growth,high yield,and stable genetic traits.[Methods]A systematic selection method was employed to conduct a multi-point testing and regiona...[Objectives]To obtain a novel cultivar of Chuanminshen violaceum with robust growth,high yield,and stable genetic traits.[Methods]A systematic selection method was employed to conduct a multi-point testing and regional production trial utilizing C.violaceum strain CMS1,which was sourced from a semi-wild population in Langzhong,Sichuan Province,as the experimental material.In contrast,C.violaceum CMS2,derived from a cultivated population in Langzhong,Sichuan Province,along with a mixed population of C.violaceum cultispecies from the same region,served as the control material.Through a comparative analysis of phenological periods,agronomic traits,yield,and quality,a novel cultivar,‘Chengming No.1’,was ultimately selected and developed based on its superior comprehensive evaluation.[Results]In the phenological period survey conducted as part of a two-year comparative study,the CMS1 strain exhibited a shorter growth cycle compared to others.Furthermore,the agronomic characteristics of the CMS1 strain were superior to those of both CMS2 and CK.The average yields of CMS1,CMS2,and CK in the 2019 cultivar comparison test and yield trial were 468.88,448.52,and 422.15 kg/667 m 2,respectively.This resulted in an average yield increase of 11.07%for CMS1 compared to CK and 6.25%for CMS2 compared to CK.The average yields of CMS1,CMS2,and CK in the 2020 cultivar comparison test and yield trial were 482.69,467.54,and 436.82 kg/667 m 2,respectively.CMS1 exhibited an average yield increase of 10.50%compared to CK,while CMS2 demonstrated an average yield increase of 7.03%relative to CK.Furthermore,the average yield of CMS1 per 667 m 2 achieved a statistically significant level compared to CK in both years of the study.In multiple-point comparison and yield trials conducted in 2019 and 2020,the CMS1 strain exhibited a total ash content of 15.30%,an acid-insoluble ash content of 1.30%,a moisture content of 10.80%,and water-soluble extract amounting to 11.40%.All of the indicators conformed to the criteria established by the Sichuan Standards for Chinese Medicinal Materials(2010 Edition).[Conclusions]The CMS1 strain successfully passed the field technical appraisal for the novel cultivar of C.violaceum in 2021.This cultivar is characterized by high yield,excellent quality,and stable traits.In 2022,it received validation from the Sichuan Provincial Committee for the Certification of Non-Staple Crop Varieties and was officially named‘Chengming No.1’(CRY 2022002).This cultivar demonstrates significant potential for widespread cultivation.展开更多
Sorghum,renowned for its substantial biomass production and remarkable tolerance to various stresses,possesses extensive gene resources and phenotypic variations.A comprehensive understanding of the genetic basis unde...Sorghum,renowned for its substantial biomass production and remarkable tolerance to various stresses,possesses extensive gene resources and phenotypic variations.A comprehensive understanding of the genetic basis underlying complex agronomic traits is essential for unlocking the potential of sorghum in addressing food and feed security and utilizing marginal lands.In this context,we provide an overview of the major trends in genomic resource studies focusing on key agronomic traits over the past decade,accompanied by a summary of functional genomic platforms.We also delve into the molecular functions and regulatory networks of impactful genes for important agricultural traits.Lastly,we discuss and synthesize the current challenges and prospects for advancing molecular design breeding by gene-editing and polymerization of the excellent alleles,with the aim of accelerating the development of desired sorghum varieties.展开更多
Soybean(Glycine max)is a vital foundation of global food security,providing a primary source of highquality protein and oil for human consumption and animal feed.The rising global population has significantly increase...Soybean(Glycine max)is a vital foundation of global food security,providing a primary source of highquality protein and oil for human consumption and animal feed.The rising global population has significantly increased the demand for soybeans,emphasizing the urgency of developing high-yield,stresstolerant,and nutritionally superior cultivars.The extensive collection of soybean germplasm resources—including wild relatives,landraces,and cultivars—represents a valuable reservoir of genetic diversity critical for breeding advancements.Recent breakthroughs in genomic technologies,particularly highthroughput sequencing and multi-omics approaches,have revolutionized the identification of key genes associated with essential agronomic traits within these resources.These innovations enable precise and strategic utilization of genetic diversity,empowering breeders to integrate traits that improve yield potential,resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses,and nutritional quality.This review highlights the critical role of genetic resources and omics-driven innovations in soybean breeding.It also offers insights into strategies for accelerating the development of elite soybean cultivars to meet the growing demands of global soybean production.展开更多
文摘Plant flowering and breeding characteristics are important for us to understand the reproduction of plant populations. In this paper, we studied the reproduction characteristics of Jatropha curcas in Yuanjiang County （23°36＇1＇4, 101°00＇E）, Yunnan Province. The plant produces flowers in dichasial inflorescences. Normally, the flowers are unisexual, and male and female flowers are produced in the same inflorescence. Only a few male flowers are produced in an inflorescence, and fruits are produced only through pollination between different flowers from the same or different plants. By the treatments of emasculation, bagging and artificial pollination in this experiment, there were few but same fruit set ratios when the inflorescences were emasculated, bagged, or bagged with net, except artificial pollination treatments, which showed that Jatropha curcas could produce fruit through apomixis but not wind pollination. When the inflorescences were unbagged, unemasculated and with free pollination treatments, or bagged, emasculated and with artificial cross-pollination treatments, or unbagged, emasculated and with free pollination treatments, there were many fruits produced. It showed that Jatropha curcas shows outcrossing, is self-compatible, and demanding for pollinators. Normally, the male flowers open first and a few flowers bloom in one day in a raceme. These flowers last a long time in bloom. However, a large number of female flowers open from the third to the fifth day, with some female flowers opening first in a few raceme. This shows a tendency to promote xenogamy and minimize geitonogamy.
基金supported by Strategy Research on Disruptive Technology in Agriculture(China Academy of Engineering,2017-ZD-10-07)supported by grants from the National Key R&D Program(2017YFD0501901+1 种基金2017YFD0501905)the Earmarked Fund for the Innovative Teams of Beijing Swine Industrialization Research Program.National Waterfowl-industry Technology Research System(CARS-42)
文摘Meat and milk production needs to increase ～ 70–80% relative to its current levels for satisfying the human needs in 2050.However,it is impossible to achieve such genetic gain by conventional animal breeding systems.Based on recent advances with regard to in vitro induction of germ cell from pluripotent stem cells,herein we propose a novel embryo-stem cell breeding system.Distinct from the conventional breeding system in farm animals that involves selecting and mating individuals,the novel breeding system completes breeding cycles from parental to offspring embryos directly by selecting and mating embryos in a dish.In comparison to the conventional dairy breeding scheme,this system can rapidly achieve 30–40 times more genetic gain by significantly shortening generation interval and enhancing selection intensity.However,several major obstacles must be overcome before we can fully use this system in livestock breeding,which include derivation and mantaince of pluripotent stem cells in domestic animals,as well as in vitro induction of primordial germ cells,and subsequent haploid gametes.Thus,we also discuss the potential efforts needed in solving the obstacles for application this novel system,and elaborate on their groundbreaking potential in livestock breeding.This novel system would provide a revolutionary animal breeding system by offering an unprecedented opportunity for meeting the fast-growing meat and milk demand of humans.
文摘Data on breeding ecology of a color-band marked population of the ground tit Parus humilis were collected in north Qinghai on the Tibetan plateau, during 2008 and 2009. In spring the birds excavated 0.8-3.2 m long nesting burrows under the ground. First-egg laying occurred between late April and late June during which a pair produced one brood. Incubation was done by female alone for 15-16 days and nestling-feeding by both sexes and helpers in any for 23-25 days. Average brood size at fledging was 5.8 （＋ 1.4 SD, 3-8） and all the 27 observed nesting attempts fledged at least one young. At the population level, brood sex ratio did not differ from 1：1. The birds are a territory-living resident, with annual resight rates being 48% （22 of 46） in adult breeders and 10% （7 of 67） in yearlings. Pairs were socially monogamous, of which 23% （9 of 40） contained one and some- times two male helpers, most likely being philopatric sons of the breeders. The formation of cooperative groups is similar to the population in central Tibet but differs from that in south Guansu where breeding ground tits exhibit a high level of annual turnover
文摘Shoot-tip culture of strawberry is the most important way to get virus-free plants.Moreover,detoxification and rapid propagation are the key techniques for producing high-quality seeds and seedlings massively and rapidly and achieving the high-quality,high-yield and high-efficiency development of strawberry industry.We have recently produced virus-free strawberry seedlings by combing tissue culture technology and stolon-reproduction method and this technology has been widely used.In addition,a relatively perfect three breeding system of virus-free strawberry seedlings was established after production practices,guaranteeing the supply of high-quality seeds and seedlings and technical support for strawberry industry in corps.
文摘A questionnaire survey and focused group discussions were conducted to characterize sheep production systems and traditional breeding practices of Gumz sheep as an essential step for designing the Gumz sheep breed conservation and improvement programme. A total of 240 households were included in the study during the period of November 2016 to March 2016. Smallholder farmers kept sheep as a source of income, meat and wealth with an index value of 0.43, 0.19 and 0.15, respectively. Important purposes of large scale farmers for keeping sheep were source of cash income (0.57) and investment opportunity (0.22). Average sheep flock sizes were 17.25 ± 0.68 and 90.63 ± 5.38 at smallholder and large scale production systems, respectively. Smallholder sheep flocks’ composition was 7.47 ± 0.28 Gumz, 3.68 ± 0.25 Rutana and 4.52 ± 0.22 Rutana-Gumz crossbred sheep. The corresponding figures for large scale farms were 21.2 ± 1.4, 30.7 ± 1.69 and 24.7 ± 1.47 sheep. The average numbers of rams in the smallholder sheep flocks were 0.31 ± 0.04 Gumz, 0.39 ± 0.04 Rutana and 0.24 ± 0.03 crossbreds, respectively. The corresponding figures for large scale farms were 3.10 ± 0.13 Rutana and 0.90 ± 0.14 crossbreds. The Gumz sheep was large in number, but farmers prefer Rutana and its crosses than Gumz in both systems. Diseases, stock theft and labour shortage were reported as the main constraints of sheep production. Although the pure Gumz breed meets the multifaceted roles of sheep for the smallholder farmers, the Gumz sheep population was declining in number in the study area due to uncontrolled breeding with Rutana and high preference of farmers for crossbreds over Gumz sheep. It is observed that there is a risk of dilution and loss of genetic diversity of the Gumz sheep. Hence, we recommend designing of conservation-based breeding program to conserve the locally adapted Gumz breed as well as to improve sheep production and productivity in the area through rational utilization of all the three genotypes.
基金Supported by the Project of Luzhou Company of Sichuan Provincial Tobacco Company"Comprehensive Application of Distillers'Grains on Tobacco"
文摘In order to reduce the use of peat resources and realize the sustainable development of tobacco, the pH of distiller s grain substrate was adjusted with humic acid, and the effects of various distiller s grain substrates on the growth of tobacco seedlings were studied to find out the method of cultivating high-quality tobacco seedlings by using distiller s grain substrate. The results showed that when 60% of humic acid was added to the distiller s grain substrate made from coarse distiller s grains, fine distiller s grains, perlite and vermiculite, both the pH and electrical conductivity decreased significantly and were similar to that of the conventional substrate. Moreover, the emergence rate of tobacco seedlings, the rate of strong tobacco seedlings, leaf number, stem height, root growth and quality of tobacco seedlings were good.
基金support from the National Key Research and Development Program(2021YFD1200101).
文摘Rice(Oryza sativa L.)isa staplecropforhalf theworld's Ipopulation and an important contributor to world food security.The discovery and application of cytoplasmic male sterility(CMS)and fertility restoration(Rf)genetic materials have allowed the production of three-line hybrid rice(Kim and Zhang,2018),successfully harnessing heterosis in crops.Three major CMS and/or Rf systems are commonly used to produce three-line hybrid rice:Wild Abortive(CMS-WA),Boroll(CMS-BT),and Honglian(CMS-HL).Among these,the CMS-WA system is the most widely employed(Sattari et al.,2007;Chen and Liu,2014;Huang et al.,2014).Several Rf genes from different CMS systems have been cloned in rice,including Rf4 for CMS-WA(Tang et al.,2014),Rf1a and Rf1b for CMS-BT(Wang et al.,2006),Rf5,and Rf6 for CMS-HL(Huet al.,2012;Huang et al.,2015),and Rf19for CMS-FA(Jiang et al.,2022).A molecular mechanism and evolutionary model for the CMS-WA gene WA352c have also been reported(Luo et al.,2013;Tang et al.,2017).
基金Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecnológica(Grant:PICTO 2010-0111)the Instituto Antártico Argentino-Dirección Nacional del Antártico(PINST-05)provided financial and logistical support.
文摘In this work,we report long-term trends in the abundance and breeding performance of Adélie penguins(Pygoscelis adeliae)nesting in three Antarctic colonies(i.e.,at Martin Point,South Orkneys Islands;Stranger Point/Cabo Funes,South Shetland Islands;and Esperanza/Hope Bay in the Antarctic Peninsula)from 1995/96 to 2022/23.Using yearly count data of breeding groups selected,we observed a decline in the number of breeding pairs and chicks in crèche at all colonies studied.However,the magnitude of change was higher at Stranger Point than that in the remaining colonies.Moreover,the index of breeding success,which was calculated as the ratio of chicks in crèche to breeding pairs,exhibited no apparent trend throughout the study period.However,it displayed greater variability at Martin Point compared to the other two colonies under investigation.Although the number of chicks in crèche of Adélie penguins showed a declining pattern,the average breeding performance was similar to that reported in gentoo penguin colonies,specifically,those undergoing a population increase(even in sympatric colonies facing similar local conditions).Consequently,it is plausible to assume a reduction of the over-winter survival as a likely cause of the declining trend observed,at least in the Stranger Point and Esperanza colonies.However,we cannot rule out local effects during the breeding season affecting the Adélie population of Martin Point.
基金partially supported by the Construction of Collaborative Innovation Center of Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences(KJCX20240406)the Beijing Natural Science Foundation(JQ24037)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32330075)the Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-02 and CARS-54)。
文摘The security of the seed industry is crucial for ensuring national food security.Currently,developed countries in Europe and America,along with international seed industry giants,have entered the Breeding 4.0 era.This era integrates biotechnology,artificial intelligence(AI),and big data information technology.In contrast,China is still in a transition period between stages 2.0 and 3.0,which primarily relies on conventional selection and molecular breeding.In the context of increasingly complex international situations,accurately identifying core issues in China's seed industry innovation and seizing the frontier of international seed technology are strategically important.These efforts are essential for ensuring food security and revitalizing the seed industry.This paper systematically analyzes the characteristics of crop breeding data from artificial selection to intelligent design breeding.It explores the applications and development trends of AI and big data in modern crop breeding from several key perspectives.These include highthroughput phenotype acquisition and analysis,multiomics big data database and management system construction,AI-based multiomics integrated analysis,and the development of intelligent breeding software tools based on biological big data and AI technology.Based on an in-depth analysis of the current status and challenges of China's seed industry technology development,we propose strategic goals and key tasks for China's new generation of AI and big data-driven intelligent design breeding.These suggestions aim to accelerate the development of an intelligent-driven crop breeding engineering system that features large-scale gene mining,efficient gene manipulation,engineered variety design,and systematized biobreeding.This study provides a theoretical basis and practical guidance for the development of China's seed industry technology.
基金funded by the United Arab Emirates UniversityResearch Officegrant number 12F041 to KM。
文摘Advancements in molecular approaches have been utilized to breed crops with a wide range of economically valuable traits to develop superior cultivars.This review provides a concise overview of modern breakthroughs in molecular plant production.Genotyping and high-throughput phenotyping methods for predictive plant breeding are briefly discussed.In this study,we explore contemporary molecular breeding techniques for producing desirable crop varieties.These techniques include cisgenesis,clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat(CRISPR/Cas9)gene editing,haploid induction,and de novo domestication.We examine the speed breeding approach-a strategy for cultivating plants under controlled conditions.We further highlight the significance of modern breeding technologies in efficiently utilizing agricultural resources for crop production in urban areas.The deciphering of crop genomes has led to the development of extensive DNA markers,quantitative trait loci(QTLs),and pangenomes associated with various desirable crop traits.This shift to the genotypic selection of crops considerably expedites the plant breeding process.Based on the plant population used,the connection between genotypic and phenotypic data provides several genetic elements,including genes,markers,and alleles that can be used in genomic breeding and gene editing.The integration of speed breeding with genomic-assisted breeding and cutting-edge genome editing tools has made it feasible to rapidly manipulate and generate multiple crop cycles and accelerate the plant breeding process.Breakthroughs in molecular techniques have led to substantial improvements in modern breeding methods.
基金Supported by S&T Program of Hebei(22326309D)HAAFS Science and Technology Innovation Special Project(2022KJCXZX-JZS-08)Hebei Agriculture Research System(HBCT2024130214).
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to solve the problems of long breeding cycle and low induction rate of double-haploid plants of asparagus.[Methods]Based on the achievements and practice of breeding research,an all-male asparagus breeding technology system was constructed.[Results]The technology system includes such six techniques as collection and identification of germplasm resources,tetraploid plant induction,anther culture,artificial hybridization of double-haploid plants,offspring screening and tissue culture and rapid propagation of parents.[Conclusions]The construction of this system lays a foundation for breeding new all-male asparagus varieties with excellent quality.
基金Supported by Central Government Funds for Guiding Local Scientific and Technological Development(24ZYQF002)Major Science and Technology Project of Gansu Province(24ZDNF001)+1 种基金National Key R&D Program"Exploration and Utilization of Disease-and Pest-Resistant and High-Yield Gene Resources in Maize"(2022YDF1201800)Key Laboratory of Mechanized Maize Variety Creation,Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs.
文摘The intensification of global warming has led to the continuous outbreak of southern rust(Puccinia polysora Underw.)in major maize-producing regions worldwide.The severe outbreak in the Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize region of China in 2021 caused yield losses exceeding 50%in some plots,and this disease has been included in the List of Key Crop Pests and Diseases.This paper systematically reviews the molecular resistance mechanisms of maize to southern rust,focusing on the immune mechanisms mediated by NLR family genes and the characteristics of the Bin 10.01 resistance gene cluster;it summarizes the advances in research of molecular breeding technologies such as gene marker development,map-based cloning,and gene editing;combined with the disease characteristics of the spring-sown maize region in Southwest China and the summer-sown maize region in Huang-Huai-Hai,it elaborates on regionally adapted prevention and control strategies;integrating breeding practices of Dunhuang Seed Industry Group(e.g.,Dunyu 810 and Dunyan 616),it proposes a full-chain solution of"precision gene pyramiding-heterotic group utilization-regional promotion".It is expected to provide theoretical and technical references for molecular breeding of maize resistance to southern rust.
基金supported by Biological Breeding-National Science and Technology Major Project(2023ZD0407501)National Natural Science Foundation of China(31861143003)Innovation Program of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
文摘Computer simulation permits answering theoretical and applied questions in animal and plant breeding.Blib is a novel multi-module simulation platform,which is able to handle more complicated genetic effects and models than most existing tools.In this study,we describe one major and unified application module of Blib,i.e.,ISB(abbreviated from in silico breeding),for simulating the three categories of breeding programs for developing clonal,pure-line and hybrid cultivars in plants.Genetic models on environments and breeding-targeted traits,one or several parental populations,and a number of breeding methods are key elements to run simulation experiments in ISB,which are arranged in three external input files by given formats.Applications of ISB are illustrated by three case studies,representing the three categories of plant breeding programs.Under the condition that 5000 F1 progenies were generated and tested from 50 heterozygous parents,Case study I showed that 50 crosses,each of 100 progenies,made the best balance between genetic achievement and field cost.In Case study II,one optimum breeding method was identified by which the pure lines with high yield and medium maturity could be developed.Case study III investigated the genetic consequence in hybrid breeding from five testers.One tester was identified for the simultaneous improvement in F1 hybrids and inbred lines.In summary,ISB identified a balanced crossing scheme,an optimum pure-line selection method,and an optimized tester in three case studies which are relevant to plant breeding.We believe the prediction by simulation would be highly required in front of the next generation of breeding to be driven by informatics and intelligence.
文摘Molecular tools have drawn the attention ofmodern plant breeders for its great precision and superiority.As the global population is increasing gradually,food production should be enhanced to feed the growing population.Therefore,precise and fast breeding tools are becoming obvious.Moreover,climate change has become a critical issue in crop improvement.Advanced breeding methods are vital to combat the impact of climate change,including biotic and abiotic stresses.Major molecular techniques,such as‘CRISPR-Cas’mediated‘genome editing’,‘marker-assisted selection(MAS)’,‘whole genome sequencing’,‘RNAi’,transgenic approach,‘high-throughput phenotyping(HTP)’,mutation breeding,have been proven superior over traditional breeding in terms of precision,efficiency,and speed in developing stress-resistant improved varieties.This review explores the potential and superiority ofmolecular breeding methods and highlights the gaps(time,cost,efficiency,etc.)in traditional breeding methods,where modern breeding programs,asmentioned,are effective.Furthermore,this reviewwill focus on the necessity of keymodern plant breeding techniques as a foundation for sustainable farming practices to address emerging environmental challenges,ensure food security,and improve the yield and quality of crops.
基金Supported by Sichuan Innovation Team Project of China Agricultural Industry Research System(SCCXTD-2023-19)Key R&D Project of Sichuan Provincial Department of Science and Technology(2022YFS0592)Sichuan Provincial Science and Technology Innovation Seedling Project(MZGC20230119,MZGC20230126).
文摘[Objectives]To obtain a novel cultivar of Chuanminshen violaceum with robust growth,high yield,and stable genetic traits.[Methods]A systematic selection method was employed to conduct a multi-point testing and regional production trial utilizing C.violaceum strain CMS1,which was sourced from a semi-wild population in Langzhong,Sichuan Province,as the experimental material.In contrast,C.violaceum CMS2,derived from a cultivated population in Langzhong,Sichuan Province,along with a mixed population of C.violaceum cultispecies from the same region,served as the control material.Through a comparative analysis of phenological periods,agronomic traits,yield,and quality,a novel cultivar,‘Chengming No.1’,was ultimately selected and developed based on its superior comprehensive evaluation.[Results]In the phenological period survey conducted as part of a two-year comparative study,the CMS1 strain exhibited a shorter growth cycle compared to others.Furthermore,the agronomic characteristics of the CMS1 strain were superior to those of both CMS2 and CK.The average yields of CMS1,CMS2,and CK in the 2019 cultivar comparison test and yield trial were 468.88,448.52,and 422.15 kg/667 m 2,respectively.This resulted in an average yield increase of 11.07%for CMS1 compared to CK and 6.25%for CMS2 compared to CK.The average yields of CMS1,CMS2,and CK in the 2020 cultivar comparison test and yield trial were 482.69,467.54,and 436.82 kg/667 m 2,respectively.CMS1 exhibited an average yield increase of 10.50%compared to CK,while CMS2 demonstrated an average yield increase of 7.03%relative to CK.Furthermore,the average yield of CMS1 per 667 m 2 achieved a statistically significant level compared to CK in both years of the study.In multiple-point comparison and yield trials conducted in 2019 and 2020,the CMS1 strain exhibited a total ash content of 15.30%,an acid-insoluble ash content of 1.30%,a moisture content of 10.80%,and water-soluble extract amounting to 11.40%.All of the indicators conformed to the criteria established by the Sichuan Standards for Chinese Medicinal Materials(2010 Edition).[Conclusions]The CMS1 strain successfully passed the field technical appraisal for the novel cultivar of C.violaceum in 2021.This cultivar is characterized by high yield,excellent quality,and stable traits.In 2022,it received validation from the Sichuan Provincial Committee for the Certification of Non-Staple Crop Varieties and was officially named‘Chengming No.1’(CRY 2022002).This cultivar demonstrates significant potential for widespread cultivation.
基金the National Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China(32201780)the Fundamental Research Fund for the Central Universities(77000–12240011)+2 种基金Shenzhen Postdoctoral Funding Project(szbo202410)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32241045 and 32241038)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFD1500503,2023YFD1200700,and 2023YFD1200704).
文摘Sorghum,renowned for its substantial biomass production and remarkable tolerance to various stresses,possesses extensive gene resources and phenotypic variations.A comprehensive understanding of the genetic basis underlying complex agronomic traits is essential for unlocking the potential of sorghum in addressing food and feed security and utilizing marginal lands.In this context,we provide an overview of the major trends in genomic resource studies focusing on key agronomic traits over the past decade,accompanied by a summary of functional genomic platforms.We also delve into the molecular functions and regulatory networks of impactful genes for important agricultural traits.Lastly,we discuss and synthesize the current challenges and prospects for advancing molecular design breeding by gene-editing and polymerization of the excellent alleles,with the aim of accelerating the development of desired sorghum varieties.
基金supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFF1003301,2023YFF1000101,2022YFE0130200)the Taishan Scholars Program。
文摘Soybean(Glycine max)is a vital foundation of global food security,providing a primary source of highquality protein and oil for human consumption and animal feed.The rising global population has significantly increased the demand for soybeans,emphasizing the urgency of developing high-yield,stresstolerant,and nutritionally superior cultivars.The extensive collection of soybean germplasm resources—including wild relatives,landraces,and cultivars—represents a valuable reservoir of genetic diversity critical for breeding advancements.Recent breakthroughs in genomic technologies,particularly highthroughput sequencing and multi-omics approaches,have revolutionized the identification of key genes associated with essential agronomic traits within these resources.These innovations enable precise and strategic utilization of genetic diversity,empowering breeders to integrate traits that improve yield potential,resilience to biotic and abiotic stresses,and nutritional quality.This review highlights the critical role of genetic resources and omics-driven innovations in soybean breeding.It also offers insights into strategies for accelerating the development of elite soybean cultivars to meet the growing demands of global soybean production.
