The hurdle technology for food preservation effectively addresses the limitations of individual antimicrobial technologies by integrating their strengths.It can not only prolong the storage time of food but also maint...The hurdle technology for food preservation effectively addresses the limitations of individual antimicrobial technologies by integrating their strengths.It can not only prolong the storage time of food but also maintains its high quality.In this study,three antimicrobial and bactericidal technologies,namely soluble gas stabilization(SGS),modified atmosphere packaging(MAP),and cold plasma(CP),were applied to chilled chicken breasts.The packaging,total viable count(TVC),and physicochemical properties of chilled chicken breasts after treatments and storage at 4℃were monitored.The microbial diversity at the initial and end points of the storage time of each group was also analyzed.The results indicated that a 3−5 h SGS treatment can effectively increase the proportion of carbon dioxide in the MAP during the storage process of chilled chicken breasts,thereby alleviating the packaging collapse problem.Simultaneously,the effect of SGS,MAP,and CP combinational treatments significantly extended the storage time of chilled chicken breasts while maintaining the physicochemical qualities of samples.Compared to the control group,the TVC of chicken breast treated with SGS,MAP,and CP treatments decreased by 0.58(lg(CFU/g))at 0 day.The shelf life was extended by 5 days.After 8 days,the total volatile basic nitrogen(TVB-N)was 26.67 vs.19.50 mg/100 g,thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS)was 0.99 vs.0.72 mg MDA/kg,and TVC was 8.22 vs.6.52(lg(CFU/g)).High-throughput sequencing results showed that SGS and MAP treatments significantly reduce the proportion of Pseudomonas and Psychrobacter,which are sensitive to carbon dioxide,in the total bacterial genera.This study underscores the potential of integrating multiple antimicrobial technologies for effective food preservation.展开更多
Patients with dense breasts on mammography have a higher risk of developing breast cancer and missing a tumor mass than those with non-dense breasts. Whether examinees who have dense breasts should be notified is curr...Patients with dense breasts on mammography have a higher risk of developing breast cancer and missing a tumor mass than those with non-dense breasts. Whether examinees who have dense breasts should be notified is currently under consideration in Japan;however, there is concern about the low level of understanding regarding dense breasts. A questionnaire survey on the degree of comprehension regarding dense breasts was conducted among 409 general women of >20 years of age in Hachinohe city in October 2017 and 2018. The results showed that the degree of comprehension was extremely low, as only 35 people (8.5%) responded with, “I know the meaning”;however, 32 of them (91.5%) stated that they would like to be notified in they had dense breasts. In addition, the degree of comprehension regarding dense breasts was significantly greater among those who had a breast cancer screening history (OR = 6.4;95% CI = 2.0 - 19.8;P = 0.001) and a self-examination history than among those with no such history (OR = 2.5;95% CI = 1.1 - 5.8;P = 0.03). However, the degree of comprehension did not differ between participants of years of age or between participants with and without a breast cancer sufferer among their close blood relatives. The present findings to reflect a low understanding of dense breasts on mammography screening and suggest that the degree of comprehension is influenced by the presence or absence of a consultation history and a self-examination history.展开更多
Cultural schema theory proposes that when we interact with members of the same culture in certain situations, or talk about certain information with them many times, cultural schemas are created and stored in our brai...Cultural schema theory proposes that when we interact with members of the same culture in certain situations, or talk about certain information with them many times, cultural schemas are created and stored in our brain, which can promote coherence between the original and target language text, thus solving the cultural default caused by the cultural differences. It is vital to make cultural compensation to different cultural schemas and to coordinate the cultural contradiction. This thesis focuses on the translation methods and strategies in Big Breasts and Wide Hips from the perspective of the cultural schema theory, which exemplifies how cultural default and compensation functions in this novel.展开更多
Literary translation has become the most significant pathway for Chinese literature to enter the world literature scene and compete for international recognitions. In order to present a exhaustive analysis and explora...Literary translation has become the most significant pathway for Chinese literature to enter the world literature scene and compete for international recognitions. In order to present a exhaustive analysis and exploration of the strategies of culture translation, it selects one of Mo Yan's classic work Big Breasts and Wide Hips and its English version translated by American scholar Goldblatt as the case study. It will mainly discuss about the cultural transmission through literary translation and the cultivation of talented translators in order to expand Chinese culture's international influence through improving literary translation.展开更多
AIM: To achieve symmetric boundaries for left and right breasts boundaries in thermal images by registration. METHODS: The proposed method for registration consists of two steps. In the first step, shape context, an a...AIM: To achieve symmetric boundaries for left and right breasts boundaries in thermal images by registration. METHODS: The proposed method for registration consists of two steps. In the first step, shape context, an approach as presented by Belongie and Malik was applied for registration of two breast boundaries. The shape context is an approach to measure shape similarity. Two sets of finite sample points from shape contours of two breasts are then presented. Consequently, the correspondences between the two shapes are found. By finding correspondences, the sample point which has the most similar shape context is obtained. RESULTS: In this study, a line up transformation which maps one shape onto the other has been estimated in order to complete shape. The used of a thin plate spline permitted good estimation of a plane transformation which has capability to map unselective points from one shape onto the other. The obtained aligningtransformation of boundaries points has been applied successfully to map the two breasts interior points. Some of advantages for using shape context method in this work are as follows:(1) no special land marks or key points are needed;(2) it is tolerant to all common shape deformation; and(3) although it is uncomplicated and straightforward to use, it gives remarkably powerful descriptor for point sets significantly upgrading point set registration. Results are very promising. The proposed algorithm was implemented for 32 cases. Boundary registration is done perfectly for 28 cases.CONCLUSION: We used shape contexts method that is simple and easy to implement to achieve symmetric boundaries for left and right breasts boundaries in thermal images.展开更多
Introduction: Breast hypertrophy (excessive enlargement of breast), a condition though rare, is well pronounced in some females. Surgery either by reduction mammaplasty or sub-cutaneous mastectomy is often employed in...Introduction: Breast hypertrophy (excessive enlargement of breast), a condition though rare, is well pronounced in some females. Surgery either by reduction mammaplasty or sub-cutaneous mastectomy is often employed in treatment of this condition. Aim: This study seeks to find out the long term level of satisfaction of the surgery on these persons after about 10 - 12 years after treatment. Materials and Methods: From January 1994 to December 2000, the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH) carried out surgeries on 43 females who presented with several degrees of breast hypertrophy. Patients were asked to answer questionnaires on their condition pre-operatively and post-operatively during the long term review process. Results: Thirty-four (79.1%) patients out of the 43 were available for the review with the patients stating there was much (100%) improvement in terms of the pain they felt in the neck, upper and lower back regions. There was no re-occurrence of the condition in any of the patients;29 (85.3%) stated they were satisfied and that their new breast size(s) was/were excellent for them. Conclusion: The pre-operative complications experienced by these patients were resolved hence this surgical procedure was good and the quality of life of these persons had been improved.展开更多
Although a great many qualitative descriptions of the experience of having breast cancer exist, they overwhelmingly represent experiences of women in Western cultures and are based on assumptions that stem from Wester...Although a great many qualitative descriptions of the experience of having breast cancer exist, they overwhelmingly represent experiences of women in Western cultures and are based on assumptions that stem from Western individualism. This study explores and describes cultural models shared by a group of non-Western women, South Koreans, in reference to female breasts and breast cancer. The hermeneutic phenomenology-grounded qualitative study was conducted with 40 Korean women, between 23 and 81 years of age, half of whom were breast cancer survivors. The analysis elicited two cultural models, both characterized in terms of physical relationships to others (as opposed to the woman’s individual or independent view of her body): a breast-feeding mother to a child and an attractive wife to a husband. Female breasts are interpreted as a medium that connects women to roles as mothers and wives. Breast cancer can lead women to detach from their previous relational and role-oriented identities. Cultural traditions, cultural concepts, and culture-related health beliefs in Korea are interwoven deeply in the women’s stories about breasts, as a gendered organ, and its disease. The findings suggest that understanding indigenous cultural models should precede any supportive breast cancer care for women from non-Western cultural backgrounds.展开更多
Objective:We propose a solution that is backed by cloud computing,combines a series of AI neural networks of computer vision;is capable of detecting,highlighting,and locating breast lesions from a live ultrasound vide...Objective:We propose a solution that is backed by cloud computing,combines a series of AI neural networks of computer vision;is capable of detecting,highlighting,and locating breast lesions from a live ultrasound video feed,provides BI-RADS categorizations;and has reliable sensitivity and specificity.Multiple deep-learning models were trained on more than 300,000 breast ultrasound images to achieve object detection and regions of interest classification.The main objective of this study was to determine whether the performance of our Al-powered solution was comparable to that of ultrasound radiologists.Methods:The noninferiority evaluation was conducted by comparing the examination results of the same screening women between our AI-powered solution and ultrasound radiologists with over 10 years of experience.The study lasted for one and a half years and was carried out in the Duanzhou District Women and Children's Hospital,Zhaoqing,China.1,133 females between 20 and 70 years old were selected through convenience sampling.Results:The accuracy,sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,and negative predictive value were 93.03%,94.90%,90.71%,92.68%,and 93.48%,respectively.The area under the curve(AUC)for all positives was 0.91569 and the AUC for all negatives was 0.90461.The comparison indicated that the overall performance of the AI system was comparable to that of ultrasound radiologists.Conclusion:This innovative AI-powered ultrasound solution is cost-effective and user-friendly,and could be applied to massive breast cancer screening.展开更多
Accessory breasts are not common in male patients.Although simple accessory breasts could be found,accessory breasts combined with other comprehensive diseases are very rare.In this study,we describe a male patient wi...Accessory breasts are not common in male patients.Although simple accessory breasts could be found,accessory breasts combined with other comprehensive diseases are very rare.In this study,we describe a male patient with bilateral accessory breasts and Kallmann syndrome together with his magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)findings.展开更多
BACKGROUND:Breast hyperplasia is a common benign breast disease mainly caused by endocrine disorders,manifested as abnormal hyperplasia of breast tissue.In recent years,traditional Chinese medicine compounds and probi...BACKGROUND:Breast hyperplasia is a common benign breast disease mainly caused by endocrine disorders,manifested as abnormal hyperplasia of breast tissue.In recent years,traditional Chinese medicine compounds and probiotics have shown good potential in regulating the endocrine system and improving the intestinal microecology,providing new ideas for the treatment of breast hyperplasia.OBJECTIVE:To explore the effects and mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine compounds and fermented probiotic compounds on breast hyperplasia in mice,providing new theoretical and experimental bases for the clinical treatment and prevention of breast hyperplasia.METHODS:(1)Network pharmacology tools were used to predict the anti-breast-hyperplasia activity of Herba Gueldenstaedtiae(Euphorbia humifusa),as well as its potential targets and signaling pathways.The databases included:TCMSP,OMIM,GeneCards database,UniProt website,Venny2.1.0 website,Metascape,HERB website,and STRING database,all of which are open-access databases.Network pharmacology can predict and screen key information such as the targets corresponding to the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine,disease targets,and action pathways through network analysis and computer-system analysis.Therefore,it has been increasingly widely used in the research of traditional Chinese medicine.(2)A breast hyperplasia model was induced in mice by injecting estrogen and progesterone.Mice in the normal blank group were injected intraperitoneally with normal saline every day.Mice in the model group and drugadministration groups were injected intraperitoneally with estradiol benzoate injection at a concentration of 0.5 mg/kg every day for 25 days.From the 26th day,the injection of estradiol benzoate injection was stopped.Mice in the normal blank group were injected intramuscularly with normal saline every day,and mice in the model group and drug-administration groups were injected intramuscularly with progesterone injection at a concentration of 5 mg/kg for 5 days.After the model was established,each group was given drugs respectively.The normal blank group and the model group were gavaged with 0.2 mL/d of normal saline;the positive blank group(Xiaozheng Pill group)was gavaged with an aqueous solution of Xiaozheng Pill at 0.9 mg/g;the low-,medium-and high-dose groups of Compound Herba Gueldenstaedtiae were gavaged with an aqueous solution of the compound medicine at 0.75,1.5,and 3.0 mg/(g·d)respectively;the low-,medium-and high-dose groups of traditional Chinese medicine-bacteria fermentation were gavaged with an aqueous solution of the compound medicine at 0.75,1.5,and 3.0 mg/(g·d)respectively.The administration was continuous for 30 days.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The results of network pharmacology research showed that the Compound Herba Gueldenstaedtiae(Euphorbia humifusa)contained 46 active ingredients,which were related to 1213 potential targets.After comparison with 588 known breast-hyperplasia targets,it was speculated that 50 of these targets might be related to the direct effect of the compound on breast hyperplasia.(2)After drug intervention,there was no significant change in the high-dose group of Compound Herba Gueldenstaedtiae compared with the normal blank group.The liver indicators of the other intervention groups all significantly decreased(P<0.05).(3)In terms of kidney and uterine indicators,the medium-dose group of Compound Herba Gueldenstaedtiae decreased significantly compared with the normal blank group(P<0.05).In terms of the uterine index,the model group increased significantly compared with the normal blank group(P<0.01).(4)After 1-month drug treatment,the number of lobules and acini in the breast tissue of the Xiaozheng Pill group,the low,medium,and high-dose group of Compound Herba Gueldenstaedtiae,the low,medium,and highdose groups of traditional Chinese medicine-bacteria fermentation decreased,and the duct openings narrowed.With the increase of drug dose,diffuse hyperplasia of breast tissue was significantly improved.(5)The ELISA results showed that compared with the model group,the estrogen level was lower in the medium-dose group of traditional Chinese medicine-bacteria fermentation after the intervention(P<0.05).In addition,the follicle-stimulating hormone level in the low-dose group of Compound Herba Gueldenstaedtiae was lower than that of the model group(P<0.05).(6)The intervention in the mouse model led to changes in the abundance of short chain fatty acids and intestinal flora in all groups.To conclude,the Compound Herba Gueldenstaedtiae and its probiotic fermentation products significantly improved mammary gland hyperplasia in mice by regulating hormone levels,improving the structure of the gut microbiota,and increasing the content of shortchain fatty acids,providing new ideas and potential sources of drugs for the treatment of breast hyperplasia.展开更多
Introduction,Breast cancer is the most common cancer type in adolescents and young adults<40 years of age,accounting for 30%of cancers in this age group1.Breast cancer in the young presents significant challenges f...Introduction,Breast cancer is the most common cancer type in adolescents and young adults<40 years of age,accounting for 30%of cancers in this age group1.Breast cancer in the young presents significant challenges for patients and society,including more aggressive tumor biology,poor prognosis,genetic susceptibility,fertility preservation,and complex psychosocial issues.Moreover,because of the markedly younger median age of breast cancer,the proportion of young breast cancer patients in China is significantly higher than Western countries2.The first Young Breast Cancer in China(YBCC)consensus meeting was held in Guangzhou,China in December 2021 to address exclusive challenges and requirements facing young patients with breast cancer.Chinese medical experts from multiple specialties had an extensive discussion and formulated a consensus over several hot topics in young patients with breast cancer.The“Expert Consensus on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Young Breast Cancer in China(2022 edition)”published in the Chinese Medical Journal has garnered significant attention3,highlighting enormous interest in the YBCC consensus in the medical community and public.展开更多
Breast cancer(BC)remains the most frequently diagnosed malignancy worldwide,with an estimated 2.3 million new cases and approximately 685,000 deaths reported in 2020.Forecasts suggest a substantial rise in global inci...Breast cancer(BC)remains the most frequently diagnosed malignancy worldwide,with an estimated 2.3 million new cases and approximately 685,000 deaths reported in 2020.Forecasts suggest a substantial rise in global incidence,with new annual cases projected to reach 3.2 million by 2050,representing a 39%increase.Additionally,BC is expected to account for approximately 7.7%of the anticipated$25.2 trillion global economic burden associated with cancer by 2050.These trends underscore an urgent need for affordable,widely accessible and effective therapeutic strategies,particularly in low-and middle-income countries.Statins,commonly prescribed for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia via inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A(HMG-CoA)reductase,have garnered increasing interest for their potential anticancer properties.This review focuses on the mechanistic underpinnings and therapeutic implications of statin use,particularly simvastatin,in the context of BC.Statins exert their primary effect through inhibition of the mevalonate pathway,which is crucial for cholesterol and isoprenoid biosynthesis.Disruption of this pathway impairs the prenylation of key signalling proteins,including members of the Ras and Rho GTPase families,which are essential for cancer cell proliferation,survival and metastasis.Preclinical evidence has demonstrated that simvastatin can induce tumour cell apoptosis,arrest cell-cycle progression and inhibit oncogenic signalling pathways.These effects have been particularly pronounced in hormone receptor-negative and triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC)subtypes,which are often associated with poor prognosis and limited treatment options.Epidemiological and observational studies further support a potential association between statin use and reduced BC recurrence and mortality.Nevertheless,robust evidence from randomised controlled trials remains limited,and further investigation is required to establish causality and define optimal therapeutic regimens.Given their well-established safety profile,global accessibility and pleiotropic effects,statins,especially simvastatin,represent a promising class of repurposed drugs in the adjuvant treatment of BC.This review synthesises evidence from the past two decades,highlighting the need for continued clinical research to validate and optimise the use of statins as adjunctive agents in BC therapy.展开更多
Breast cancer remains a global health challenge with greater than 2.3 million new cases diagnosed annually 1,according to the World Health Organization1.Management of breast cancer is shaped by a complex interplay of ...Breast cancer remains a global health challenge with greater than 2.3 million new cases diagnosed annually 1,according to the World Health Organization1.Management of breast cancer is shaped by a complex interplay of international guidelines,regional adaptations,and the rapidly evolving fields of precision medicine and artificial intelligence(AI).展开更多
Background:Sclerosing adenosis(SA)and breast cancer(BC)often exhibit overlapping clinical,imaging,and pathological characteristics,making them difficult to differentiate.SA may also coexist with BC(SA+BC),including du...Background:Sclerosing adenosis(SA)and breast cancer(BC)often exhibit overlapping clinical,imaging,and pathological characteristics,making them difficult to differentiate.SA may also coexist with BC(SA+BC),including ductal carcinoma in situ(SA-DCIS)and invasive breast cancer(SA-IBC),which complicates diagnosis even when core-needle biopsy(CNB)suggests SA.This study aimed to develop interpretable AI-based binary and ternary classification models that leverage clinical and imaging features to distinguish SA-only from SA+BC and to further differentiate among SA-only,SA-DCIS,and SA-IBC.Methods:We retrospectively analyzed a cohort of 726 patients with SA(January 2006 to December 2021),comprising 537 SA-only and 189 SA+BC cases(90 SA-DCIS,99 SA-IBC).Multiple machine learning algorithms-logistic regression,support vector machine,decision tree,XGBoost,and random forest-were compared using AUC,accuracy,F1-score,and C-index.Model interpretability was assessed with SHAP to elucidate feature contributions and identify key predictors.Additionally,we incorporated an independent external validation cohort consisting of 113 patients to verify the model's effectiveness.展开更多
The landscape of breast cancer treatment has undergone a transformative shift with the integration of immunotherapy.Historically considered a“cold”tumor with limited immunogenicity,breast cancer management was domin...The landscape of breast cancer treatment has undergone a transformative shift with the integration of immunotherapy.Historically considered a“cold”tumor with limited immunogenicity,breast cancer management was dominated by surgery,chemotherapy,radiotherapy,and targeted therapies1.However,the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)has challenged this paradigm,opening a new frontier.The initial breakthrough in triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC)demonstrated that a subset of patients could derive profound and durable clinical benefit from pembrolizumab and atezolizumab2,3.Today,precision immunotherapy aims to identify the patients most likely to respond,to convert immunologically silent tumors into responsive tumors,and to strategically combine immunotherapies with other modalities to overcome resistance.This evolution from empirical application to biomarker-driven strategies marks the critical juncture at which we stand,transitioning promising clinical trial data into refined,effective,and accessible clinical practice4.Recent key clinical studies on breast cancer immunotherapy are summarized in Table 1.展开更多
Neoadjuvant therapy(NAT)has become the standard treatment for patients with locally advanced breast cancer and stage II-III HER2-positive(HER2+)or triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC)1,2.It is essential to accurately m...Neoadjuvant therapy(NAT)has become the standard treatment for patients with locally advanced breast cancer and stage II-III HER2-positive(HER2+)or triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC)1,2.It is essential to accurately mark the primary breast tumor and positive axillary lymph nodes(ALNs)prior to NAT to ensure precise surgical excision,guide axillary downstaging,and guarantee reliable lesion retrieval for pathologic evaluation3.The false-negative rate of sentinel lymph node biopsy(SLNB)after NAT can be reduced to<10%by applying modalities,such as the identification of≥3 sentinel lymph nodes(SLNs)with dual-mapping techniques or removal of the marked lymph node with target axillary dissection(TAD)according to the ASCO,NCCN,and CBCS guidelines3-5.However,there is a lack of consensus regarding the optimal methods and materials for accurate marking6,7.Conventional techniques include clip placement,guidewire localization,and carbon or ink tattooing,whereas wireless technologies,such as MagseedR,radiofrequency identification tags,SAVI SCOUTR,and radioactive iodine-125(125I)seeds,have also been adopted.Traditional marking techniques have a localization failure rate of approximately 10%.In contrast,the use of 125I seeds(with a radiation dose of 0.1-0.3 mCi)has significantly improved localization accuracy8,9.Nevertheless,owing to radioactive properties,concerns have been raised regarding the potential impact of 125I seed marking on assessing the pathologic complete response(pCR)after NAT10.Moreover,whether the influence of 125I seed marking on pCR could lead to suboptimal adjuvant treatment decisions and potentially compromise long-term oncologic outcomes has not been established.To investigate the potential impact of 125I seed placement on the pCR rate and long-term outcomes in breast cancer patients receiving NAT,we conducted a retrospective cohort study utilizing propensity score matching(PSM).展开更多
Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies among women and comprises a heterogeneous spectrum of molecular subtypes with distinct biological behaviors.Among various regulatory molecules,sphingolipids play...Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies among women and comprises a heterogeneous spectrum of molecular subtypes with distinct biological behaviors.Among various regulatory molecules,sphingolipids play pivotal roles in dynamically modulating fundamental cellular processes such as proliferation,apoptosis,and metastasis through metabolic interconversions,including phosphorylation,glycosylation,and the generation of sphingosine-1-phosphate.This review aims to elucidate the mechanisms through which sphingolipid metabolism orchestrates cancer cell fate and drives breast cancer progression.Particular emphasis is placed on the balance between proapoptotic ceramides and pro-survival metabolites,such as sphingosine-1-phosphate,which collectively influence tumor growth and the therapeutic response.Additional sphingolipid species,including glucosylceramide and gangliosides(GD2,GD3,GM1,and GM3),have also been implicated in promoting breast cancer development.Furthermore,sphingolipid-based therapeutic strategies,including immunotherapy and antibody therapy,are discussed.By providing a comprehensive overview of sphingolipid metabolism,this review aims to identify novel therapeutic targets that may help overcome treatment resistance and improve clinical outcomes in breast cancer.展开更多
Background:As a heterogeneous disease,breast cancer requires refined classification frameworks that can effectively guide targeted therapies.However,traditional methods fail to capture the comprehensive molecular insi...Background:As a heterogeneous disease,breast cancer requires refined classification frameworks that can effectively guide targeted therapies.However,traditional methods fail to capture the comprehensive molecular insights needed for this purpose.Methods:To comprehensively capture breast cancer heterogeneity,we employed integrative clustering that incorporates six molecular features from 670 breast cancer samples.Ten distinct clustering algorithms were combined to ensure robust subtype identification,and the identified subtypes were validated in four independent datasets.Subsequently,we constructed a survival support vector machine prognostic model based on key molecular features to enhance survival prediction and clinical applicability.Results:Five novel subtypes were identified:consensus subtypes 1–5(CS1–CS5).CS2 was an aggressive subtype with elevated TP53 mutation rates,high tumor mutational burden,and strong sensitivity to YM-155 and ispinesib.Conversely,CS5 exhibited stable genomics with enhanced nucleotide excision repair and favorable prognoses.CS2 and CS4 showed enriched immune checkpoint expression,indicating potential immunotherapy responsiveness,while CS1 and CS5 exhibited immune-cold profiles.The survival support vector machine model effectively predicted survival outcomes across independent datasets.Conclusions:The refined breast cancer classification framework developed in this research uncovers new insights into molecular heterogeneity,enhances risk stratification,and enables the identification of promising therapeutic targets.The potential of this framework to optimize personalized treatment strategies warrants further clinical validation.展开更多
Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor among women globally and poses a major public health challenge due to limitations in traditional diagnostic and treatment processes,such as subjective interpretation bi...Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor among women globally and poses a major public health challenge due to limitations in traditional diagnostic and treatment processes,such as subjective interpretation biases and inefficient multidimensional data integration.Artificial intelligence(AI),particularly deep learning and machine learning technologies,has emerged as a transformative tool in addressing these issues.Clinically,AI has been widely applied in imaging screening to improve detection rates and reduce reading time,digital pathology for precise tumor typing and gene mutation prediction,treatment decisionsupport systems to enhance guideline compliance,and drug research and development to accelerate target identification and virtual screening.Despite these achievements,AI implementation faces challenges,such as data standardization issues,limited model generalization,low clinical accessibility,and unclear ethical-legal responsibilities,which require targeted solutions that include national data standards,multi-center training,hierarchical physician training,and explainable AI.Future directions involve multimodal data integration,human-AI collaborative multidisciplinary team models,and extension to full-cycle health management from prevention-to-rehabilitation.This review provides a systematic overview of the role of AI in breast cancer care,offering insights for clinical practice and scientific research innovation,and supporting the transition toward personalized and intelligent medicine in oncology.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32272252)the China Agriculture Research System(CARS-41)funded by the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs and Wens Fifth Five R&D Major Project(WENS-2020-1-ZDZX-007).
文摘The hurdle technology for food preservation effectively addresses the limitations of individual antimicrobial technologies by integrating their strengths.It can not only prolong the storage time of food but also maintains its high quality.In this study,three antimicrobial and bactericidal technologies,namely soluble gas stabilization(SGS),modified atmosphere packaging(MAP),and cold plasma(CP),were applied to chilled chicken breasts.The packaging,total viable count(TVC),and physicochemical properties of chilled chicken breasts after treatments and storage at 4℃were monitored.The microbial diversity at the initial and end points of the storage time of each group was also analyzed.The results indicated that a 3−5 h SGS treatment can effectively increase the proportion of carbon dioxide in the MAP during the storage process of chilled chicken breasts,thereby alleviating the packaging collapse problem.Simultaneously,the effect of SGS,MAP,and CP combinational treatments significantly extended the storage time of chilled chicken breasts while maintaining the physicochemical qualities of samples.Compared to the control group,the TVC of chicken breast treated with SGS,MAP,and CP treatments decreased by 0.58(lg(CFU/g))at 0 day.The shelf life was extended by 5 days.After 8 days,the total volatile basic nitrogen(TVB-N)was 26.67 vs.19.50 mg/100 g,thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS)was 0.99 vs.0.72 mg MDA/kg,and TVC was 8.22 vs.6.52(lg(CFU/g)).High-throughput sequencing results showed that SGS and MAP treatments significantly reduce the proportion of Pseudomonas and Psychrobacter,which are sensitive to carbon dioxide,in the total bacterial genera.This study underscores the potential of integrating multiple antimicrobial technologies for effective food preservation.
文摘Patients with dense breasts on mammography have a higher risk of developing breast cancer and missing a tumor mass than those with non-dense breasts. Whether examinees who have dense breasts should be notified is currently under consideration in Japan;however, there is concern about the low level of understanding regarding dense breasts. A questionnaire survey on the degree of comprehension regarding dense breasts was conducted among 409 general women of >20 years of age in Hachinohe city in October 2017 and 2018. The results showed that the degree of comprehension was extremely low, as only 35 people (8.5%) responded with, “I know the meaning”;however, 32 of them (91.5%) stated that they would like to be notified in they had dense breasts. In addition, the degree of comprehension regarding dense breasts was significantly greater among those who had a breast cancer screening history (OR = 6.4;95% CI = 2.0 - 19.8;P = 0.001) and a self-examination history than among those with no such history (OR = 2.5;95% CI = 1.1 - 5.8;P = 0.03). However, the degree of comprehension did not differ between participants of years of age or between participants with and without a breast cancer sufferer among their close blood relatives. The present findings to reflect a low understanding of dense breasts on mammography screening and suggest that the degree of comprehension is influenced by the presence or absence of a consultation history and a self-examination history.
文摘Cultural schema theory proposes that when we interact with members of the same culture in certain situations, or talk about certain information with them many times, cultural schemas are created and stored in our brain, which can promote coherence between the original and target language text, thus solving the cultural default caused by the cultural differences. It is vital to make cultural compensation to different cultural schemas and to coordinate the cultural contradiction. This thesis focuses on the translation methods and strategies in Big Breasts and Wide Hips from the perspective of the cultural schema theory, which exemplifies how cultural default and compensation functions in this novel.
文摘Literary translation has become the most significant pathway for Chinese literature to enter the world literature scene and compete for international recognitions. In order to present a exhaustive analysis and exploration of the strategies of culture translation, it selects one of Mo Yan's classic work Big Breasts and Wide Hips and its English version translated by American scholar Goldblatt as the case study. It will mainly discuss about the cultural transmission through literary translation and the cultivation of talented translators in order to expand Chinese culture's international influence through improving literary translation.
文摘AIM: To achieve symmetric boundaries for left and right breasts boundaries in thermal images by registration. METHODS: The proposed method for registration consists of two steps. In the first step, shape context, an approach as presented by Belongie and Malik was applied for registration of two breast boundaries. The shape context is an approach to measure shape similarity. Two sets of finite sample points from shape contours of two breasts are then presented. Consequently, the correspondences between the two shapes are found. By finding correspondences, the sample point which has the most similar shape context is obtained. RESULTS: In this study, a line up transformation which maps one shape onto the other has been estimated in order to complete shape. The used of a thin plate spline permitted good estimation of a plane transformation which has capability to map unselective points from one shape onto the other. The obtained aligningtransformation of boundaries points has been applied successfully to map the two breasts interior points. Some of advantages for using shape context method in this work are as follows:(1) no special land marks or key points are needed;(2) it is tolerant to all common shape deformation; and(3) although it is uncomplicated and straightforward to use, it gives remarkably powerful descriptor for point sets significantly upgrading point set registration. Results are very promising. The proposed algorithm was implemented for 32 cases. Boundary registration is done perfectly for 28 cases.CONCLUSION: We used shape contexts method that is simple and easy to implement to achieve symmetric boundaries for left and right breasts boundaries in thermal images.
文摘Introduction: Breast hypertrophy (excessive enlargement of breast), a condition though rare, is well pronounced in some females. Surgery either by reduction mammaplasty or sub-cutaneous mastectomy is often employed in treatment of this condition. Aim: This study seeks to find out the long term level of satisfaction of the surgery on these persons after about 10 - 12 years after treatment. Materials and Methods: From January 1994 to December 2000, the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH) carried out surgeries on 43 females who presented with several degrees of breast hypertrophy. Patients were asked to answer questionnaires on their condition pre-operatively and post-operatively during the long term review process. Results: Thirty-four (79.1%) patients out of the 43 were available for the review with the patients stating there was much (100%) improvement in terms of the pain they felt in the neck, upper and lower back regions. There was no re-occurrence of the condition in any of the patients;29 (85.3%) stated they were satisfied and that their new breast size(s) was/were excellent for them. Conclusion: The pre-operative complications experienced by these patients were resolved hence this surgical procedure was good and the quality of life of these persons had been improved.
文摘Although a great many qualitative descriptions of the experience of having breast cancer exist, they overwhelmingly represent experiences of women in Western cultures and are based on assumptions that stem from Western individualism. This study explores and describes cultural models shared by a group of non-Western women, South Koreans, in reference to female breasts and breast cancer. The hermeneutic phenomenology-grounded qualitative study was conducted with 40 Korean women, between 23 and 81 years of age, half of whom were breast cancer survivors. The analysis elicited two cultural models, both characterized in terms of physical relationships to others (as opposed to the woman’s individual or independent view of her body): a breast-feeding mother to a child and an attractive wife to a husband. Female breasts are interpreted as a medium that connects women to roles as mothers and wives. Breast cancer can lead women to detach from their previous relational and role-oriented identities. Cultural traditions, cultural concepts, and culture-related health beliefs in Korea are interwoven deeply in the women’s stories about breasts, as a gendered organ, and its disease. The findings suggest that understanding indigenous cultural models should precede any supportive breast cancer care for women from non-Western cultural backgrounds.
文摘Objective:We propose a solution that is backed by cloud computing,combines a series of AI neural networks of computer vision;is capable of detecting,highlighting,and locating breast lesions from a live ultrasound video feed,provides BI-RADS categorizations;and has reliable sensitivity and specificity.Multiple deep-learning models were trained on more than 300,000 breast ultrasound images to achieve object detection and regions of interest classification.The main objective of this study was to determine whether the performance of our Al-powered solution was comparable to that of ultrasound radiologists.Methods:The noninferiority evaluation was conducted by comparing the examination results of the same screening women between our AI-powered solution and ultrasound radiologists with over 10 years of experience.The study lasted for one and a half years and was carried out in the Duanzhou District Women and Children's Hospital,Zhaoqing,China.1,133 females between 20 and 70 years old were selected through convenience sampling.Results:The accuracy,sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,and negative predictive value were 93.03%,94.90%,90.71%,92.68%,and 93.48%,respectively.The area under the curve(AUC)for all positives was 0.91569 and the AUC for all negatives was 0.90461.The comparison indicated that the overall performance of the AI system was comparable to that of ultrasound radiologists.Conclusion:This innovative AI-powered ultrasound solution is cost-effective and user-friendly,and could be applied to massive breast cancer screening.
文摘Accessory breasts are not common in male patients.Although simple accessory breasts could be found,accessory breasts combined with other comprehensive diseases are very rare.In this study,we describe a male patient with bilateral accessory breasts and Kallmann syndrome together with his magnetic resonance imaging(MRI)findings.
文摘BACKGROUND:Breast hyperplasia is a common benign breast disease mainly caused by endocrine disorders,manifested as abnormal hyperplasia of breast tissue.In recent years,traditional Chinese medicine compounds and probiotics have shown good potential in regulating the endocrine system and improving the intestinal microecology,providing new ideas for the treatment of breast hyperplasia.OBJECTIVE:To explore the effects and mechanisms of traditional Chinese medicine compounds and fermented probiotic compounds on breast hyperplasia in mice,providing new theoretical and experimental bases for the clinical treatment and prevention of breast hyperplasia.METHODS:(1)Network pharmacology tools were used to predict the anti-breast-hyperplasia activity of Herba Gueldenstaedtiae(Euphorbia humifusa),as well as its potential targets and signaling pathways.The databases included:TCMSP,OMIM,GeneCards database,UniProt website,Venny2.1.0 website,Metascape,HERB website,and STRING database,all of which are open-access databases.Network pharmacology can predict and screen key information such as the targets corresponding to the active ingredients of traditional Chinese medicine,disease targets,and action pathways through network analysis and computer-system analysis.Therefore,it has been increasingly widely used in the research of traditional Chinese medicine.(2)A breast hyperplasia model was induced in mice by injecting estrogen and progesterone.Mice in the normal blank group were injected intraperitoneally with normal saline every day.Mice in the model group and drugadministration groups were injected intraperitoneally with estradiol benzoate injection at a concentration of 0.5 mg/kg every day for 25 days.From the 26th day,the injection of estradiol benzoate injection was stopped.Mice in the normal blank group were injected intramuscularly with normal saline every day,and mice in the model group and drug-administration groups were injected intramuscularly with progesterone injection at a concentration of 5 mg/kg for 5 days.After the model was established,each group was given drugs respectively.The normal blank group and the model group were gavaged with 0.2 mL/d of normal saline;the positive blank group(Xiaozheng Pill group)was gavaged with an aqueous solution of Xiaozheng Pill at 0.9 mg/g;the low-,medium-and high-dose groups of Compound Herba Gueldenstaedtiae were gavaged with an aqueous solution of the compound medicine at 0.75,1.5,and 3.0 mg/(g·d)respectively;the low-,medium-and high-dose groups of traditional Chinese medicine-bacteria fermentation were gavaged with an aqueous solution of the compound medicine at 0.75,1.5,and 3.0 mg/(g·d)respectively.The administration was continuous for 30 days.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)The results of network pharmacology research showed that the Compound Herba Gueldenstaedtiae(Euphorbia humifusa)contained 46 active ingredients,which were related to 1213 potential targets.After comparison with 588 known breast-hyperplasia targets,it was speculated that 50 of these targets might be related to the direct effect of the compound on breast hyperplasia.(2)After drug intervention,there was no significant change in the high-dose group of Compound Herba Gueldenstaedtiae compared with the normal blank group.The liver indicators of the other intervention groups all significantly decreased(P<0.05).(3)In terms of kidney and uterine indicators,the medium-dose group of Compound Herba Gueldenstaedtiae decreased significantly compared with the normal blank group(P<0.05).In terms of the uterine index,the model group increased significantly compared with the normal blank group(P<0.01).(4)After 1-month drug treatment,the number of lobules and acini in the breast tissue of the Xiaozheng Pill group,the low,medium,and high-dose group of Compound Herba Gueldenstaedtiae,the low,medium,and highdose groups of traditional Chinese medicine-bacteria fermentation decreased,and the duct openings narrowed.With the increase of drug dose,diffuse hyperplasia of breast tissue was significantly improved.(5)The ELISA results showed that compared with the model group,the estrogen level was lower in the medium-dose group of traditional Chinese medicine-bacteria fermentation after the intervention(P<0.05).In addition,the follicle-stimulating hormone level in the low-dose group of Compound Herba Gueldenstaedtiae was lower than that of the model group(P<0.05).(6)The intervention in the mouse model led to changes in the abundance of short chain fatty acids and intestinal flora in all groups.To conclude,the Compound Herba Gueldenstaedtiae and its probiotic fermentation products significantly improved mammary gland hyperplasia in mice by regulating hormone levels,improving the structure of the gut microbiota,and increasing the content of shortchain fatty acids,providing new ideas and potential sources of drugs for the treatment of breast hyperplasia.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.82230057 and 82272859)the National Key R&D Program of China(Grant No.2022YFC2505101).
文摘Introduction,Breast cancer is the most common cancer type in adolescents and young adults<40 years of age,accounting for 30%of cancers in this age group1.Breast cancer in the young presents significant challenges for patients and society,including more aggressive tumor biology,poor prognosis,genetic susceptibility,fertility preservation,and complex psychosocial issues.Moreover,because of the markedly younger median age of breast cancer,the proportion of young breast cancer patients in China is significantly higher than Western countries2.The first Young Breast Cancer in China(YBCC)consensus meeting was held in Guangzhou,China in December 2021 to address exclusive challenges and requirements facing young patients with breast cancer.Chinese medical experts from multiple specialties had an extensive discussion and formulated a consensus over several hot topics in young patients with breast cancer.The“Expert Consensus on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Young Breast Cancer in China(2022 edition)”published in the Chinese Medical Journal has garnered significant attention3,highlighting enormous interest in the YBCC consensus in the medical community and public.
基金supported by Rural Health Research Institute,Charles Sturt University.
文摘Breast cancer(BC)remains the most frequently diagnosed malignancy worldwide,with an estimated 2.3 million new cases and approximately 685,000 deaths reported in 2020.Forecasts suggest a substantial rise in global incidence,with new annual cases projected to reach 3.2 million by 2050,representing a 39%increase.Additionally,BC is expected to account for approximately 7.7%of the anticipated$25.2 trillion global economic burden associated with cancer by 2050.These trends underscore an urgent need for affordable,widely accessible and effective therapeutic strategies,particularly in low-and middle-income countries.Statins,commonly prescribed for the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia via inhibition of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A(HMG-CoA)reductase,have garnered increasing interest for their potential anticancer properties.This review focuses on the mechanistic underpinnings and therapeutic implications of statin use,particularly simvastatin,in the context of BC.Statins exert their primary effect through inhibition of the mevalonate pathway,which is crucial for cholesterol and isoprenoid biosynthesis.Disruption of this pathway impairs the prenylation of key signalling proteins,including members of the Ras and Rho GTPase families,which are essential for cancer cell proliferation,survival and metastasis.Preclinical evidence has demonstrated that simvastatin can induce tumour cell apoptosis,arrest cell-cycle progression and inhibit oncogenic signalling pathways.These effects have been particularly pronounced in hormone receptor-negative and triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC)subtypes,which are often associated with poor prognosis and limited treatment options.Epidemiological and observational studies further support a potential association between statin use and reduced BC recurrence and mortality.Nevertheless,robust evidence from randomised controlled trials remains limited,and further investigation is required to establish causality and define optimal therapeutic regimens.Given their well-established safety profile,global accessibility and pleiotropic effects,statins,especially simvastatin,represent a promising class of repurposed drugs in the adjuvant treatment of BC.This review synthesises evidence from the past two decades,highlighting the need for continued clinical research to validate and optimise the use of statins as adjunctive agents in BC therapy.
文摘Breast cancer remains a global health challenge with greater than 2.3 million new cases diagnosed annually 1,according to the World Health Organization1.Management of breast cancer is shaped by a complex interplay of international guidelines,regional adaptations,and the rapidly evolving fields of precision medicine and artificial intelligence(AI).
基金National High Level Hospital Clinical Research Funding,Grant/Award Numbers:2025-PUMCH-A-147,2022-PUMCH-B-039Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences(CAMS)Innovation Fund for Medical Sciences(CIFM),Grant/Award Number:2021-I2M-1-014。
文摘Background:Sclerosing adenosis(SA)and breast cancer(BC)often exhibit overlapping clinical,imaging,and pathological characteristics,making them difficult to differentiate.SA may also coexist with BC(SA+BC),including ductal carcinoma in situ(SA-DCIS)and invasive breast cancer(SA-IBC),which complicates diagnosis even when core-needle biopsy(CNB)suggests SA.This study aimed to develop interpretable AI-based binary and ternary classification models that leverage clinical and imaging features to distinguish SA-only from SA+BC and to further differentiate among SA-only,SA-DCIS,and SA-IBC.Methods:We retrospectively analyzed a cohort of 726 patients with SA(January 2006 to December 2021),comprising 537 SA-only and 189 SA+BC cases(90 SA-DCIS,99 SA-IBC).Multiple machine learning algorithms-logistic regression,support vector machine,decision tree,XGBoost,and random forest-were compared using AUC,accuracy,F1-score,and C-index.Model interpretability was assessed with SHAP to elucidate feature contributions and identify key predictors.Additionally,we incorporated an independent external validation cohort consisting of 113 patients to verify the model's effectiveness.
基金supported by the Non-communicable Chronic Diseases National Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2025ZD0544003).
文摘The landscape of breast cancer treatment has undergone a transformative shift with the integration of immunotherapy.Historically considered a“cold”tumor with limited immunogenicity,breast cancer management was dominated by surgery,chemotherapy,radiotherapy,and targeted therapies1.However,the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs)has challenged this paradigm,opening a new frontier.The initial breakthrough in triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC)demonstrated that a subset of patients could derive profound and durable clinical benefit from pembrolizumab and atezolizumab2,3.Today,precision immunotherapy aims to identify the patients most likely to respond,to convert immunologically silent tumors into responsive tumors,and to strategically combine immunotherapies with other modalities to overcome resistance.This evolution from empirical application to biomarker-driven strategies marks the critical juncture at which we stand,transitioning promising clinical trial data into refined,effective,and accessible clinical practice4.Recent key clinical studies on breast cancer immunotherapy are summarized in Table 1.
基金supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.82573747,82172873,W2421095,and 82503888)National Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2025ZD0543900)+2 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(Grant Nos.ZR2024LMB011 and ZR2024QH058)Taishan Scholars Program of Shandong Province(Grant No.tsqn202211337)Collaborative Academic Innovation Project of Shandong Cancer Hospital(Grant No.GF003).
文摘Neoadjuvant therapy(NAT)has become the standard treatment for patients with locally advanced breast cancer and stage II-III HER2-positive(HER2+)or triple-negative breast cancer(TNBC)1,2.It is essential to accurately mark the primary breast tumor and positive axillary lymph nodes(ALNs)prior to NAT to ensure precise surgical excision,guide axillary downstaging,and guarantee reliable lesion retrieval for pathologic evaluation3.The false-negative rate of sentinel lymph node biopsy(SLNB)after NAT can be reduced to<10%by applying modalities,such as the identification of≥3 sentinel lymph nodes(SLNs)with dual-mapping techniques or removal of the marked lymph node with target axillary dissection(TAD)according to the ASCO,NCCN,and CBCS guidelines3-5.However,there is a lack of consensus regarding the optimal methods and materials for accurate marking6,7.Conventional techniques include clip placement,guidewire localization,and carbon or ink tattooing,whereas wireless technologies,such as MagseedR,radiofrequency identification tags,SAVI SCOUTR,and radioactive iodine-125(125I)seeds,have also been adopted.Traditional marking techniques have a localization failure rate of approximately 10%.In contrast,the use of 125I seeds(with a radiation dose of 0.1-0.3 mCi)has significantly improved localization accuracy8,9.Nevertheless,owing to radioactive properties,concerns have been raised regarding the potential impact of 125I seed marking on assessing the pathologic complete response(pCR)after NAT10.Moreover,whether the influence of 125I seed marking on pCR could lead to suboptimal adjuvant treatment decisions and potentially compromise long-term oncologic outcomes has not been established.To investigate the potential impact of 125I seed placement on the pCR rate and long-term outcomes in breast cancer patients receiving NAT,we conducted a retrospective cohort study utilizing propensity score matching(PSM).
基金supported by National Research Foundation(NRF)of Korea grants funded by the Korean government,the Ministry of Science and ICT[NRF-2022R1A2C1006737 to Joo-Won Park,NRF-2022R1I1A1A0106408112 to Min Hee Kim].
文摘Breast cancer is one of the most prevalent malignancies among women and comprises a heterogeneous spectrum of molecular subtypes with distinct biological behaviors.Among various regulatory molecules,sphingolipids play pivotal roles in dynamically modulating fundamental cellular processes such as proliferation,apoptosis,and metastasis through metabolic interconversions,including phosphorylation,glycosylation,and the generation of sphingosine-1-phosphate.This review aims to elucidate the mechanisms through which sphingolipid metabolism orchestrates cancer cell fate and drives breast cancer progression.Particular emphasis is placed on the balance between proapoptotic ceramides and pro-survival metabolites,such as sphingosine-1-phosphate,which collectively influence tumor growth and the therapeutic response.Additional sphingolipid species,including glucosylceramide and gangliosides(GD2,GD3,GM1,and GM3),have also been implicated in promoting breast cancer development.Furthermore,sphingolipid-based therapeutic strategies,including immunotherapy and antibody therapy,are discussed.By providing a comprehensive overview of sphingolipid metabolism,this review aims to identify novel therapeutic targets that may help overcome treatment resistance and improve clinical outcomes in breast cancer.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.:82560497,82260502,82272656)Guizhou Provincial Basic Research Program(Grant No.:Natural Science,MS[2025]-495)Talent Fund of Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital(Grant No.:2022-33).
文摘Background:As a heterogeneous disease,breast cancer requires refined classification frameworks that can effectively guide targeted therapies.However,traditional methods fail to capture the comprehensive molecular insights needed for this purpose.Methods:To comprehensively capture breast cancer heterogeneity,we employed integrative clustering that incorporates six molecular features from 670 breast cancer samples.Ten distinct clustering algorithms were combined to ensure robust subtype identification,and the identified subtypes were validated in four independent datasets.Subsequently,we constructed a survival support vector machine prognostic model based on key molecular features to enhance survival prediction and clinical applicability.Results:Five novel subtypes were identified:consensus subtypes 1–5(CS1–CS5).CS2 was an aggressive subtype with elevated TP53 mutation rates,high tumor mutational burden,and strong sensitivity to YM-155 and ispinesib.Conversely,CS5 exhibited stable genomics with enhanced nucleotide excision repair and favorable prognoses.CS2 and CS4 showed enriched immune checkpoint expression,indicating potential immunotherapy responsiveness,while CS1 and CS5 exhibited immune-cold profiles.The survival support vector machine model effectively predicted survival outcomes across independent datasets.Conclusions:The refined breast cancer classification framework developed in this research uncovers new insights into molecular heterogeneity,enhances risk stratification,and enables the identification of promising therapeutic targets.The potential of this framework to optimize personalized treatment strategies warrants further clinical validation.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.82404074)the Science and Technology Major Project(Grant No.2024ZD0519805).
文摘Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor among women globally and poses a major public health challenge due to limitations in traditional diagnostic and treatment processes,such as subjective interpretation biases and inefficient multidimensional data integration.Artificial intelligence(AI),particularly deep learning and machine learning technologies,has emerged as a transformative tool in addressing these issues.Clinically,AI has been widely applied in imaging screening to improve detection rates and reduce reading time,digital pathology for precise tumor typing and gene mutation prediction,treatment decisionsupport systems to enhance guideline compliance,and drug research and development to accelerate target identification and virtual screening.Despite these achievements,AI implementation faces challenges,such as data standardization issues,limited model generalization,low clinical accessibility,and unclear ethical-legal responsibilities,which require targeted solutions that include national data standards,multi-center training,hierarchical physician training,and explainable AI.Future directions involve multimodal data integration,human-AI collaborative multidisciplinary team models,and extension to full-cycle health management from prevention-to-rehabilitation.This review provides a systematic overview of the role of AI in breast cancer care,offering insights for clinical practice and scientific research innovation,and supporting the transition toward personalized and intelligent medicine in oncology.
