Concrete comprises aggregates of various sizes bound by a cementitious paste,with Portland cement(PC)as the primary binder since the 19th century.However,PC production depletes non-renewable natural resources and caus...Concrete comprises aggregates of various sizes bound by a cementitious paste,with Portland cement(PC)as the primary binder since the 19th century.However,PC production depletes non-renewable natural resources and causes environmental degradation.Meanwhile,approximately 130 billion kilograms of cattle bones(CB)are generated globally each year,posing environmental challenges due to their non-biodegradability.CB is rich in calcium oxide,making it a potential supplementary material in cement production.This study explores the feasibility of using pretreated cattle bone ash(CBA)as a partial replacement for PC in concrete,combined with 5%silica fume and 10%fly ash.CBA was incorporated at 10%,25%,50%,and 75%by weight of cement.The results indicated that mixes containing 10%and 25%CBA achieved high-strength concrete exceeding 60 MPa after 28 d,while mixes with 50%and 75%CBA produced structural-grade concrete with strengths above 25 MPa.The findings demonstrate that pre-treated CBA can effectively replace a portion of PC in concrete when combined with an appropriate pozzolanic material.This substitution reduces environmental pollution and promotes the sustainability of concrete production.展开更多
Background The effect of microbial phytase on amino acid and energy digestibility is not consistent in pigs,which may be related to the phytase dosage or the adaptation length to the diet.Therefore,an experiment was c...Background The effect of microbial phytase on amino acid and energy digestibility is not consistent in pigs,which may be related to the phytase dosage or the adaptation length to the diet.Therefore,an experiment was conducted to test the hypotheses that increasing dietary phytase after an 18-day adaptation period:1)increases nutrient and energy digestibility;2)increases plasma P,plasma inositol,and bone ash of young pigs;and 3)demonstrates that maximum phytate degradation requires more phytase than maximum P digestibility.Results Data indicated that increasing inclusion of phytase[0,250,500,1,000,2,000,and 4,000 phytase units(FTU)/kg feed]in corn-soybean meal-based diets increased apparent ileal digestibility(AID)of Trp(quadratic;P<0.05),and of Lys and Thr(linear;P<0.05),and tended to increase AID of Met(linear;P<0.10).Increasing dietary phytase also increased AID and apparent total tract digestibility(ATTD)of Ca and P(quadratic;P<0.05)and increased ATTD of K and Na(linear;P<0.05),but phytase did not influence the ATTD of Mg or gross energy.Concentrations of plasma P and bone ash increased(quadratic;P<0.05),and plasma inositol also increased(linear;P<0.05)with increasing inclusion of phytase.Reduced concentrations of inositol phosphate(IP)6 and IP5(quadratic;P<0.05),reduced IP4 and IP3(linear;P<0.05),but increased inositol concentrations(linear;P<0.05)were observed in ileal digesta as dietary phytase increased.The ATTD of P was maximized if at least 1,200 FTU/kg were used,whereas more than 4,000 FTU/kg were needed to maximize inositol release.Conclusions Increasing dietary levels of phytase after an 18-day adaptation period increased phytate and IP ester degradation and inositol release in the small intestine.Consequently,increasing dietary phytase resulted in improved digestibility of Ca,P,K,Na,and the first 4 limiting amino acids,and in increased concentrations of bone ash and plasma P and inositol.In a corn-soybean meal diet,maximum inositol release requires approximately 3,200 FTU/kg more phytase than that required for maximum P digestibility.展开更多
This study examines the mechanical and thermal behavior of ten ceramic formulations(C1 to C10)prepared from two types of specimens:Cylindrical Pure clay Specimens(CPC-SP)and Bone Ash Clay Specimens(BAC-SP).The raw mat...This study examines the mechanical and thermal behavior of ten ceramic formulations(C1 to C10)prepared from two types of specimens:Cylindrical Pure clay Specimens(CPC-SP)and Bone Ash Clay Specimens(BAC-SP).The raw materials,sourced from the Missole II clay formation(Douala,Cameroon),were homogenized at room temperature and compacted into cylindrical molds with 10%water to ensure adequate plasticity and shaping.A total of 100 specimens(five replicates per formulation)were produced under a load of 8.8 N to ensure statistical reliability.Firing experiments,conducted between 750 and 1250˚C,showed that BAC-SP specimens retained 3%residual moisture and exhibited superior mechanical performance,with an average Young’s modulus of 6.6 GPa and a fracture stress of 2.56 MPa,compared with 3.56 GPa and 1.66 MPa for CPC-SP.A weight loss on ignition between 1.8 and 2%was recorded in the range of 1120 to 1144˚C,while Poisson’s ratio remained constant at 0.5 for both materials.The incorporation of bovine bone ash significantly enhances the strength and thermal stability of ceramics,offering promising opportunities for optimizing firing conditions and extending their use in advanced technological applications.展开更多
Background: A 21-day experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that Ca requirements to maximize growth performance expressed as the standardized total tract digestible(STTD) Ca to STTD P ratio is less than 1.40:...Background: A 21-day experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that Ca requirements to maximize growth performance expressed as the standardized total tract digestible(STTD) Ca to STTD P ratio is less than 1.40:1. The second hypothesis was that increasing dietary Ca increases plasma Ca concentration and downregulates abundance of genes related to Ca absorption(TRPV6, S100 G, and ATP2 B1) in the duodenum, and tight junction proteins(OCLN, CLDN1, and ZO1) in the duodenum and ileum.Methods: Twenty corn-soybean meal diets were formulated using a 4 × 5 factorial design with diets containing 0.16%, 0.33%, 0.42%, or 0.50% STTD P, and 0.14%, 0.29%, 0.44%, 0.59%, or 0.74% STTD Ca. Six hundred and forty pigs(initial weight: 11.1 ± 1.4 kg) were allotted to 20 diets and 5 blocks in a randomized complete block design. On day21, weights of pigs and feed left in feeders were recorded and blood, duodenal tissue, ileal mucosa, and the right femur were collected from 1 pig per pen. Abundance of m RNA was determined in duodenal and ileal tissue via quantitative RT-PCR. Data were analyzed using a response surface model.Results: The predicted maximum ADG(614 g), G:F(0.65), and bone ash(11.68 g) was obtained at STTD Ca:STTD P ratios of 1.39:1, 1.25:1, and 1.66:1, respectively, when STTD P was provided at the requirement(0.33%). If dietary STTD P was below the requirement, increasing dietary Ca resulted in reduced(P < 0.05) ADG and G:F. However, if dietary STTD P was above the requirement, negative effects(P < 0.05) on ADG and G:F of increasing STTD Ca were observed only if dietary STTD Ca exceeded 0.6%. Plasma Ca concentration was positively affected by STTD Ca over the range studied(quadratic, P < 0.01) and negatively affected by increasing STTD P(linear, P < 0.01). There was a linear negative effect(P < 0.05) of STTD Ca on the abundance of S100 G, TRPV6, OCLN, and ZO1 in duodenum, and CLDN and ZO1 in ileum.Conclusions: The STTD Ca:STTD P ratio needed to maximize growth performance of 11-to 25-kg pigs is less than1.40:1, if P is at the estimated requirement. Increasing dietary Ca reduces transcellular absorption of Ca and increases paracellular absorption of Ca.展开更多
文摘Concrete comprises aggregates of various sizes bound by a cementitious paste,with Portland cement(PC)as the primary binder since the 19th century.However,PC production depletes non-renewable natural resources and causes environmental degradation.Meanwhile,approximately 130 billion kilograms of cattle bones(CB)are generated globally each year,posing environmental challenges due to their non-biodegradability.CB is rich in calcium oxide,making it a potential supplementary material in cement production.This study explores the feasibility of using pretreated cattle bone ash(CBA)as a partial replacement for PC in concrete,combined with 5%silica fume and 10%fly ash.CBA was incorporated at 10%,25%,50%,and 75%by weight of cement.The results indicated that mixes containing 10%and 25%CBA achieved high-strength concrete exceeding 60 MPa after 28 d,while mixes with 50%and 75%CBA produced structural-grade concrete with strengths above 25 MPa.The findings demonstrate that pre-treated CBA can effectively replace a portion of PC in concrete when combined with an appropriate pozzolanic material.This substitution reduces environmental pollution and promotes the sustainability of concrete production.
基金support for this research from AB Vista,Marlborough,UK,is greatly appreciated。
文摘Background The effect of microbial phytase on amino acid and energy digestibility is not consistent in pigs,which may be related to the phytase dosage or the adaptation length to the diet.Therefore,an experiment was conducted to test the hypotheses that increasing dietary phytase after an 18-day adaptation period:1)increases nutrient and energy digestibility;2)increases plasma P,plasma inositol,and bone ash of young pigs;and 3)demonstrates that maximum phytate degradation requires more phytase than maximum P digestibility.Results Data indicated that increasing inclusion of phytase[0,250,500,1,000,2,000,and 4,000 phytase units(FTU)/kg feed]in corn-soybean meal-based diets increased apparent ileal digestibility(AID)of Trp(quadratic;P<0.05),and of Lys and Thr(linear;P<0.05),and tended to increase AID of Met(linear;P<0.10).Increasing dietary phytase also increased AID and apparent total tract digestibility(ATTD)of Ca and P(quadratic;P<0.05)and increased ATTD of K and Na(linear;P<0.05),but phytase did not influence the ATTD of Mg or gross energy.Concentrations of plasma P and bone ash increased(quadratic;P<0.05),and plasma inositol also increased(linear;P<0.05)with increasing inclusion of phytase.Reduced concentrations of inositol phosphate(IP)6 and IP5(quadratic;P<0.05),reduced IP4 and IP3(linear;P<0.05),but increased inositol concentrations(linear;P<0.05)were observed in ileal digesta as dietary phytase increased.The ATTD of P was maximized if at least 1,200 FTU/kg were used,whereas more than 4,000 FTU/kg were needed to maximize inositol release.Conclusions Increasing dietary levels of phytase after an 18-day adaptation period increased phytate and IP ester degradation and inositol release in the small intestine.Consequently,increasing dietary phytase resulted in improved digestibility of Ca,P,K,Na,and the first 4 limiting amino acids,and in increased concentrations of bone ash and plasma P and inositol.In a corn-soybean meal diet,maximum inositol release requires approximately 3,200 FTU/kg more phytase than that required for maximum P digestibility.
文摘This study examines the mechanical and thermal behavior of ten ceramic formulations(C1 to C10)prepared from two types of specimens:Cylindrical Pure clay Specimens(CPC-SP)and Bone Ash Clay Specimens(BAC-SP).The raw materials,sourced from the Missole II clay formation(Douala,Cameroon),were homogenized at room temperature and compacted into cylindrical molds with 10%water to ensure adequate plasticity and shaping.A total of 100 specimens(five replicates per formulation)were produced under a load of 8.8 N to ensure statistical reliability.Firing experiments,conducted between 750 and 1250˚C,showed that BAC-SP specimens retained 3%residual moisture and exhibited superior mechanical performance,with an average Young’s modulus of 6.6 GPa and a fracture stress of 2.56 MPa,compared with 3.56 GPa and 1.66 MPa for CPC-SP.A weight loss on ignition between 1.8 and 2%was recorded in the range of 1120 to 1144˚C,while Poisson’s ratio remained constant at 0.5 for both materials.The incorporation of bovine bone ash significantly enhances the strength and thermal stability of ceramics,offering promising opportunities for optimizing firing conditions and extending their use in advanced technological applications.
基金Financial support for this research from AB Vista,Marlborough,UK
文摘Background: A 21-day experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that Ca requirements to maximize growth performance expressed as the standardized total tract digestible(STTD) Ca to STTD P ratio is less than 1.40:1. The second hypothesis was that increasing dietary Ca increases plasma Ca concentration and downregulates abundance of genes related to Ca absorption(TRPV6, S100 G, and ATP2 B1) in the duodenum, and tight junction proteins(OCLN, CLDN1, and ZO1) in the duodenum and ileum.Methods: Twenty corn-soybean meal diets were formulated using a 4 × 5 factorial design with diets containing 0.16%, 0.33%, 0.42%, or 0.50% STTD P, and 0.14%, 0.29%, 0.44%, 0.59%, or 0.74% STTD Ca. Six hundred and forty pigs(initial weight: 11.1 ± 1.4 kg) were allotted to 20 diets and 5 blocks in a randomized complete block design. On day21, weights of pigs and feed left in feeders were recorded and blood, duodenal tissue, ileal mucosa, and the right femur were collected from 1 pig per pen. Abundance of m RNA was determined in duodenal and ileal tissue via quantitative RT-PCR. Data were analyzed using a response surface model.Results: The predicted maximum ADG(614 g), G:F(0.65), and bone ash(11.68 g) was obtained at STTD Ca:STTD P ratios of 1.39:1, 1.25:1, and 1.66:1, respectively, when STTD P was provided at the requirement(0.33%). If dietary STTD P was below the requirement, increasing dietary Ca resulted in reduced(P < 0.05) ADG and G:F. However, if dietary STTD P was above the requirement, negative effects(P < 0.05) on ADG and G:F of increasing STTD Ca were observed only if dietary STTD Ca exceeded 0.6%. Plasma Ca concentration was positively affected by STTD Ca over the range studied(quadratic, P < 0.01) and negatively affected by increasing STTD P(linear, P < 0.01). There was a linear negative effect(P < 0.05) of STTD Ca on the abundance of S100 G, TRPV6, OCLN, and ZO1 in duodenum, and CLDN and ZO1 in ileum.Conclusions: The STTD Ca:STTD P ratio needed to maximize growth performance of 11-to 25-kg pigs is less than1.40:1, if P is at the estimated requirement. Increasing dietary Ca reduces transcellular absorption of Ca and increases paracellular absorption of Ca.
