Small long-life transportable high temperature gas-cooled reactors(HTRs) are interesting because they can safely provide electricity or heat in remote areas or to industrial users in developed or developing countries....Small long-life transportable high temperature gas-cooled reactors(HTRs) are interesting because they can safely provide electricity or heat in remote areas or to industrial users in developed or developing countries.This paper presents the neutronic design of the U-Battery,which is a 5 MWth block-type HTR with a fuel lifetime of 5–10 years.Assuming a reactor pressure vessel diameter of less than 3.7 m,some possible reactor core configurations of the 5 MWth U-Battery have been investigated using the TRITON module in SCALE 6.The neutronic analysis shows that Layout 12×2B,a scattering core containing 2 layers of 12 fuel blocks each with 20% enriched235U,reaches a fuel lifetime of 10 effective full power years(EFPYs).When the diameter of the reactor pressure vessel is reduced to 1.8 m,a fuel lifetime of 4 EFPYs will be achieved for the 5 MWth U-Battery with a 25-cm thick graphite side reflector.Layouts 6×3 and 6×4 with a 25-cm thick BeO side reflector achieve a fuel lifetime of 7 and 10 EFPYs,respectively.The comparison of the different core configurations shows that,keeping the number of fuel blocks in the reactor core constant,the annular and scattering core configurations have longer fuel lifetimes and lower fuel cost than the cylindrical ones.Moreover,for the 5 MWth U-Battery,reducing the fuel inventory in the reactor core by decreasing the diameter of fuel kernels and packing fraction of TRISO particles is more effective to lower the fuel cost than decreasing the 235U enrichment.展开更多
目的:带状疱疹相关性疼痛(zoster-associated pain,ZAP)是水痘-带状疱疹病毒在感觉神经节被重新激活后引起的急、慢性神经病理性疼痛,可严重影响患者的生活质量。神经阻滞作为临床最常用的介入治疗技术,常联合多种佐剂以增强疗效,但各...目的:带状疱疹相关性疼痛(zoster-associated pain,ZAP)是水痘-带状疱疹病毒在感觉神经节被重新激活后引起的急、慢性神经病理性疼痛,可严重影响患者的生活质量。神经阻滞作为临床最常用的介入治疗技术,常联合多种佐剂以增强疗效,但各类佐剂的作用机制各异、证据等级参差不齐,且由于ZAP不同病程阶段的病理机制存在差异,目前缺乏基于病程分期的系统梳理,导致临床选择缺乏精准依据。本研究旨在系统评价各类佐剂的临床证据,明确其在不同病程阶段的应用价值,为临床个体化治疗提供参考。方法:系统检索PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane Library、中国知网及万方数据知识服务平台自建库至2025年12月31日收录的相关文献。文献纳入标准:1)研究对象明确诊断为急性期带状疱疹(acute herpes zoster,AHZ)或带状疱疹后神经痛(postherpetic neuralgia,PHN);2)干预措施为药物作为神经阻滞佐剂或局部注射佐剂;3)随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT)、前瞻性队列研究或病例对照研究。由2名研究员独立进行文献筛选和资料提取,提取内容包括第一作者、发表年份、样本量、神经阻滞或局部注射类型、佐剂种类与剂量及主要结局指标等。采用牛津循证医学中心(Oxford Centre for EvidenceBased Medicine,OCEBM)标准对纳入研究进行证据等级评价,并依据最高证据等级对各类佐剂进行分级推荐。结果:最终纳入临床研究文献29篇。依据证据等级,将佐剂分为A级证据佐剂和B级证据佐剂。在A级证据佐剂中,糖皮质激素通过强效抗炎作用缓解疼痛;A型肉毒毒素通过抑制疼痛介质释放及信号调制发挥镇痛作用。在B级证据佐剂中,富血小板血浆通过释放生长因子促进神经修复;医用臭氧通过抗炎及改善循环发挥作用;亚甲蓝通过改善可逆性神经髓鞘损伤实现长效镇痛;牛痘疫苗接种家兔炎症皮肤提取物则可能通过激活下行抑制通路调节疼痛。基于病程分期,急性期以抗炎(糖皮质激素)为主,慢性期以神经调控与修复(A型肉毒毒素、富血小板血浆等)为主。所有佐剂的应用均需警惕其特有的严重不良事件。结论:神经阻滞/局部注射佐剂的应用为ZAP治疗提供了多机制、分阶段的干预策略,糖皮质激素和A型肉毒毒素拥有最高等级证据支持。当前佐剂应用面临证据等级不均、方案标准化不足等挑战,未来需开展更多高质量、大样本的随机对照试验,特别是针对不同病程阶段比较不同佐剂的优劣,以进一步优化临床治疗方案。展开更多
文摘Small long-life transportable high temperature gas-cooled reactors(HTRs) are interesting because they can safely provide electricity or heat in remote areas or to industrial users in developed or developing countries.This paper presents the neutronic design of the U-Battery,which is a 5 MWth block-type HTR with a fuel lifetime of 5–10 years.Assuming a reactor pressure vessel diameter of less than 3.7 m,some possible reactor core configurations of the 5 MWth U-Battery have been investigated using the TRITON module in SCALE 6.The neutronic analysis shows that Layout 12×2B,a scattering core containing 2 layers of 12 fuel blocks each with 20% enriched235U,reaches a fuel lifetime of 10 effective full power years(EFPYs).When the diameter of the reactor pressure vessel is reduced to 1.8 m,a fuel lifetime of 4 EFPYs will be achieved for the 5 MWth U-Battery with a 25-cm thick graphite side reflector.Layouts 6×3 and 6×4 with a 25-cm thick BeO side reflector achieve a fuel lifetime of 7 and 10 EFPYs,respectively.The comparison of the different core configurations shows that,keeping the number of fuel blocks in the reactor core constant,the annular and scattering core configurations have longer fuel lifetimes and lower fuel cost than the cylindrical ones.Moreover,for the 5 MWth U-Battery,reducing the fuel inventory in the reactor core by decreasing the diameter of fuel kernels and packing fraction of TRISO particles is more effective to lower the fuel cost than decreasing the 235U enrichment.
文摘目的:带状疱疹相关性疼痛(zoster-associated pain,ZAP)是水痘-带状疱疹病毒在感觉神经节被重新激活后引起的急、慢性神经病理性疼痛,可严重影响患者的生活质量。神经阻滞作为临床最常用的介入治疗技术,常联合多种佐剂以增强疗效,但各类佐剂的作用机制各异、证据等级参差不齐,且由于ZAP不同病程阶段的病理机制存在差异,目前缺乏基于病程分期的系统梳理,导致临床选择缺乏精准依据。本研究旨在系统评价各类佐剂的临床证据,明确其在不同病程阶段的应用价值,为临床个体化治疗提供参考。方法:系统检索PubMed、Web of Science、Cochrane Library、中国知网及万方数据知识服务平台自建库至2025年12月31日收录的相关文献。文献纳入标准:1)研究对象明确诊断为急性期带状疱疹(acute herpes zoster,AHZ)或带状疱疹后神经痛(postherpetic neuralgia,PHN);2)干预措施为药物作为神经阻滞佐剂或局部注射佐剂;3)随机对照试验(randomized controlled trial,RCT)、前瞻性队列研究或病例对照研究。由2名研究员独立进行文献筛选和资料提取,提取内容包括第一作者、发表年份、样本量、神经阻滞或局部注射类型、佐剂种类与剂量及主要结局指标等。采用牛津循证医学中心(Oxford Centre for EvidenceBased Medicine,OCEBM)标准对纳入研究进行证据等级评价,并依据最高证据等级对各类佐剂进行分级推荐。结果:最终纳入临床研究文献29篇。依据证据等级,将佐剂分为A级证据佐剂和B级证据佐剂。在A级证据佐剂中,糖皮质激素通过强效抗炎作用缓解疼痛;A型肉毒毒素通过抑制疼痛介质释放及信号调制发挥镇痛作用。在B级证据佐剂中,富血小板血浆通过释放生长因子促进神经修复;医用臭氧通过抗炎及改善循环发挥作用;亚甲蓝通过改善可逆性神经髓鞘损伤实现长效镇痛;牛痘疫苗接种家兔炎症皮肤提取物则可能通过激活下行抑制通路调节疼痛。基于病程分期,急性期以抗炎(糖皮质激素)为主,慢性期以神经调控与修复(A型肉毒毒素、富血小板血浆等)为主。所有佐剂的应用均需警惕其特有的严重不良事件。结论:神经阻滞/局部注射佐剂的应用为ZAP治疗提供了多机制、分阶段的干预策略,糖皮质激素和A型肉毒毒素拥有最高等级证据支持。当前佐剂应用面临证据等级不均、方案标准化不足等挑战,未来需开展更多高质量、大样本的随机对照试验,特别是针对不同病程阶段比较不同佐剂的优劣,以进一步优化临床治疗方案。
