The propagation of long-waves, such as tidal waves from the coastal oceam into shallow estuarine waters,often produces asymmetries of veolcity and water level in time series resulting in long-wave breaking.Tian (1994)...The propagation of long-waves, such as tidal waves from the coastal oceam into shallow estuarine waters,often produces asymmetries of veolcity and water level in time series resulting in long-wave breaking.Tian (1994) studied the mechanism of long-wave breaking in an infinite channel with constant depth,considering nth power bottom friction. This study is for the case of a half infinite channel with bottomslope, taking linear bottom friction into account. The wave breaking time and wave breaking location areestimated and the criteria for long-wave breaking in this particular case are obtained. The results obtainedcan also be e asily applied to the case considering wind stress.展开更多
Dam break can cause a significant disaster in the downstream, especially, in a valley with cascade reservoirs, which would aggravate the disaster extent. The experimental studies of the dam-break flow of cascade reser...Dam break can cause a significant disaster in the downstream, especially, in a valley with cascade reservoirs, which would aggravate the disaster extent. The experimental studies of the dam-break flow of cascade reservoirs are few and far between at the present, Most of related studies concern the failure of a single dam.. This article presents an experimental study of the characteristics of an instantly filled dam-break flow of cascade reservoirs in a rectangular glass flume with a steep bottom slope. A new method was used to simulate the sudden collapse of the dam. A series of sensors for automatic water-levels were deployed to record the rapid water depth fluctuation. The experimental results show that, the ratio of the initial water depth of the downstream reservoir to that of the upstream reservoir would greatly affect the flood peak water depth in the downstream reservoir area and in the stream channel behind the downstream dam, while the influence of the dam spacing is insignificant. In addition, the comparison between the single reservoir and the cascade reservoirs shows some difference in the dam-break flow pattern and the stage hydrograph at the corresponding gauging points.展开更多
Air entrainment is an effective approach to protect release works from cavitation damage. The traditional method of aerator device designs is that, for given flow conditions, the geometries of the aerator device are d...Air entrainment is an effective approach to protect release works from cavitation damage. The traditional method of aerator device designs is that, for given flow conditions, the geometries of the aerator device are designed and then the effec（s are experimentally tested for cavitation damage control. The present paper proposes an inverse problem method of determining the bottom slopes in front of and behind an aerator if the requirements of air entrainment, flow conditions and some of aerator geometric parameters are given. An RBF neural network model is developed and the relevant bottom slopes are calculated in different conditions of flow and geometry on the basis of the data of 19 aerator devices from different discharge tunnels with safe operation. The case study shows that the methodology provides an effective way to design aerator devices under given target conditions.展开更多
A time-dependent mild-slope equation for the extension of the classic mild-slope equation of Berkhoff is developed for the interactions of large ambient currents and waves propagating over an uneven bottom, using a Ha...A time-dependent mild-slope equation for the extension of the classic mild-slope equation of Berkhoff is developed for the interactions of large ambient currents and waves propagating over an uneven bottom, using a Hamiltonian formulation for irrotational motions. The bottom topography consists of two components the slowly varying component which satisfies the mild-slope approximation, and the fast varying component with wavelengths on the order of the surface wavelength but amplitudes which scale as a small parameter describing the mild-slope condition. The theory is more widely applicable and contains as special cases the following famous mild-slope type equations: the classical mild-Slope equation, Kirby's extended mild-slope equation with current, and Dingemans's mild-slope equation for rippled bed. Finally, good agreement between the classic experimental data concerning Bragg reflection and the present numerical results is observed.展开更多
Since the mild-slope equation was derived by Berkhoff （1972）,the researchers considered various mechanism to simplify and improve the equation,which has been widely used for coastal wave field calculation.Recently,s...Since the mild-slope equation was derived by Berkhoff （1972）,the researchers considered various mechanism to simplify and improve the equation,which has been widely used for coastal wave field calculation.Recently,some scholars applied the mild-slope equation in simulating the tidal motion,which proves that the equation is capable to calculate the tide in actual terrain.But in their studies,they made a lot of simplifications,and did not consider the effects of Coriolis force and bottom friction on tidal wave.In this paper,the first-order linear mild-slope equations are deduced from Kirby mild-slope equation including wave and current interaction.Then,referring to the method of wave equations’ modification,the Coriolis force and bottom friction term are considered,and the effects of which have been performed with the radial sand ridges topography.Finally,the results show that the modified mild-slope equation can be used to simulate tidal motion,and the calculations agree well with the measurements,thus the applicability and validity of the mild-slope equation on tidal simulation are further proved.展开更多
High-order models with a dissipative term for nonlinear and dispersive wave in water of varying depth with an arbitrary sloping bottom are presented in this article. First, the formal derivations to any high order of ...High-order models with a dissipative term for nonlinear and dispersive wave in water of varying depth with an arbitrary sloping bottom are presented in this article. First, the formal derivations to any high order of mu(= h/lambda, depth to deep-water wave length ratio) and epsilon(= a/h, wave amplitude to depth ratio) for velocity potential, particle velocity vector, pressure and the Boussinesq-type equations for surface elevation eta and horizontal velocity vector (U) over right arrow at any given level in water are given. Then, the exact explicit expressions to the fourth order of mu are derived. Finally, the linear solutions of eta, (U) over right arrow, C (phase-celerity) and C-g (group velocity) for a constant water depth are obtained. Compared with the Airy theory, excellent results can be found even for a water depth as large as the wave legnth. The present high-order models are applicable to nonlinear regular and irregular waves in water of any varying depth (from shallow to deep) and bottom slope (from mild to steep).展开更多
Starting from the widespread phenomena of porous bottoms in the near shore region, considering fully the diversity of bottom topography and wave number variation, and including the effect of evanescent modes, a genera...Starting from the widespread phenomena of porous bottoms in the near shore region, considering fully the diversity of bottom topography and wave number variation, and including the effect of evanescent modes, a general linear wave theory for water waves propagating over uneven porous bottoms in the near shore region is established by use of Green's second identity. This theory can be reduced to a number of the most typical mild-slope equations currently in use and provide a reliable research basis for follow-up development of nonlinear water wave theory involving porous bottoms.展开更多
On the assumption that the vortex and the vertical velocity component of the current are small, a mild-slope equation for wave propagation on non-uniform flows is deduced from the basic hydrodynamic equations, with th...On the assumption that the vortex and the vertical velocity component of the current are small, a mild-slope equation for wave propagation on non-uniform flows is deduced from the basic hydrodynamic equations, with the terms of (V(h)h)(2) and V(h)(2)h included in the equation. The terms of bottom friction, wind energy input and wave nonlinearity are also introduced into the equation. The wind energy input functions for wind waves and swells are separately considered by adopting Wen's (1989) empirical formula for wind waves and Snyder's observation results for swells. Thus, an extended mild-slope equation is obtained, in which the effects of refraction, diffraction, reflection, current, bottom friction, wind energy input and wave nonlinearity are considered synthetically.展开更多
This paper reports study focusing on the effects of sloping bottom on the deep cross-equatorial boundary current, and discusses model and laboratory experiment results showing that the southward that the southward int...This paper reports study focusing on the effects of sloping bottom on the deep cross-equatorial boundary current, and discusses model and laboratory experiment results showing that the southward that the southward intrusion distance and flow speed of the western boundary current depend on the bottom slope variation rate,the difference between and and are the current thickness at eastward edge and westward edge, respectively), and the net mass transport.展开更多
In the present paper, by introducing the effective wave elevation, we transform the extended elliptic mild-slope equation with bottom friction, wave breaking and steep or rapidly varying bottom topography to the simpl...In the present paper, by introducing the effective wave elevation, we transform the extended elliptic mild-slope equation with bottom friction, wave breaking and steep or rapidly varying bottom topography to the simplest time-dependent hyperbolic equation. Based on this equation and the empirical nonlinear amplitude dispersion relation proposed by Li et al. （2003）, the numerical scheme is established. Error analysis by Taylor expansion method shows that the numerical stability of the present model succeeds the merits in Song et al. （2007）＇s model because of the introduced dissipation terms. For the purpose of verifying its performance on wave nonlinearity, rapidly varying topography and wave breaking, the present model is applied to study： （1） wave refraction and diffraction over a submerged elliptic shoal on a slope （Berkhoff et al., 1982）; （2） Bragg reflection of monochromatic waves from the sinusoidal ripples （Davies and Heathershaw, 1985）; （3） wave transformation near a shore attached breakwater （Watanabe and Maruyama, 1986）. Comparisons of the numerical solutions with the experimental or theoretical ones or with those of other models （REF/DIF model and FUNWAVE model） show good results, which indicate that the present model is capable of giving favorably predictions of wave refraction, diffraction, reflection, shoaling, bottom friction, breaking energy dissipation and weak nonlinearity in the near shore zone.展开更多
为实现TLD对结构的轻量化振动控制并提升传统TLD的减震性能,提出将附加阻尼网的斜底式调谐液体阻尼器(damping net and sloped-bottom tuned liquid damper,DNS-TLD)与齿轮齿条型惯容装置组合,形成一种新型调谐液体惯容系统(damping net...为实现TLD对结构的轻量化振动控制并提升传统TLD的减震性能,提出将附加阻尼网的斜底式调谐液体阻尼器(damping net and sloped-bottom tuned liquid damper,DNS-TLD)与齿轮齿条型惯容装置组合,形成一种新型调谐液体惯容系统(damping net and sloped-bottom tuned liquid inerter system,DNS-TLIS)。在分析DNS-TLIS减振机理的基础上,推导出DNSTLIS的基频求解公式,构建DNS-TLIS-单自由度结构系统力学模型,提出一种等效液体运动速度的求解方法,并依此提出一种简便估算DNS-TLIS总等效阻尼比的方法。通过单层钢框架振动台试验验证该理论模型与总等效阻尼比计算公式的准确性。振动台试验与理论结果表明:DNS-TLIS可以在地震作用下实现较好的结构减震控制效果并完成调谐液体质量的轻量化设计目标,各类TLD中DNS-TLIS的减震性能最为突出,所需实际液体质量最小,工程适用性最佳。展开更多
文摘The propagation of long-waves, such as tidal waves from the coastal oceam into shallow estuarine waters,often produces asymmetries of veolcity and water level in time series resulting in long-wave breaking.Tian (1994) studied the mechanism of long-wave breaking in an infinite channel with constant depth,considering nth power bottom friction. This study is for the case of a half infinite channel with bottomslope, taking linear bottom friction into account. The wave breaking time and wave breaking location areestimated and the criteria for long-wave breaking in this particular case are obtained. The results obtainedcan also be e asily applied to the case considering wind stress.
基金Project supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program,Grant No.2007CB714105)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.50909067)
文摘Dam break can cause a significant disaster in the downstream, especially, in a valley with cascade reservoirs, which would aggravate the disaster extent. The experimental studies of the dam-break flow of cascade reservoirs are few and far between at the present, Most of related studies concern the failure of a single dam.. This article presents an experimental study of the characteristics of an instantly filled dam-break flow of cascade reservoirs in a rectangular glass flume with a steep bottom slope. A new method was used to simulate the sudden collapse of the dam. A series of sensors for automatic water-levels were deployed to record the rapid water depth fluctuation. The experimental results show that, the ratio of the initial water depth of the downstream reservoir to that of the upstream reservoir would greatly affect the flood peak water depth in the downstream reservoir area and in the stream channel behind the downstream dam, while the influence of the dam spacing is insignificant. In addition, the comparison between the single reservoir and the cascade reservoirs shows some difference in the dam-break flow pattern and the stage hydrograph at the corresponding gauging points.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Function of China(Grant No.51179114)
文摘Air entrainment is an effective approach to protect release works from cavitation damage. The traditional method of aerator device designs is that, for given flow conditions, the geometries of the aerator device are designed and then the effec（s are experimentally tested for cavitation damage control. The present paper proposes an inverse problem method of determining the bottom slopes in front of and behind an aerator if the requirements of air entrainment, flow conditions and some of aerator geometric parameters are given. An RBF neural network model is developed and the relevant bottom slopes are calculated in different conditions of flow and geometry on the basis of the data of 19 aerator devices from different discharge tunnels with safe operation. The case study shows that the methodology provides an effective way to design aerator devices under given target conditions.
基金This project was supported by the National Outstanding Youth Science Foundation of China under contract! No. 49825161.
文摘A time-dependent mild-slope equation for the extension of the classic mild-slope equation of Berkhoff is developed for the interactions of large ambient currents and waves propagating over an uneven bottom, using a Hamiltonian formulation for irrotational motions. The bottom topography consists of two components the slowly varying component which satisfies the mild-slope approximation, and the fast varying component with wavelengths on the order of the surface wavelength but amplitudes which scale as a small parameter describing the mild-slope condition. The theory is more widely applicable and contains as special cases the following famous mild-slope type equations: the classical mild-Slope equation, Kirby's extended mild-slope equation with current, and Dingemans's mild-slope equation for rippled bed. Finally, good agreement between the classic experimental data concerning Bragg reflection and the present numerical results is observed.
基金The Ministry of Education Fundation for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education under contract No.200802940014the Natural Science Foundation of Hohai University under contract Nos 2008430511Ministry of Transport Open Fundation of Laboratry of port,waterway,sediment engineering
文摘Since the mild-slope equation was derived by Berkhoff （1972）,the researchers considered various mechanism to simplify and improve the equation,which has been widely used for coastal wave field calculation.Recently,some scholars applied the mild-slope equation in simulating the tidal motion,which proves that the equation is capable to calculate the tide in actual terrain.But in their studies,they made a lot of simplifications,and did not consider the effects of Coriolis force and bottom friction on tidal wave.In this paper,the first-order linear mild-slope equations are deduced from Kirby mild-slope equation including wave and current interaction.Then,referring to the method of wave equations’ modification,the Coriolis force and bottom friction term are considered,and the effects of which have been performed with the radial sand ridges topography.Finally,the results show that the modified mild-slope equation can be used to simulate tidal motion,and the calculations agree well with the measurements,thus the applicability and validity of the mild-slope equation on tidal simulation are further proved.
文摘High-order models with a dissipative term for nonlinear and dispersive wave in water of varying depth with an arbitrary sloping bottom are presented in this article. First, the formal derivations to any high order of mu(= h/lambda, depth to deep-water wave length ratio) and epsilon(= a/h, wave amplitude to depth ratio) for velocity potential, particle velocity vector, pressure and the Boussinesq-type equations for surface elevation eta and horizontal velocity vector (U) over right arrow at any given level in water are given. Then, the exact explicit expressions to the fourth order of mu are derived. Finally, the linear solutions of eta, (U) over right arrow, C (phase-celerity) and C-g (group velocity) for a constant water depth are obtained. Compared with the Airy theory, excellent results can be found even for a water depth as large as the wave legnth. The present high-order models are applicable to nonlinear regular and irregular waves in water of any varying depth (from shallow to deep) and bottom slope (from mild to steep).
文摘Starting from the widespread phenomena of porous bottoms in the near shore region, considering fully the diversity of bottom topography and wave number variation, and including the effect of evanescent modes, a general linear wave theory for water waves propagating over uneven porous bottoms in the near shore region is established by use of Green's second identity. This theory can be reduced to a number of the most typical mild-slope equations currently in use and provide a reliable research basis for follow-up development of nonlinear water wave theory involving porous bottoms.
文摘On the assumption that the vortex and the vertical velocity component of the current are small, a mild-slope equation for wave propagation on non-uniform flows is deduced from the basic hydrodynamic equations, with the terms of (V(h)h)(2) and V(h)(2)h included in the equation. The terms of bottom friction, wind energy input and wave nonlinearity are also introduced into the equation. The wind energy input functions for wind waves and swells are separately considered by adopting Wen's (1989) empirical formula for wind waves and Snyder's observation results for swells. Thus, an extended mild-slope equation is obtained, in which the effects of refraction, diffraction, reflection, current, bottom friction, wind energy input and wave nonlinearity are considered synthetically.
文摘This paper reports study focusing on the effects of sloping bottom on the deep cross-equatorial boundary current, and discusses model and laboratory experiment results showing that the southward that the southward intrusion distance and flow speed of the western boundary current depend on the bottom slope variation rate,the difference between and and are the current thickness at eastward edge and westward edge, respectively), and the net mass transport.
基金Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Coastal Disasters and Defence (Ministry of Education)National Natural Science Foundation of China under contract No. 50779015
文摘In the present paper, by introducing the effective wave elevation, we transform the extended elliptic mild-slope equation with bottom friction, wave breaking and steep or rapidly varying bottom topography to the simplest time-dependent hyperbolic equation. Based on this equation and the empirical nonlinear amplitude dispersion relation proposed by Li et al. （2003）, the numerical scheme is established. Error analysis by Taylor expansion method shows that the numerical stability of the present model succeeds the merits in Song et al. （2007）＇s model because of the introduced dissipation terms. For the purpose of verifying its performance on wave nonlinearity, rapidly varying topography and wave breaking, the present model is applied to study： （1） wave refraction and diffraction over a submerged elliptic shoal on a slope （Berkhoff et al., 1982）; （2） Bragg reflection of monochromatic waves from the sinusoidal ripples （Davies and Heathershaw, 1985）; （3） wave transformation near a shore attached breakwater （Watanabe and Maruyama, 1986）. Comparisons of the numerical solutions with the experimental or theoretical ones or with those of other models （REF/DIF model and FUNWAVE model） show good results, which indicate that the present model is capable of giving favorably predictions of wave refraction, diffraction, reflection, shoaling, bottom friction, breaking energy dissipation and weak nonlinearity in the near shore zone.
文摘为实现TLD对结构的轻量化振动控制并提升传统TLD的减震性能,提出将附加阻尼网的斜底式调谐液体阻尼器(damping net and sloped-bottom tuned liquid damper,DNS-TLD)与齿轮齿条型惯容装置组合,形成一种新型调谐液体惯容系统(damping net and sloped-bottom tuned liquid inerter system,DNS-TLIS)。在分析DNS-TLIS减振机理的基础上,推导出DNSTLIS的基频求解公式,构建DNS-TLIS-单自由度结构系统力学模型,提出一种等效液体运动速度的求解方法,并依此提出一种简便估算DNS-TLIS总等效阻尼比的方法。通过单层钢框架振动台试验验证该理论模型与总等效阻尼比计算公式的准确性。振动台试验与理论结果表明:DNS-TLIS可以在地震作用下实现较好的结构减震控制效果并完成调谐液体质量的轻量化设计目标,各类TLD中DNS-TLIS的减震性能最为突出,所需实际液体质量最小,工程适用性最佳。
