BACKGROUND Dietary supplement(DS)usage among United States adults has significantly increased.Patients with steatotic liver disease(SLD)may have unique moti-vations to take DS in light of their liver condition and co-...BACKGROUND Dietary supplement(DS)usage among United States adults has significantly increased.Patients with steatotic liver disease(SLD)may have unique moti-vations to take DS in light of their liver condition and co-morbidities.AIM To characterize DS use in SLD patients and explore motivations for their use.METHODS Adults≥18 years old with complete transient elastography and dietary data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between January 2017 and March 2020 were studied.SLD was defined using consensus criteria,combining clinical indicators with elastography thresholds.The DS Questionnaire(DSQ)was used to record participants’use of DSQ.Sample weights were applied to estimate national prevalence.RESULTS Of 2413 participants with SLD,1058 reported using DS,for an estimated prevalence of 44.8%[standard error(SE)2.4]with an average of 2.6(SE 0.2)DS per person.Among SLD participants taking DSQ,53.2%(SE 3.3)reported using non-vitamin/non-mineral ones,with an average of 1.8(SE 0.1)such supplements per person.DS users were more likely to be female,have higher levels of education,and have greater food security(P<0.02 for all).The most common motivations for using DS were to follow doctor’s advice(36.7%,SE 1.8),to improve overall health(22.1%,SE 2.0),and to maintain health(19.2%,SE 1.9).CONCLUSION Nearly half of individuals with SLD report taking DS.This study underscores the pressing need to deepen our understanding of DS use/motivations to develop tailored patient counseling strategies.展开更多
This review provides a summary of botanicals and plant strengtheners that have potential uses for disease and pest management in potato and tomato cultivation in African.We discuss their possible use to prevent major ...This review provides a summary of botanicals and plant strengtheners that have potential uses for disease and pest management in potato and tomato cultivation in African.We discuss their possible use to prevent major diseases and pests which infest potato and tomato,such as early and late blight,bacterial wilt,potato tuber moth,and tomato leafminer.There are several examples of the successful uses of botanicals for pathogen and pest control relevant for different African climatic conditions;however,most of these studies have been conducted in vitro and often lack field verification.Plant strengtheners(substances that induce and improve crop resistance,yield,and quality)are little studied and used in Africa in comparison to North America and Europe.The possible benefits of using botanicals and plant strengtheners instead of conventional pesticides are discussed here in relation to human health and the environment as well as their modes of action and accessibility to farmers.Lack of knowledge of the composition and active ingredients of extracts,environmental concerns,uncertainties regarding stability and formulation,lack of legislation and limited support from governments,hamper the development of botanicals and plant strengtheners for use in sustainable African agriculture.展开更多
The rapid appraisal method was used to identity the botanicals used ethnomedicinally from a total of 300 randomly selected respondents drawn from the existing three geo-political zones of Ekiti State, Nigeria. The res...The rapid appraisal method was used to identity the botanicals used ethnomedicinally from a total of 300 randomly selected respondents drawn from the existing three geo-political zones of Ekiti State, Nigeria. The results obtained revealed that about 40% of the 71 botanicals identified presently rare. Most of the presently abundant botanicals are species primarily cultivated for other purpose other than medicine. Most of the identified species are valued for their curative effects on malaria and fever, the predominant diseases in the study area. The need for the conservation of the rare species cannot be over emphasised as most rural dwellers in the study area depend mostly on herbs from these species. Strategies towards the attainment of this goal are proposed.展开更多
The insecticidal effect of four dosage rates of three botanicals namely Jatropha curcas,Heliathus annus and Cocos nucifera was tested on the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais Mots..This is done for the purpose of findin...The insecticidal effect of four dosage rates of three botanicals namely Jatropha curcas,Heliathus annus and Cocos nucifera was tested on the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais Mots..This is done for the purpose of finding a replacement for conventional insecticides which has been found to be harmful to man.The seed oil was applied topically at the rate of 0.1,0.2,0.3 and 0.4 mL per insect.There were a total of 20 insects per Petri-dish.There were four replicates per treatment.Insect mortality was recorded on 12 hourly basis for 48 hours.The results of insects treated with all dosage rates of C.nucifera showed a significantly higher mortality when compared with the control.In the case ofH.annus,insect mortality ranged from 40-100,70-100,60-100 and 80-100%and for J.curcas the result ranged from 0.0-100,40-100,80-100 and 80-100%for rates of 0.1,0.2,0.3 and 0.4 mL,respectively,from 12 hrs to 48 hrs post application.The control experiment remained at 0%level throughout the period of the experiments.展开更多
Rice is the most staple cereal crop of Bangladesh and rice blast caused by</span><span style="font-family:""> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Magnaporthe oryzae o...Rice is the most staple cereal crop of Bangladesh and rice blast caused by</span><span style="font-family:""> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Magnaporthe oryzae oryzae </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(MoO) has become a major factor limiting rice yield in Bangladesh and throughout the world. Eight botanicals extracted both in water and ethanol namely Kalijira (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Nigella sativa</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">), Turmeric (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Curcuma lon</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ga</span></i><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">), Ginger (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Zingiber officinalis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">), Garlic (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Allium sativum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">), Onion (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Allium</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> ce</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">pa</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">),</span></span><i><span style="font-family:""> </span></i><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Neem (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Azadirachta indica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">), Allamanda (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Allamanda cathartica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) and</span></span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Aloevera (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Aloe vera</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) were tested against MoO </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in vitro </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in the Mycology Laborato</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ry, Department of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Dhaka, Bangladesh. All the botanicals significantly reduced radial growth of the tested pathogen. Maximum mycelia growth inhibition of MoO was achieved </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">with water extract of turmeric (1:1 w/v) and ethanol extracts of neem (1:4</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> w/v) with 86.57% and 92.62% mycelia growth inhibition at 14 DAI, respectively.展开更多
Helicoverpa armigera is one of the most destructive agricultural pests worldwide,noted for its wide host range,high fecundity,and rapid development of resistance to synthetic insecticides.To address this threat,sustai...Helicoverpa armigera is one of the most destructive agricultural pests worldwide,noted for its wide host range,high fecundity,and rapid development of resistance to synthetic insecticides.To address this threat,sustainable botanical alternatives are urgently needed.In this study,Nerium oleander,a toxic ornamental plant rich in secondary metabolites,was evaluated as a potential botanical insecticide through in silico assays.Methanolic extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening,confirming the presence of alkaloids,saponins,cardiac glycosides,coumarins,and terpenoids.Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry(GC-MS)profiling identified 20 major compounds,including terpenoids,fatty acids,sterols,and phenolics,with 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol(2.7%),neophytadiene(1.7%),and phytol(0.9%)among the key constituents.Cytochrome P450,a central detoxification enzyme in insects,was chosen as the molecular target.Docking analysis revealed strong binding affinities,with phytol(−6.92 kcal/mol,Ki 8.12μM),neophytadiene(−6.43 kcal/mol,Ki 14.57μM),and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol(5.87 kcal/mol,Ki 45.13μM)demonstrating significant inhibitory potential.These findings indicate that N.oleander metabolites may disrupt detoxification pathways in H.armigera,providing a mechanistic basis for their insecticidal action and supporting the plant's promise as a candidate for integrated pest management.展开更多
The use of plant extracts as insecticides against vector insects serves as a perfect alternative to conventional methods.This study was carried out to assess the chemical composition and efficacy of Chromolaena odorat...The use of plant extracts as insecticides against vector insects serves as a perfect alternative to conventional methods.This study was carried out to assess the chemical composition and efficacy of Chromolaena odorata L.and Ocimum gratissimum L.in the control of adult houseflies.C.odorata and O.gratissimum were extracted with cold water and applied at four concentrations(5,10,40 and 100%v/v)in different bioassays(contact,fumigant and feeding-deterrent).A synthetic insecticide(Lambdacyhalothrin)and an untreated control were included in the treatments.The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with three replicates.The phytochemical compositions of the tested plant extracts were determined via gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry(GC‒MS).Mortality data were recorded at the stipulated times(1,2,4,6,8 and 24 h),and the means were separated via Duncan’s multiple range test at a 5%probability.GC‒MS revealed different chemical compounds,and eugenol,n-hexadecanoic acid,caryophyllene,phytol,humulene,9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid,(Z,Z,Z)-,squalene,and stigmasterol compounds,among others,were identified as active insecticidal compounds.The tested plant extracts were effective against the studied insects,which suggested synergistic action of the observed natural chemicals in the plant extracts used.Moreover,the two plant extracts did not kill the studied insects faster than the synthetic insecticide did,but 100%mortality was observed after 12 h of exposure to the plant extracts.The mode of application and concentration played a significant role in the toxicity of the plant extracts,with the feeding mode of application resulting in greater toxicity effects than the fumigant and contact bioassays at the highest concentration.However,O.gratissimum exhibited better insecticidal control than C.odorata extracts did.Therefore,the use of crude plant extracts as insecticides could serve as substitutes for lambdachyalothrin in the control of houseflies,especially in animal rearing facilities and in the human population.展开更多
Increasing concern over the amount of insecticide residues in food has encouraged research for ecologically sound strategies to effectively manage stored-product insect pests and protect living organisms and the envir...Increasing concern over the amount of insecticide residues in food has encouraged research for ecologically sound strategies to effectively manage stored-product insect pests and protect living organisms and the environment. Botanicals were evaluated as potential alternatives to control maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, in stored sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Beetles and moths of stored grain at farm and consumer levels damage 5 - 35% worldwide and >40% in tropical countries. Maize weevil is the most damaging storage insect of sorghum grain. Management of storage insects relies on insecticides that leave residues in food and the environment. Treatments were powders of neem bark, Azadirachta indica;mesquite pods, Prosopis glandulosa;milkweed leaves, Asclepias speciosa;and a check (no botanical powder). Eight newly emerged maize weevils were provided 5 g of Malisor-84 grain treated with three doses of each plant powder. Every 2 days, data were recorded on the number of adults killed by each treatment. Percentage killed was calculated by dose per treatment and compared with the check. Grain loss was calculated based on initial and final weights. LD50 was determined by probit analysis, and associations between variables were assessed by simple linear correlation. Powder of mesquite and milkweed at 0.2 g were more effective than neem or the check in killing S. zeamais (>90%) and reducing grain damage (34 - 35.2%) and weight loss (0.8%). Milkweed at 0.1 g and neem at 0.2 g killed 78.1% of weevils. Neem at 0.05 g was slow acting, resulting in 62.5% dead and more grain damage (59.5%) and weight loss (3.6%). Botanicals at low doses (LD50 = 0.2 - 0.4 g) showed efficacy in controlling maize weevils and are recommended alternatives to guarantee quantity and quality of stored cereal grains.展开更多
Use of synthetic pesticides to manage crop pests has had a toll on human health, environmental safety and farmer’s income creating a need for alternative crop protection strategies. Botanical pesticides have been rep...Use of synthetic pesticides to manage crop pests has had a toll on human health, environmental safety and farmer’s income creating a need for alternative crop protection strategies. Botanical pesticides have been reported to be effective in managing crop pests, and a number of them have been formulated and commercialized. This study was conducted in North-Eastern Tanzania to establish the pesticidal and medicinal value of turmeric (Curcuma longa) and ginger (Zingiber officinale). Purposive sampling was adopted to select and interview 167 respondents drawn from farmers, traders, pharmaceutical shops, agro-shop operators and consumers of turmeric and ginger. Ginger and turmeric rhizomes were also collected for extraction, antifungal assay and biochemical analysis. Results showed that majority of the respondents were aware of the medicinal value of ginger and turmeric, with 59.5% having used the plants to treat respiratory related infections and healing skin surface and internal wounds. About 14% of farmers were aware of and had used aqueous botanical preparations from neem, moringa and Tephrosia to manage insect pests. Only 2.7% of farmers had used ginger powder as a protective insecticide on stored grains. Ginger and turmeric rhizome extracts showed high antifungal activity against Pythium (83% - 95%), Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (34% - 52%) and Alternaria solani (38% - 53%). A GC-MS analysis of ginger and turmeric extracts showed presence of α-zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, α-farnesene, ar-curcumene, α-copaene, ar-tumerone and curlone. This study recommends that ginger and turmeric extracts be considered for development of a botanical pesticide and especially for management of damping off diseases.展开更多
The peony has become a cultural and economic powerhouse in Heze.The peony,revered as the“king of flowers”in China,has long transcended its botanical identity to become a cultural icon deeply rooted in the Yellow Riv...The peony has become a cultural and economic powerhouse in Heze.The peony,revered as the“king of flowers”in China,has long transcended its botanical identity to become a cultural icon deeply rooted in the Yellow River basin.In the fertile plains of the Yellow River,Heze City in Shandong Province has long held a special connection with the peony.展开更多
[Objectives]To investigate the chemical composition,antioxidant property,and nematicidal activity of Cucumis metuliferus and establish a theoretical foundation for the development of botanical nematicides.[Methods]The...[Objectives]To investigate the chemical composition,antioxidant property,and nematicidal activity of Cucumis metuliferus and establish a theoretical foundation for the development of botanical nematicides.[Methods]The compounds were isolated and purified using silica gel,reversed-phase medium,low-pressure gel Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography,and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography.Their identification was based on physicochemical properties,various spectral analyses,and data reported in the literature.Subsequently,the nematicidal and antioxidant activities of the isolated compounds were evaluated.[Results]A total of four compounds were isolated from C.metuliferus,which were identified as isovitexin-2″-O-glucoside(compound 1),9E,11E-(13-oxo)tridecadienoic acid(compound 2),2E,4E-tridecadienedioic acid(compound 3),and 9E,11E-(13-hydroxy)tridecadienoic acid(compound 4).Compound 1 demonstrated a notable degree of antioxidant activity,achieving a DPPH scavenging rate of 49.40%at a mass concentration of 1 mg/mL.Additionally,compounds 1,3,and 4 exhibited varying levels of nematicidal activity.Specifically,compound 1 displayed strong nematicidal activity at a concentration of 2.0 mg/mL,resulting in a mortality rate of 90.5%against nematodes.Furthermore,compounds 3 and 4 achieved a mortality rate of 100%against nematodes at a concentration of 0.25 mg/mL.[Conclusions]This study reports the first isolation of four compounds:isovitexin-2″-O-glucoside,9E,11E-(13-oxo)tridecadienoic acid,2E,4E-tridecadienedioic acid,and 9E,11E-(13-hydroxy)tridecadienoic acid from C.metuliferus.Notably,2E,4E-tridecadienedioic acid and 9E,11E-(13-oxo)tridecadienoic acid are identified as novel natural products.Among these compounds,isovitexin-2″-O-glucoside,9E,11E-(13-oxo)tridecadienoic acid,and 9E,11E-(13-hydroxy)tridecadienoic acid exhibit nematicidal activity,whereas isovitexin-2″-O-glucoside demonstrates antioxidant properties.展开更多
[ Objective ] The paper was to study the effects of several botanical pesticides against two pests in tea plantation. [ Method] Using randomized block de- sign, different concentrations of botanical pesticides were sp...[ Objective ] The paper was to study the effects of several botanical pesticides against two pests in tea plantation. [ Method] Using randomized block de- sign, different concentrations of botanical pesticides were sprayed during the young larvae periods of Ectropis oblique hmpulina Wehrli and peak periods of Empoasca pirisuga, the reduction rate of population and control effects were investigated after spraying for 1,3,7 and 10 d. [ Result] 5% rotenone EC 800 times had the best control effect against E. oblique hmpulina, and 0.5% veratridine soluble liquid 800 times had the best control effect against E. pirisuga. 0. 5% veratridine soluble liquid, 0.2% celangulin EC, 0.3% matrine water agent and 7.5% rotenone EC could be selected as the pesticides for the control of E. oblique hmpulina; 0. 5% veratridine soluble liquid, 0. 2% celangulin EC, 0.3% azadirachtin EC, 0.3% matrine water agent and 7.5% rotenone EC could be selected as the pesticides for the control of E. pirisuga, of which 0. 3% azadiraehtin EC 600 times showed the best durable effect against E. pirisuga with control effect of 100% after spraying for 7 d. [ Conclusion] The results provided basis for application of botanical pesticides in pests control in tea plantation.展开更多
Twenty-four provenances of two species （Azadirachta siamensis and Azadirachta indica） have been introduced to China from South Asia, Southeast Asia and Africa Since 1995. This paper summarizes the researches on the ...Twenty-four provenances of two species （Azadirachta siamensis and Azadirachta indica） have been introduced to China from South Asia, Southeast Asia and Africa Since 1995. This paper summarizes the researches on the introduction and planting of Azadirachta indica and analyzes the morphological, phenological characteristics, the growth rhythm, pollinating and seed yielding features of the intro- duced 24 provenances of the two species as well as the variations of filial generation plants. The experiments showed that most of the prove- nances of,4. indica have normal growth and can blossom and fruit in the dry-hot valleys with tropical climate conditions in Yunnan Province, China. The normal regions for A. indica were classified and the selection criteria for superior plants were put forward in this paper, more- over, the major contents of industry planning and technical approaches for A. indica plantation establishment were discussed and the countermeasures to reduce the neem-based pesticide products were also proposed.展开更多
In order to scientifically evaluate the values of Cucurbita moschata cultivars, main botanical characters including the initial flowering date, the first fruiting node, fruit length, fruit stem length, stem diameter, ...In order to scientifically evaluate the values of Cucurbita moschata cultivars, main botanical characters including the initial flowering date, the first fruiting node, fruit length, fruit stem length, stem diameter, internode length, the transverse and longitudinal diameters of the largest leaf, single fruit weight, flesh thickness and soluble solid content of 41 cultivars were measured for conducting diversity, correlation and cluster analysis. The results revealed that the pumpkin cultivars showed large variations in fruit stem length, single fruit weight, fruit length and flesh thickness, but small variations in initial flowering date. Significant, even highly significant correlations were found among the tested traits. Cluster analysis demonstrated that the 41 old Cucurbita moschata cultivars were divided into three groups, of which multiple traits of Group 1 were better than those in the other two groups. High similarities existed in three groups and the cultivars in each group. This research provided basis for selecting excellent traits and parents for the breeding of hybrids.展开更多
The development, distribution and features of one hundred and forty botanical gardens (BGs) in China are reported and their functions on research, conservation, display and utilization of biodiversity are summarized i...The development, distribution and features of one hundred and forty botanical gardens (BGs) in China are reported and their functions on research, conservation, display and utilization of biodiversity are summarized in this paper. The contributions to the social and economic development in the early stage of Chinese BGs with the researches of economic plant (tobacco), medicinal plant (yam) and wild fruit tree resources are evaluated. The theoretical and applied achievements in recent years in seed science, plant conservation, economic plant introduction, acclimatization and breeding are also described. A general scope of living plant collections in Chinese BGs is presented and the outstanding ones, including Magnoliaceae, Zingiberaceae, Cycadaceae, medicinal plants, Actinidia and Rhododendron are particularly mentioned. With special reference to Chinese penjing art garden and silicified wood garden, the development of scientific popularization and tourism in BGs is reviewed.展开更多
Spruce budworm （Choristoneura fumiferana （Clemens）） is one of the most serious forest insect pests in North America. Laboratory bioassays were performed to determine the lethal doses and lethal time of pyrethrins ...Spruce budworm （Choristoneura fumiferana （Clemens）） is one of the most serious forest insect pests in North America. Laboratory bioassays were performed to determine the lethal doses and lethal time of pyrethrins （a botanical insecticide） on 4th instar larvae of spruce bud-worm using larval dip assay. Results show that the LT50 values（time of 50% larval mortality）for spruce budworm at the pyrethrins concentra-tions of 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg·L-1 were 94.78, 45.54, 20.36, 14.39 and 11.37 h, respectively. The percentage of cumulative mortality at the pyrethrins concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200 μg·L-1 was approxi-mately 50%, 67%, 93%, 100% and 100% within 120 h, respectively. The LC50 value （concentration of 50% larval mortality） for the 4th instar lar-vae was 16.1μg·L-1. Thus, larval mortality of spruce budworm increased in a concentration-dependent manner, and lethal time decreased with increasing pyrethin concentrations. These findings suggest that pyrethrins have a potential in controlling spruce budworm populations.展开更多
In recent years,the popularity increased for nutritional supplements and herbal products.Prescription drugs,but not herbal therapies are paid by health insurances.They are sold over-the-counter(OTC)on the patients’ow...In recent years,the popularity increased for nutritional supplements and herbal products.Prescription drugs,but not herbal therapies are paid by health insurances.They are sold over-the-counter(OTC)on the patients’own expense.However,there are potential risks of self-medication,e.g.incorrect self-diagnosis,severe adverse reactions,dangerous drug interactions,risk of addiction etc.They are often used by patients at their own discretion without knowledge of and control by their physicians.Certain users are at risk of intoxication.Multiple medications taken by older patients increase the risk for adverse drug reactions,drug-drug interactions,and compliance problems for this age group(polypharmacy).Herbals should be discontinued prior to operations to avoid interactions with anesthetics or anticoagulants.Herbal preparations may also be carcinogenic or interfere with cancer treatments.Pregnant women use various OTC preparations.However,in many cases,it is unclear whether their use is safe for mother or baby.Self-medication with herbals is also largely distributed among anxious and depressive patients,and patients with other conditions and symptoms.The popularity of herbal products has also brought concerns on quality,efficacy and safety.Cases of botanical misidentification,contaminations with heavy metals,pesticides,radioactivity,organic solvents,microbials as well as adulteration with chemical drugs necessitate the establishment of international quality control standards.Hepatotoxic effects have been reported for more than 300 plant species,and some commonly used herbs have been demonstrated to interact with Western medication.Health care professionals have a critical responsibility assessing the self-care ability of their patients.Databases are available for pharmacists with information on action,side effects and toxicities as well as herbdrug interactions.There is a need for established guidelines regarding the correct use of nutritional supplements and herbal OTC preparations(phytovigilance).Physicians,pharmacists,and other health care professionals have to counsel patients and the general public on the benefits and risks associated with herbal drugs.Information centers for consumers and general practitioners are needed,and convincing evidence on safety and efficacy of herbal products has to be demonstrated in placebo-controlled,double blind and randomized clinical trials.展开更多
In this study, three wheat varieties were tested to determine seed germination and the incidence of Magnaporthe oryzae triticum (MoT). Among these varieties, BARI Gom 24 (Prodip) wheat seed exhibited the highest seed ...In this study, three wheat varieties were tested to determine seed germination and the incidence of Magnaporthe oryzae triticum (MoT). Among these varieties, BARI Gom 24 (Prodip) wheat seed exhibited the highest seed germination rate (93%) but also had the highest incidence (30%) of MoT. To manage blast disease in an ecofriendly manner, seven treatments were employed: T<sub>1</sub> = Control, T<sub>2</sub> = Garlic clove extracts, T<sub>3</sub> = Aloe vera leaf extracts, T<sub>4</sub> = Black cumin seed extracts, T<sub>5</sub> = Neem leaf extracts, T<sub>6</sub> = Nativo 75 WG, and T<sub>7</sub> = Provax 200 WP. The experiment was conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) layout with three replications using Prodip wheat variety that exhibited highest MoT infection severity based on laboratory analysis among collected varieties. Data were collected on blast disease incidence (%), disease severity, and various growth and yield parameters of wheat. The experiment’s results indicated that among all the treatments, T<sub>7</sub> (Seed treatment with Provax 200 WP) and T<sub>5</sub> (Foliar spraying with Neem leaf extract) performed better in controlling blast disease in wheat. The lowest blast disease incidence (%) was observed with T<sub>7</sub> (Provax 200 WP), with values of 7.86, 9.86, and 10.19 recorded during the milking stage, soft dough stage, and hard dough stage of wheat, respectively. T<sub>5</sub> (Neem leaf extract) also demonstrated a statistically equivalent reduction in blast disease incidence (%). In terms of disease severity, T<sub>7</sub> (Seed treatment with Provax 200 WP) showed the lowest values of 1.03, 1.23, and 1.63 during the milking stage, soft dough stage, and hard dough stage of wheat, respectively. Foliar spraying with neem leaf extract also exhibited similar result as of Provax 200 WP regarding panicle blast severity. As a result of these findings, it can be concluded that T<sub>5</sub> (Neem leaf extract) is recommended as an ecofriendly management approach for blast disease in wheat.展开更多
基金Supported by The National Institutes of Health,No.K24AG080021,No.R01AG059183,and No.P30DK026743.
文摘BACKGROUND Dietary supplement(DS)usage among United States adults has significantly increased.Patients with steatotic liver disease(SLD)may have unique moti-vations to take DS in light of their liver condition and co-morbidities.AIM To characterize DS use in SLD patients and explore motivations for their use.METHODS Adults≥18 years old with complete transient elastography and dietary data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between January 2017 and March 2020 were studied.SLD was defined using consensus criteria,combining clinical indicators with elastography thresholds.The DS Questionnaire(DSQ)was used to record participants’use of DSQ.Sample weights were applied to estimate national prevalence.RESULTS Of 2413 participants with SLD,1058 reported using DS,for an estimated prevalence of 44.8%[standard error(SE)2.4]with an average of 2.6(SE 0.2)DS per person.Among SLD participants taking DSQ,53.2%(SE 3.3)reported using non-vitamin/non-mineral ones,with an average of 1.8(SE 0.1)such supplements per person.DS users were more likely to be female,have higher levels of education,and have greater food security(P<0.02 for all).The most common motivations for using DS were to follow doctor’s advice(36.7%,SE 1.8),to improve overall health(22.1%,SE 2.0),and to maintain health(19.2%,SE 1.9).CONCLUSION Nearly half of individuals with SLD report taking DS.This study underscores the pressing need to deepen our understanding of DS use/motivations to develop tailored patient counseling strategies.
基金the AgriFose2030 programmethe swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (SIDA)the Swedish Foundation for International Cooperation in Research and Higher Education (STINT) for financial support
文摘This review provides a summary of botanicals and plant strengtheners that have potential uses for disease and pest management in potato and tomato cultivation in African.We discuss their possible use to prevent major diseases and pests which infest potato and tomato,such as early and late blight,bacterial wilt,potato tuber moth,and tomato leafminer.There are several examples of the successful uses of botanicals for pathogen and pest control relevant for different African climatic conditions;however,most of these studies have been conducted in vitro and often lack field verification.Plant strengtheners(substances that induce and improve crop resistance,yield,and quality)are little studied and used in Africa in comparison to North America and Europe.The possible benefits of using botanicals and plant strengtheners instead of conventional pesticides are discussed here in relation to human health and the environment as well as their modes of action and accessibility to farmers.Lack of knowledge of the composition and active ingredients of extracts,environmental concerns,uncertainties regarding stability and formulation,lack of legislation and limited support from governments,hamper the development of botanicals and plant strengtheners for use in sustainable African agriculture.
文摘The rapid appraisal method was used to identity the botanicals used ethnomedicinally from a total of 300 randomly selected respondents drawn from the existing three geo-political zones of Ekiti State, Nigeria. The results obtained revealed that about 40% of the 71 botanicals identified presently rare. Most of the presently abundant botanicals are species primarily cultivated for other purpose other than medicine. Most of the identified species are valued for their curative effects on malaria and fever, the predominant diseases in the study area. The need for the conservation of the rare species cannot be over emphasised as most rural dwellers in the study area depend mostly on herbs from these species. Strategies towards the attainment of this goal are proposed.
文摘The insecticidal effect of four dosage rates of three botanicals namely Jatropha curcas,Heliathus annus and Cocos nucifera was tested on the maize weevil Sitophilus zeamais Mots..This is done for the purpose of finding a replacement for conventional insecticides which has been found to be harmful to man.The seed oil was applied topically at the rate of 0.1,0.2,0.3 and 0.4 mL per insect.There were a total of 20 insects per Petri-dish.There were four replicates per treatment.Insect mortality was recorded on 12 hourly basis for 48 hours.The results of insects treated with all dosage rates of C.nucifera showed a significantly higher mortality when compared with the control.In the case ofH.annus,insect mortality ranged from 40-100,70-100,60-100 and 80-100%and for J.curcas the result ranged from 0.0-100,40-100,80-100 and 80-100%for rates of 0.1,0.2,0.3 and 0.4 mL,respectively,from 12 hrs to 48 hrs post application.The control experiment remained at 0%level throughout the period of the experiments.
文摘Rice is the most staple cereal crop of Bangladesh and rice blast caused by</span><span style="font-family:""> <i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Magnaporthe oryzae oryzae </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">(MoO) has become a major factor limiting rice yield in Bangladesh and throughout the world. Eight botanicals extracted both in water and ethanol namely Kalijira (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Nigella sativa</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">), Turmeric (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Curcuma lon</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ga</span></i><span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">), Ginger (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Zingiber officinalis</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">), Garlic (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Allium sativum</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">), Onion (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Allium</span></i></span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> ce</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">pa</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">),</span></span><i><span style="font-family:""> </span></i><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Neem (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Azadirachta indica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">), Allamanda (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Allamanda cathartica</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) and</span></span><span style="font-family:""><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Aloevera (</span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">Aloe vera</span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">) were tested against MoO </span><i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in vitro </span></i><span style="font-family:Verdana;">in the Mycology Laborato</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">ry, Department of Plant Pathology, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University,</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> Dhaka, Bangladesh. All the botanicals significantly reduced radial growth of the tested pathogen. Maximum mycelia growth inhibition of MoO was achieved </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">with water extract of turmeric (1:1 w/v) and ethanol extracts of neem (1:4</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> w/v) with 86.57% and 92.62% mycelia growth inhibition at 14 DAI, respectively.
文摘Helicoverpa armigera is one of the most destructive agricultural pests worldwide,noted for its wide host range,high fecundity,and rapid development of resistance to synthetic insecticides.To address this threat,sustainable botanical alternatives are urgently needed.In this study,Nerium oleander,a toxic ornamental plant rich in secondary metabolites,was evaluated as a potential botanical insecticide through in silico assays.Methanolic extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening,confirming the presence of alkaloids,saponins,cardiac glycosides,coumarins,and terpenoids.Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry(GC-MS)profiling identified 20 major compounds,including terpenoids,fatty acids,sterols,and phenolics,with 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol(2.7%),neophytadiene(1.7%),and phytol(0.9%)among the key constituents.Cytochrome P450,a central detoxification enzyme in insects,was chosen as the molecular target.Docking analysis revealed strong binding affinities,with phytol(−6.92 kcal/mol,Ki 8.12μM),neophytadiene(−6.43 kcal/mol,Ki 14.57μM),and 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol(5.87 kcal/mol,Ki 45.13μM)demonstrating significant inhibitory potential.These findings indicate that N.oleander metabolites may disrupt detoxification pathways in H.armigera,providing a mechanistic basis for their insecticidal action and supporting the plant's promise as a candidate for integrated pest management.
文摘The use of plant extracts as insecticides against vector insects serves as a perfect alternative to conventional methods.This study was carried out to assess the chemical composition and efficacy of Chromolaena odorata L.and Ocimum gratissimum L.in the control of adult houseflies.C.odorata and O.gratissimum were extracted with cold water and applied at four concentrations(5,10,40 and 100%v/v)in different bioassays(contact,fumigant and feeding-deterrent).A synthetic insecticide(Lambdacyhalothrin)and an untreated control were included in the treatments.The treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with three replicates.The phytochemical compositions of the tested plant extracts were determined via gas chromatography‒mass spectrometry(GC‒MS).Mortality data were recorded at the stipulated times(1,2,4,6,8 and 24 h),and the means were separated via Duncan’s multiple range test at a 5%probability.GC‒MS revealed different chemical compounds,and eugenol,n-hexadecanoic acid,caryophyllene,phytol,humulene,9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid,(Z,Z,Z)-,squalene,and stigmasterol compounds,among others,were identified as active insecticidal compounds.The tested plant extracts were effective against the studied insects,which suggested synergistic action of the observed natural chemicals in the plant extracts used.Moreover,the two plant extracts did not kill the studied insects faster than the synthetic insecticide did,but 100%mortality was observed after 12 h of exposure to the plant extracts.The mode of application and concentration played a significant role in the toxicity of the plant extracts,with the feeding mode of application resulting in greater toxicity effects than the fumigant and contact bioassays at the highest concentration.However,O.gratissimum exhibited better insecticidal control than C.odorata extracts did.Therefore,the use of crude plant extracts as insecticides could serve as substitutes for lambdachyalothrin in the control of houseflies,especially in animal rearing facilities and in the human population.
文摘Increasing concern over the amount of insecticide residues in food has encouraged research for ecologically sound strategies to effectively manage stored-product insect pests and protect living organisms and the environment. Botanicals were evaluated as potential alternatives to control maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, in stored sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Beetles and moths of stored grain at farm and consumer levels damage 5 - 35% worldwide and >40% in tropical countries. Maize weevil is the most damaging storage insect of sorghum grain. Management of storage insects relies on insecticides that leave residues in food and the environment. Treatments were powders of neem bark, Azadirachta indica;mesquite pods, Prosopis glandulosa;milkweed leaves, Asclepias speciosa;and a check (no botanical powder). Eight newly emerged maize weevils were provided 5 g of Malisor-84 grain treated with three doses of each plant powder. Every 2 days, data were recorded on the number of adults killed by each treatment. Percentage killed was calculated by dose per treatment and compared with the check. Grain loss was calculated based on initial and final weights. LD50 was determined by probit analysis, and associations between variables were assessed by simple linear correlation. Powder of mesquite and milkweed at 0.2 g were more effective than neem or the check in killing S. zeamais (>90%) and reducing grain damage (34 - 35.2%) and weight loss (0.8%). Milkweed at 0.1 g and neem at 0.2 g killed 78.1% of weevils. Neem at 0.05 g was slow acting, resulting in 62.5% dead and more grain damage (59.5%) and weight loss (3.6%). Botanicals at low doses (LD50 = 0.2 - 0.4 g) showed efficacy in controlling maize weevils and are recommended alternatives to guarantee quantity and quality of stored cereal grains.
文摘Use of synthetic pesticides to manage crop pests has had a toll on human health, environmental safety and farmer’s income creating a need for alternative crop protection strategies. Botanical pesticides have been reported to be effective in managing crop pests, and a number of them have been formulated and commercialized. This study was conducted in North-Eastern Tanzania to establish the pesticidal and medicinal value of turmeric (Curcuma longa) and ginger (Zingiber officinale). Purposive sampling was adopted to select and interview 167 respondents drawn from farmers, traders, pharmaceutical shops, agro-shop operators and consumers of turmeric and ginger. Ginger and turmeric rhizomes were also collected for extraction, antifungal assay and biochemical analysis. Results showed that majority of the respondents were aware of the medicinal value of ginger and turmeric, with 59.5% having used the plants to treat respiratory related infections and healing skin surface and internal wounds. About 14% of farmers were aware of and had used aqueous botanical preparations from neem, moringa and Tephrosia to manage insect pests. Only 2.7% of farmers had used ginger powder as a protective insecticide on stored grains. Ginger and turmeric rhizome extracts showed high antifungal activity against Pythium (83% - 95%), Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (34% - 52%) and Alternaria solani (38% - 53%). A GC-MS analysis of ginger and turmeric extracts showed presence of α-zingiberene, β-sesquiphellandrene, α-farnesene, ar-curcumene, α-copaene, ar-tumerone and curlone. This study recommends that ginger and turmeric extracts be considered for development of a botanical pesticide and especially for management of damping off diseases.
文摘The peony has become a cultural and economic powerhouse in Heze.The peony,revered as the“king of flowers”in China,has long transcended its botanical identity to become a cultural icon deeply rooted in the Yellow River basin.In the fertile plains of the Yellow River,Heze City in Shandong Province has long held a special connection with the peony.
基金Supported by Natural Science Foundation Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region(2021D01B59)Youth Science and Technology Backbone Project of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences(XJNKQ-2021011)+2 种基金General Program of Hainan Natural Science Foundation(319MS109)Major Science and Technology Program of Hainan Province(ZDKJ2021005)Specific Research Fund of the Innovation Platform for Academicians of Hainan Province(YSPTZX202141).
文摘[Objectives]To investigate the chemical composition,antioxidant property,and nematicidal activity of Cucumis metuliferus and establish a theoretical foundation for the development of botanical nematicides.[Methods]The compounds were isolated and purified using silica gel,reversed-phase medium,low-pressure gel Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography,and preparative high-performance liquid chromatography.Their identification was based on physicochemical properties,various spectral analyses,and data reported in the literature.Subsequently,the nematicidal and antioxidant activities of the isolated compounds were evaluated.[Results]A total of four compounds were isolated from C.metuliferus,which were identified as isovitexin-2″-O-glucoside(compound 1),9E,11E-(13-oxo)tridecadienoic acid(compound 2),2E,4E-tridecadienedioic acid(compound 3),and 9E,11E-(13-hydroxy)tridecadienoic acid(compound 4).Compound 1 demonstrated a notable degree of antioxidant activity,achieving a DPPH scavenging rate of 49.40%at a mass concentration of 1 mg/mL.Additionally,compounds 1,3,and 4 exhibited varying levels of nematicidal activity.Specifically,compound 1 displayed strong nematicidal activity at a concentration of 2.0 mg/mL,resulting in a mortality rate of 90.5%against nematodes.Furthermore,compounds 3 and 4 achieved a mortality rate of 100%against nematodes at a concentration of 0.25 mg/mL.[Conclusions]This study reports the first isolation of four compounds:isovitexin-2″-O-glucoside,9E,11E-(13-oxo)tridecadienoic acid,2E,4E-tridecadienedioic acid,and 9E,11E-(13-hydroxy)tridecadienoic acid from C.metuliferus.Notably,2E,4E-tridecadienedioic acid and 9E,11E-(13-oxo)tridecadienoic acid are identified as novel natural products.Among these compounds,isovitexin-2″-O-glucoside,9E,11E-(13-oxo)tridecadienoic acid,and 9E,11E-(13-hydroxy)tridecadienoic acid exhibit nematicidal activity,whereas isovitexin-2″-O-glucoside demonstrates antioxidant properties.
基金Supported by Key Agricultural Scientific and Technological Project of Henan Province(102102110119)~~
文摘[ Objective ] The paper was to study the effects of several botanical pesticides against two pests in tea plantation. [ Method] Using randomized block de- sign, different concentrations of botanical pesticides were sprayed during the young larvae periods of Ectropis oblique hmpulina Wehrli and peak periods of Empoasca pirisuga, the reduction rate of population and control effects were investigated after spraying for 1,3,7 and 10 d. [ Result] 5% rotenone EC 800 times had the best control effect against E. oblique hmpulina, and 0.5% veratridine soluble liquid 800 times had the best control effect against E. pirisuga. 0. 5% veratridine soluble liquid, 0.2% celangulin EC, 0.3% matrine water agent and 7.5% rotenone EC could be selected as the pesticides for the control of E. oblique hmpulina; 0. 5% veratridine soluble liquid, 0. 2% celangulin EC, 0.3% azadirachtin EC, 0.3% matrine water agent and 7.5% rotenone EC could be selected as the pesticides for the control of E. pirisuga, of which 0. 3% azadiraehtin EC 600 times showed the best durable effect against E. pirisuga with control effect of 100% after spraying for 7 d. [ Conclusion] The results provided basis for application of botanical pesticides in pests control in tea plantation.
基金National Science & Technology Supporting Project (2006BAD18B03)Science & Technology Plan Projects of Yunnan province (2005YX20)
文摘Twenty-four provenances of two species （Azadirachta siamensis and Azadirachta indica） have been introduced to China from South Asia, Southeast Asia and Africa Since 1995. This paper summarizes the researches on the introduction and planting of Azadirachta indica and analyzes the morphological, phenological characteristics, the growth rhythm, pollinating and seed yielding features of the intro- duced 24 provenances of the two species as well as the variations of filial generation plants. The experiments showed that most of the prove- nances of,4. indica have normal growth and can blossom and fruit in the dry-hot valleys with tropical climate conditions in Yunnan Province, China. The normal regions for A. indica were classified and the selection criteria for superior plants were put forward in this paper, more- over, the major contents of industry planning and technical approaches for A. indica plantation establishment were discussed and the countermeasures to reduce the neem-based pesticide products were also proposed.
基金Supported by Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest from the Ministry of Agriculture of China(201303112)the 12th National Five-year Plan for Science and Technology Program of Rural Areas(2012BAD02B03-17)~~
文摘In order to scientifically evaluate the values of Cucurbita moschata cultivars, main botanical characters including the initial flowering date, the first fruiting node, fruit length, fruit stem length, stem diameter, internode length, the transverse and longitudinal diameters of the largest leaf, single fruit weight, flesh thickness and soluble solid content of 41 cultivars were measured for conducting diversity, correlation and cluster analysis. The results revealed that the pumpkin cultivars showed large variations in fruit stem length, single fruit weight, fruit length and flesh thickness, but small variations in initial flowering date. Significant, even highly significant correlations were found among the tested traits. Cluster analysis demonstrated that the 41 old Cucurbita moschata cultivars were divided into three groups, of which multiple traits of Group 1 were better than those in the other two groups. High similarities existed in three groups and the cultivars in each group. This research provided basis for selecting excellent traits and parents for the breeding of hybrids.
文摘The development, distribution and features of one hundred and forty botanical gardens (BGs) in China are reported and their functions on research, conservation, display and utilization of biodiversity are summarized in this paper. The contributions to the social and economic development in the early stage of Chinese BGs with the researches of economic plant (tobacco), medicinal plant (yam) and wild fruit tree resources are evaluated. The theoretical and applied achievements in recent years in seed science, plant conservation, economic plant introduction, acclimatization and breeding are also described. A general scope of living plant collections in Chinese BGs is presented and the outstanding ones, including Magnoliaceae, Zingiberaceae, Cycadaceae, medicinal plants, Actinidia and Rhododendron are particularly mentioned. With special reference to Chinese penjing art garden and silicified wood garden, the development of scientific popularization and tourism in BGs is reviewed.
基金This research was supported by Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service. Project No. CFSCB2005-09.
文摘Spruce budworm （Choristoneura fumiferana （Clemens）） is one of the most serious forest insect pests in North America. Laboratory bioassays were performed to determine the lethal doses and lethal time of pyrethrins （a botanical insecticide） on 4th instar larvae of spruce bud-worm using larval dip assay. Results show that the LT50 values（time of 50% larval mortality）for spruce budworm at the pyrethrins concentra-tions of 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg·L-1 were 94.78, 45.54, 20.36, 14.39 and 11.37 h, respectively. The percentage of cumulative mortality at the pyrethrins concentrations of 12.5, 25, 50, 100, 200 μg·L-1 was approxi-mately 50%, 67%, 93%, 100% and 100% within 120 h, respectively. The LC50 value （concentration of 50% larval mortality） for the 4th instar lar-vae was 16.1μg·L-1. Thus, larval mortality of spruce budworm increased in a concentration-dependent manner, and lethal time decreased with increasing pyrethin concentrations. These findings suggest that pyrethrins have a potential in controlling spruce budworm populations.
文摘In recent years,the popularity increased for nutritional supplements and herbal products.Prescription drugs,but not herbal therapies are paid by health insurances.They are sold over-the-counter(OTC)on the patients’own expense.However,there are potential risks of self-medication,e.g.incorrect self-diagnosis,severe adverse reactions,dangerous drug interactions,risk of addiction etc.They are often used by patients at their own discretion without knowledge of and control by their physicians.Certain users are at risk of intoxication.Multiple medications taken by older patients increase the risk for adverse drug reactions,drug-drug interactions,and compliance problems for this age group(polypharmacy).Herbals should be discontinued prior to operations to avoid interactions with anesthetics or anticoagulants.Herbal preparations may also be carcinogenic or interfere with cancer treatments.Pregnant women use various OTC preparations.However,in many cases,it is unclear whether their use is safe for mother or baby.Self-medication with herbals is also largely distributed among anxious and depressive patients,and patients with other conditions and symptoms.The popularity of herbal products has also brought concerns on quality,efficacy and safety.Cases of botanical misidentification,contaminations with heavy metals,pesticides,radioactivity,organic solvents,microbials as well as adulteration with chemical drugs necessitate the establishment of international quality control standards.Hepatotoxic effects have been reported for more than 300 plant species,and some commonly used herbs have been demonstrated to interact with Western medication.Health care professionals have a critical responsibility assessing the self-care ability of their patients.Databases are available for pharmacists with information on action,side effects and toxicities as well as herbdrug interactions.There is a need for established guidelines regarding the correct use of nutritional supplements and herbal OTC preparations(phytovigilance).Physicians,pharmacists,and other health care professionals have to counsel patients and the general public on the benefits and risks associated with herbal drugs.Information centers for consumers and general practitioners are needed,and convincing evidence on safety and efficacy of herbal products has to be demonstrated in placebo-controlled,double blind and randomized clinical trials.
文摘In this study, three wheat varieties were tested to determine seed germination and the incidence of Magnaporthe oryzae triticum (MoT). Among these varieties, BARI Gom 24 (Prodip) wheat seed exhibited the highest seed germination rate (93%) but also had the highest incidence (30%) of MoT. To manage blast disease in an ecofriendly manner, seven treatments were employed: T<sub>1</sub> = Control, T<sub>2</sub> = Garlic clove extracts, T<sub>3</sub> = Aloe vera leaf extracts, T<sub>4</sub> = Black cumin seed extracts, T<sub>5</sub> = Neem leaf extracts, T<sub>6</sub> = Nativo 75 WG, and T<sub>7</sub> = Provax 200 WP. The experiment was conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) layout with three replications using Prodip wheat variety that exhibited highest MoT infection severity based on laboratory analysis among collected varieties. Data were collected on blast disease incidence (%), disease severity, and various growth and yield parameters of wheat. The experiment’s results indicated that among all the treatments, T<sub>7</sub> (Seed treatment with Provax 200 WP) and T<sub>5</sub> (Foliar spraying with Neem leaf extract) performed better in controlling blast disease in wheat. The lowest blast disease incidence (%) was observed with T<sub>7</sub> (Provax 200 WP), with values of 7.86, 9.86, and 10.19 recorded during the milking stage, soft dough stage, and hard dough stage of wheat, respectively. T<sub>5</sub> (Neem leaf extract) also demonstrated a statistically equivalent reduction in blast disease incidence (%). In terms of disease severity, T<sub>7</sub> (Seed treatment with Provax 200 WP) showed the lowest values of 1.03, 1.23, and 1.63 during the milking stage, soft dough stage, and hard dough stage of wheat, respectively. Foliar spraying with neem leaf extract also exhibited similar result as of Provax 200 WP regarding panicle blast severity. As a result of these findings, it can be concluded that T<sub>5</sub> (Neem leaf extract) is recommended as an ecofriendly management approach for blast disease in wheat.
