Layer-block tectonics （LBT） concept, with the core of pluralistic geodynamic outlook and multilayer-sliding tectonic outlook, is one of new keys to study 3-dimensional solid and its 4-dimensional evolution history o...Layer-block tectonics （LBT） concept, with the core of pluralistic geodynamic outlook and multilayer-sliding tectonic outlook, is one of new keys to study 3-dimensional solid and its 4-dimensional evolution history of global tectonic system controlled by global geodynamics system. The LBT concept is applied to study the lithospheric tectonics of the southern South China Sea （SCS）. Based on the analysis of about 30 000 km of geophysical and geological data, some layer-blocks in the Nansha micro-plate can be divided as Nansha ultra-crustal layer-block, Zengmu crustal layer-block, Nanwei （Rifleman bank）-Andu （Ardasier bank） and Liyue （Reed bank） North Palawan crustal layer-blocks, Andu-Bisheng and Liyue-Banyue basemental layer-blocks. The basic characteristics of the basemental layer-blocks have been dicussed, and three intra-plate basin groups are identified. The intra-plate basins within Nansha micro-plate can be divided into three basin groups of Nanwei- Andu, Feixin-Nanhua, and Liyue-North Palawan based on the different geodynamics. In the light of pluralistic geodynamic concept, the upheaving force induced by the mid-crust plastic layer is proposed as the main dynamical force which causes the formation of the intra-plate basins within the Nansha micro-plate. Finally, models of a face-to-face dip-slip detachment of basemental layerblock and a unilateral dip-slip-detachment of basemental layer-block are put forward for the forming mechanisms of the Nanwei Andu and Liyue-North Palawan intra-plate basin groups, respectively.展开更多
The solid form of drugs plays a central role in optimizing the physicochemical properties of drugs,and new solid forms will provide more options to achieve the desirable pharmaceutical profiles of drugs.Recently,certa...The solid form of drugs plays a central role in optimizing the physicochemical properties of drugs,and new solid forms will provide more options to achieve the desirable pharmaceutical profiles of drugs.Recently,certain drugs have been found to form crystalline inclusion complexes（ICs） with multiple types of linear polymers,representing a new subcategory of pharmaceutical solids.In this study,we used diflunisal（DIF） as the model drug host and extended the vip of drug/polymer ICs from homopolymers to block copolymers of poly（ethylene glycol）（PEG） and poly（s-caprolactone）（PCL）.The block length in the vip copolymers showed a significant influence on the formation,thermal stability and dissolution behavior of the DIF ICs.Though the PEG block could hardly be included alone,it could indeed be included in the DIF ICs when the PCL block was long enough.The increase of the PCL block length produced IC crystals with improved thermal stability.The dissolution profiles of DIF/block copolymer ICs exhibited gradually decreased aqueous solubility and dissolution rate with the increasing PCL block length.These results demonstrate the possibility of using drug/polymer ICs to modulate the desired pharmaceutical profiles of drugs in a predictable and controllable manner.展开更多
Due to high construction material cost in Ethiopia,it is difficult to afford a shelter for most people.The hydra form block(HFB)has been identified as low-cost building material with its potential and possibility to r...Due to high construction material cost in Ethiopia,it is difficult to afford a shelter for most people.The hydra form block(HFB)has been identified as low-cost building material with its potential and possibility to reverse the housing problem.Laboratory tests were conducted on Mettu,Nopa,Gore,and Hurumu areas soil.Using hydra form machine with average mold size of 29*14*10 cm,hydra form blocks were cast with the three percentages increment of cement.Compressive strength and water absorption tests were conducted at 28 day.The investigation has revealed that all the soil sample except Gore soil have significant characteristics that make it suitable for stabilization with recommended soil properties.From the experimental study,all the blocks except blocks produced with Gore soil have 28th day compressive strength values well above most of the recommended minimum values.Water absorption was less than the maximum limit of 15%.But,for control block and for stabilized with 3%cement,water absorption result is out of the recommended values(0-15)%.The cost comparison of hydra form blocks with hollow concrete block and fired clay brick shows that the hydra form block is cheapest walling material in terms of production cost and a typical hydra form block production center can create jobs for more than 50 people.展开更多
The solid forms of drugs play a central role in controlling their physicochemical properties and consequently the bioavailability. Multiple types of drug solid forms have been developed to achieve the desirable pharma...The solid forms of drugs play a central role in controlling their physicochemical properties and consequently the bioavailability. Multiple types of drug solid forms have been developed to achieve the desirable pharmaceutical profiles, but new solid forms will provide more options for the solid-state property optimization and hence are highly desirable. This review focuses on a new pharmaceutical solid form, drug-polymer inclusion complexes （ICs）, and summarizes their structural features, structure- property relationships, as well as potential pharmaceutical applications展开更多
Low-permeability dense reservoirs,including micro-fractured reservoirs,are commonly characterized by high content of clay substances,high original water saturation,high sensitivity to invasive fluids,high capillary pr...Low-permeability dense reservoirs,including micro-fractured reservoirs,are commonly characterized by high content of clay substances,high original water saturation,high sensitivity to invasive fluids,high capillary pressure,complicated structure and anisotropic,high flow-resistance and micro pore throats etc,.Generally they also have lots of natural micro fractures,probably leading to stress sensibility.Main damaging factors in such reservoirs are water-sensibility and water-blocking caused by invasive fluids during drilling and production operations.Once damaged,formation permeability can rarely recovered.Numerous studies have shown that damaging extent of water-blocking ranges from 70% to 90%.Main damaging mechanisms and influencing factors of water-blocking were systematically analyzed.Also some feasible precaution or treating approaches of water-blocking were put forward.In a laboratory setting,a new multi-functional drilling fluid composed mainly of amphion polymer,sulfonation polymer,high effectively preventive water-blocking surfactants,ideal packing temporary bridging agents(TBA) and film-forming agents,etc.,were developed.New low-damage drilling fluids has many advantages,such as good rheological properties,excellent effectiveness of water-blocking prevention,good temporary plugging effect,low filtration and ultra-low permeability(API filtration≤5 mL,HTHP filtration≤10 mL,mud cake frictional coefficient≤0.14,permeability recovery>81%),can efficiently prevent or minimize damage,preserve natural formation and enhance comprehensive development-investment effect in TUHA Jurassic dense sandstone reservoir formation with low-permeability,the only one developing integrated condense gas field.Some references can be provided to similar reservoir formations.展开更多
基金The National Basic Research Program of China ("973") under contract Nos 2009CB2194 and 2007CB411700the Major Knowledge Innovation Programs of the Chinese Academy of Sciences under contract No. kzcx2-yw-203-01+2 种基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China of China under contract No. 40676039the National Program of Sustaining Science and Technology of China under contract No. 2006BAB19B02the Program of the Ministry of Land and Natural Resources of China under contract No. GT-YQ-QQ-2008-1-02
文摘Layer-block tectonics （LBT） concept, with the core of pluralistic geodynamic outlook and multilayer-sliding tectonic outlook, is one of new keys to study 3-dimensional solid and its 4-dimensional evolution history of global tectonic system controlled by global geodynamics system. The LBT concept is applied to study the lithospheric tectonics of the southern South China Sea （SCS）. Based on the analysis of about 30 000 km of geophysical and geological data, some layer-blocks in the Nansha micro-plate can be divided as Nansha ultra-crustal layer-block, Zengmu crustal layer-block, Nanwei （Rifleman bank）-Andu （Ardasier bank） and Liyue （Reed bank） North Palawan crustal layer-blocks, Andu-Bisheng and Liyue-Banyue basemental layer-blocks. The basic characteristics of the basemental layer-blocks have been dicussed, and three intra-plate basin groups are identified. The intra-plate basins within Nansha micro-plate can be divided into three basin groups of Nanwei- Andu, Feixin-Nanhua, and Liyue-North Palawan based on the different geodynamics. In the light of pluralistic geodynamic concept, the upheaving force induced by the mid-crust plastic layer is proposed as the main dynamical force which causes the formation of the intra-plate basins within the Nansha micro-plate. Finally, models of a face-to-face dip-slip detachment of basemental layerblock and a unilateral dip-slip-detachment of basemental layer-block are put forward for the forming mechanisms of the Nanwei Andu and Liyue-North Palawan intra-plate basin groups, respectively.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.21434008,21374054)National Basic Research Program of China(973 Program,No.2014CB932202)
文摘The solid form of drugs plays a central role in optimizing the physicochemical properties of drugs,and new solid forms will provide more options to achieve the desirable pharmaceutical profiles of drugs.Recently,certain drugs have been found to form crystalline inclusion complexes（ICs） with multiple types of linear polymers,representing a new subcategory of pharmaceutical solids.In this study,we used diflunisal（DIF） as the model drug host and extended the vip of drug/polymer ICs from homopolymers to block copolymers of poly（ethylene glycol）（PEG） and poly（s-caprolactone）（PCL）.The block length in the vip copolymers showed a significant influence on the formation,thermal stability and dissolution behavior of the DIF ICs.Though the PEG block could hardly be included alone,it could indeed be included in the DIF ICs when the PCL block was long enough.The increase of the PCL block length produced IC crystals with improved thermal stability.The dissolution profiles of DIF/block copolymer ICs exhibited gradually decreased aqueous solubility and dissolution rate with the increasing PCL block length.These results demonstrate the possibility of using drug/polymer ICs to modulate the desired pharmaceutical profiles of drugs in a predictable and controllable manner.
文摘Due to high construction material cost in Ethiopia,it is difficult to afford a shelter for most people.The hydra form block(HFB)has been identified as low-cost building material with its potential and possibility to reverse the housing problem.Laboratory tests were conducted on Mettu,Nopa,Gore,and Hurumu areas soil.Using hydra form machine with average mold size of 29*14*10 cm,hydra form blocks were cast with the three percentages increment of cement.Compressive strength and water absorption tests were conducted at 28 day.The investigation has revealed that all the soil sample except Gore soil have significant characteristics that make it suitable for stabilization with recommended soil properties.From the experimental study,all the blocks except blocks produced with Gore soil have 28th day compressive strength values well above most of the recommended minimum values.Water absorption was less than the maximum limit of 15%.But,for control block and for stabilized with 3%cement,water absorption result is out of the recommended values(0-15)%.The cost comparison of hydra form blocks with hollow concrete block and fired clay brick shows that the hydra form block is cheapest walling material in terms of production cost and a typical hydra form block production center can create jobs for more than 50 people.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 21434008)
文摘The solid forms of drugs play a central role in controlling their physicochemical properties and consequently the bioavailability. Multiple types of drug solid forms have been developed to achieve the desirable pharmaceutical profiles, but new solid forms will provide more options for the solid-state property optimization and hence are highly desirable. This review focuses on a new pharmaceutical solid form, drug-polymer inclusion complexes （ICs）, and summarizes their structural features, structure- property relationships, as well as potential pharmaceutical applications
基金Project(50574061) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘Low-permeability dense reservoirs,including micro-fractured reservoirs,are commonly characterized by high content of clay substances,high original water saturation,high sensitivity to invasive fluids,high capillary pressure,complicated structure and anisotropic,high flow-resistance and micro pore throats etc,.Generally they also have lots of natural micro fractures,probably leading to stress sensibility.Main damaging factors in such reservoirs are water-sensibility and water-blocking caused by invasive fluids during drilling and production operations.Once damaged,formation permeability can rarely recovered.Numerous studies have shown that damaging extent of water-blocking ranges from 70% to 90%.Main damaging mechanisms and influencing factors of water-blocking were systematically analyzed.Also some feasible precaution or treating approaches of water-blocking were put forward.In a laboratory setting,a new multi-functional drilling fluid composed mainly of amphion polymer,sulfonation polymer,high effectively preventive water-blocking surfactants,ideal packing temporary bridging agents(TBA) and film-forming agents,etc.,were developed.New low-damage drilling fluids has many advantages,such as good rheological properties,excellent effectiveness of water-blocking prevention,good temporary plugging effect,low filtration and ultra-low permeability(API filtration≤5 mL,HTHP filtration≤10 mL,mud cake frictional coefficient≤0.14,permeability recovery>81%),can efficiently prevent or minimize damage,preserve natural formation and enhance comprehensive development-investment effect in TUHA Jurassic dense sandstone reservoir formation with low-permeability,the only one developing integrated condense gas field.Some references can be provided to similar reservoir formations.
