Grape(Vitis vinifera L.)cultivation has progressed from early domestication and clonal propagation to modern,data-driven breeding that is reshaping viticulture and wine quality.Yet climatic and biotic constraints stil...Grape(Vitis vinifera L.)cultivation has progressed from early domestication and clonal propagation to modern,data-driven breeding that is reshaping viticulture and wine quality.Yet climatic and biotic constraints still impose heavy losses—downy mildewcan reduce yields by≈75%in humid regions and gray mold by 20–50%—sustaining the need for resistant cultivars.Producer selection,interspecific crossing,and formal improvement programs have generated~10,000 varieties,although only a few dozen dominate global acreage.Conventional breeding has delivered fungus-resistant“PIWI”cultivars that retain≥85%of the V.vinifera genome;in Austria,national PIWI varieties are gaining acceptance for combined resistance to downy and powdery mildew and strong enological quality,while in Brazil,using‘BRS Isis’as a male parent produced a high proportion of seedless progeny.Over the past two decades,mapping studies have identified>30 resistance loci to Plasmopara viticola(Rpv)and 15 to Erysiphe necator(Ren/Run),enabling MAS and locus pyramiding;widely deployed loci include Rpv1,Rpv3 haplotypes,Rpv10,Rpv12,Run1,Ren1,Ren3,and Ren9.Gene editing further expands options:CRISPR knockout of VvMLO3 confers powdery-mildew resistance,whereas VvPR4b knockout increases susceptibility to P.viticola,highlighting both opportunity and gene-specific risk.To date,no consolidated program-or country-level percentages exist for MAS/CRISPR adoption in grape.Instead,proxy indicators—MAS screening throughput,the number of programs employing MAS,and CRISPR’s laboratory/pilot status with no commercial releases—suggest broad operational MAS and early-stage CRISPR implementation;for example,Germany reported>23 disease-resistant grapevine varieties developed with MAS and the loci above by 2022.Finally,this review analyzes the future of grapevine breeding,with a particular emphasis on the adoption of novel approaches to multi-omics,AI in breeding models,and sustainability for improving breeding schemes.An interdisciplinary effort will be required to find future solutions,as viticulture has entered a precision breeding revolution to address the challenges posed by the industry and the fight for long-term sustainability of grape production.展开更多
Genetic selection in pigs through BLUP was very successful. However, strong selection mainly on growth and number of born alive decreased fitness and reduced environmental changes that animals can tolerate especially ...Genetic selection in pigs through BLUP was very successful. However, strong selection mainly on growth and number of born alive decreased fitness and reduced environmental changes that animals can tolerate especially under suboptimal environments. Additional challenges are genetic differences between purebreds (selected animals) and crossbreds (commercial animals), and possibly different environments for these groups of animals. A successful genetic selection at this time requires comprehensive data for all levels of the pyramid, multitrait models for a variety of traits including categorical and survival, and software that can implement complicated models while supporting large data sets. Many projects in pig genetic evaluation are carried out at the University of Georgia. Those studies are supported by software family called BGF90.展开更多
Dear Editor,Bread wheat(Triticum aestivum L.,2n=42,AABBDD),one of the three major food crops,is crucial for global food security and human sustenance.Significant efforts have been made in breeding programs to modify y...Dear Editor,Bread wheat(Triticum aestivum L.,2n=42,AABBDD),one of the three major food crops,is crucial for global food security and human sustenance.Significant efforts have been made in breeding programs to modify yield-related traits to enhance wheat productivity,with grain size being one of the critical targets for achieving this objective.展开更多
Growth is an economically important trait in aquaculture.To improve growth trait of the Asian seabass(Lates calcarifer)we have been carrying out,since 2004,a selective breeding program.This study focuses on growth tra...Growth is an economically important trait in aquaculture.To improve growth trait of the Asian seabass(Lates calcarifer)we have been carrying out,since 2004,a selective breeding program.This study focuses on growth traits in the F2 fish generation,comprised of offspring from 23 mass crosses from 383 F_(1) brooders.Using genotyping analysis for 10 microsatellites from both brood stock and progeny we have reconstructed the pedigree of each mass-cross.For F_(2) generation at 90 days post hatch(dph),we have recorded body weight(BW)for 12,117 individuals and total length(TL),standard length(SL)and condition factor(K_(tl) and K_(sl))for 3530 individuals;and all five traits for 2136 individuals at 270 dph.At 90 dph the average BW was 46.88±20.95 g.Combining pedigree information,recorded growth traits and Restricted Maximum Likelihood method,we have estimated that the narrow sense heritability(h^(2))in F_(1) fish for BW,TL,SL,K_(tl) and K_(sl) was at,90 dph,0.12±0.03,0.11±0.03,0.10±0.03,0.20±0.04 and 0.11±0.03,respectively and,at 270 dph,0.34±0.07,0.32±0.07,0.30±0.06,0.13±0.04 and 0.11±0.04,respectively.At 90 dph the realised heritability for BW was 0.13.Comparing with F_(1) generation,the growth performance of F_(2) fish was increased by 14.4%.Heritability of growth traits will be useful for future genetic improvement programmes of the Asian seabass.展开更多
Dear Editor,Plant pathogens are a major constraint in agriculture,causing numerous diseases that globally reduce both crop quality and yield.Yellow rust(YR),also known as stripe rust,is caused by Puccinia striiformis ...Dear Editor,Plant pathogens are a major constraint in agriculture,causing numerous diseases that globally reduce both crop quality and yield.Yellow rust(YR),also known as stripe rust,is caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici.(Pst)and is one of the most serious fungal diseases of wheat.Due to reduced resistance(R)gene diversity in wheat,the Pst pathogen frequently overcomes plant defenses,thereby leading to YR epidemics.Although 87 yellow rust resistance(Yr)genes are formally named and more than 300 quantitative trait loci are designated and listed in the wheat gene catalog(McIntosh,2024),only 11(about 3%)have been cloned(Li et al.,2025).The limited number of cloned genes has hindered the knowledge-based deployment of R genes in breeding programs.Typically,cloned R genes are found in two protein classes:nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat(NLR)proteins and kinase fusion proteins(Reveguk et al.,2025).展开更多
文摘Grape(Vitis vinifera L.)cultivation has progressed from early domestication and clonal propagation to modern,data-driven breeding that is reshaping viticulture and wine quality.Yet climatic and biotic constraints still impose heavy losses—downy mildewcan reduce yields by≈75%in humid regions and gray mold by 20–50%—sustaining the need for resistant cultivars.Producer selection,interspecific crossing,and formal improvement programs have generated~10,000 varieties,although only a few dozen dominate global acreage.Conventional breeding has delivered fungus-resistant“PIWI”cultivars that retain≥85%of the V.vinifera genome;in Austria,national PIWI varieties are gaining acceptance for combined resistance to downy and powdery mildew and strong enological quality,while in Brazil,using‘BRS Isis’as a male parent produced a high proportion of seedless progeny.Over the past two decades,mapping studies have identified>30 resistance loci to Plasmopara viticola(Rpv)and 15 to Erysiphe necator(Ren/Run),enabling MAS and locus pyramiding;widely deployed loci include Rpv1,Rpv3 haplotypes,Rpv10,Rpv12,Run1,Ren1,Ren3,and Ren9.Gene editing further expands options:CRISPR knockout of VvMLO3 confers powdery-mildew resistance,whereas VvPR4b knockout increases susceptibility to P.viticola,highlighting both opportunity and gene-specific risk.To date,no consolidated program-or country-level percentages exist for MAS/CRISPR adoption in grape.Instead,proxy indicators—MAS screening throughput,the number of programs employing MAS,and CRISPR’s laboratory/pilot status with no commercial releases—suggest broad operational MAS and early-stage CRISPR implementation;for example,Germany reported>23 disease-resistant grapevine varieties developed with MAS and the loci above by 2022.Finally,this review analyzes the future of grapevine breeding,with a particular emphasis on the adoption of novel approaches to multi-omics,AI in breeding models,and sustainability for improving breeding schemes.An interdisciplinary effort will be required to find future solutions,as viticulture has entered a precision breeding revolution to address the challenges posed by the industry and the fight for long-term sustainability of grape production.
文摘Genetic selection in pigs through BLUP was very successful. However, strong selection mainly on growth and number of born alive decreased fitness and reduced environmental changes that animals can tolerate especially under suboptimal environments. Additional challenges are genetic differences between purebreds (selected animals) and crossbreds (commercial animals), and possibly different environments for these groups of animals. A successful genetic selection at this time requires comprehensive data for all levels of the pyramid, multitrait models for a variety of traits including categorical and survival, and software that can implement complicated models while supporting large data sets. Many projects in pig genetic evaluation are carried out at the University of Georgia. Those studies are supported by software family called BGF90.
基金supported by grants from the Key Research and Development Project of Shandong Province (the Agricultural Variety Improvement Project,2023LZGC002)the National Key R&D Program of China (2023YFF1001600)+1 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32388201)the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of China and the New Cornerstone Science Foundation。
文摘Dear Editor,Bread wheat(Triticum aestivum L.,2n=42,AABBDD),one of the three major food crops,is crucial for global food security and human sustenance.Significant efforts have been made in breeding programs to modify yield-related traits to enhance wheat productivity,with grain size being one of the critical targets for achieving this objective.
基金This study was supported by the project“Selective Breeding of Marine Food Fish”funded by AVA,Singapore and by the Singapore National Research Foundation under CRP Award No.NRF-CRP7-2010-01.
文摘Growth is an economically important trait in aquaculture.To improve growth trait of the Asian seabass(Lates calcarifer)we have been carrying out,since 2004,a selective breeding program.This study focuses on growth traits in the F2 fish generation,comprised of offspring from 23 mass crosses from 383 F_(1) brooders.Using genotyping analysis for 10 microsatellites from both brood stock and progeny we have reconstructed the pedigree of each mass-cross.For F_(2) generation at 90 days post hatch(dph),we have recorded body weight(BW)for 12,117 individuals and total length(TL),standard length(SL)and condition factor(K_(tl) and K_(sl))for 3530 individuals;and all five traits for 2136 individuals at 270 dph.At 90 dph the average BW was 46.88±20.95 g.Combining pedigree information,recorded growth traits and Restricted Maximum Likelihood method,we have estimated that the narrow sense heritability(h^(2))in F_(1) fish for BW,TL,SL,K_(tl) and K_(sl) was at,90 dph,0.12±0.03,0.11±0.03,0.10±0.03,0.20±0.04 and 0.11±0.03,respectively and,at 270 dph,0.34±0.07,0.32±0.07,0.30±0.06,0.13±0.04 and 0.11±0.04,respectively.At 90 dph the realised heritability for BW was 0.13.Comparing with F_(1) generation,the growth performance of F_(2) fish was increased by 14.4%.Heritability of growth traits will be useful for future genetic improvement programmes of the Asian seabass.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant nos.32272088,32372562,32421004,and 32472103)the National Key R&D Program of China(2021YFD1401000)+1 种基金the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China(2019JCW-18 and 2020JCW-16)the Taishan Scholars Program(tstp20240843 and tsqn202408304).
文摘Dear Editor,Plant pathogens are a major constraint in agriculture,causing numerous diseases that globally reduce both crop quality and yield.Yellow rust(YR),also known as stripe rust,is caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici.(Pst)and is one of the most serious fungal diseases of wheat.Due to reduced resistance(R)gene diversity in wheat,the Pst pathogen frequently overcomes plant defenses,thereby leading to YR epidemics.Although 87 yellow rust resistance(Yr)genes are formally named and more than 300 quantitative trait loci are designated and listed in the wheat gene catalog(McIntosh,2024),only 11(about 3%)have been cloned(Li et al.,2025).The limited number of cloned genes has hindered the knowledge-based deployment of R genes in breeding programs.Typically,cloned R genes are found in two protein classes:nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat(NLR)proteins and kinase fusion proteins(Reveguk et al.,2025).
