Background:Momordica charantia L.var.abbreviata Ser.(MCA),locally known as“ampalayang ligaw”,is a wild variety of Momordica charantia L.,and a valuable medicinal plant possessing hypoglycemic activity.However,it onl...Background:Momordica charantia L.var.abbreviata Ser.(MCA),locally known as“ampalayang ligaw”,is a wild variety of Momordica charantia L.,and a valuable medicinal plant possessing hypoglycemic activity.However,it only grows in open fields and is not widely cultivated due to slow growth and low productivity.Methods:To enhance its overall plant health,a consortium of three Trichoderma spp.was inoculated into MCA.The effects on growth,floral biology,productivity,and total triterpenes were assessed to determine the efficacy of Trichoderma spp.as a sustainable and environment-friendly plant growth promoter.A consortium of three Trichoderma spp.(T.ghanense,T.pseudokoningii,and T.harzianum)mixed in equal proportions were applied as seed coat and soil drench according to previous recommendations.Results:Results show that Trichoderma-treated MCA exhibited significantly(P<0.05)greater leaf area and growth rate compared to the untreated control.Trichoderma likewise affected the floral biology of MCA with bigger flower sizes(P<0.01),earlier male flower emergence,and increased number of female flowers(P<0.05).Regarding productivity,Trichoderma significantly increased the fruit set,dry weight and length of fruits(P<0.01),number of fruits per plant,and seed germination percentage(P<0.05).An increase in shoot length was significantly correlated to a greater number of fruits hence with higher productivity.Trichoderma also significantly enhanced(22%increase)the total triterpenes in MCA leaves,probably owing to hormonal modulation of gene expression changes as previous studies have shown.The increased triterpene content suggests an enhanced pharmacological potential of Trichoderma-treated MCA for diabetes management,warranting further bioactivity studies.Conclusion:Therefore,these results reveal the efficacy of Trichoderma on MCA productivity enhancement,demonstrating the potential of Trichoderma-treated MCA to become more amenable to commercial cultivation.展开更多
[Objective]The aim was to study the distribution of Ca in bagged apple fruit and the relationship between antioxidant enzyme activity and bitter pit disease,which will provide a basis for resolving Ca metabolism disor...[Objective]The aim was to study the distribution of Ca in bagged apple fruit and the relationship between antioxidant enzyme activity and bitter pit disease,which will provide a basis for resolving Ca metabolism disorder in apple cultivation. [Method]With Fuji Apple as the tested material,the changes of Ca2＋ content and antioxidant enzyme activity in different parts of apple fruit after picking bags and storage period were determined. [Result]The results showed that Ca contents in the light surface of fruits were higher than that in the backlight surface. The Ca contents of stalk cavity were higher than that of calyx-end. The activities of SOD,POD,CAT and APX in the light surface of fruits were higher than that in the backlight surface. The activities of SOD,POD,CAT and APX of stalk cavity were higher than that of calyx-end. The contents of MDA in the light surface of fruits were lower than that in the backlight surface. The contents of MDA of stalk cavity were lower than that of calyx-end. [Conclusion]The incidence rate of bitter pit in the light surface of fruits were lower than that in the backlight surface,and the incidence rate of bitter pit of stalk cavity were lower than that of calyx-end.展开更多
Bitter tea is a special kind of tea germplasm in China.The major biochemical components of 24 bitter teas and other 8 Camellia sinensis var.sinensis and 8 C.sinensis var.assamica tea germplasms,which were stored in th...Bitter tea is a special kind of tea germplasm in China.The major biochemical components of 24 bitter teas and other 8 Camellia sinensis var.sinensis and 8 C.sinensis var.assamica tea germplasms,which were stored in the China National Germplasm Hangzhou Tea Repository(CNGHTR),were analyzed and evaluated.The results showed that no significant differences of major biochemical components affecting the tea quality were found between bitter tea and common tea.According to the processing suitability index,bitter tea was suitable for the manufacturing of black tea;while according to evolutionary indices such as the composition and content of catechin,bitter tea was similar to C.sinensis var.assamica belonging to the relatively primitive type in evolution.The results of cluster analysis indicated that bitter tea was clustered with C.sinensis var.assamica,so it could be considered to belong to C.sinensis var.assamica.展开更多
[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of agronomic traits and genetic relationships among core collections of bitter gourd.[Method] Total 141 germplasms of bitter gourd were selected,and th...[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of agronomic traits and genetic relationships among core collections of bitter gourd.[Method] Total 141 germplasms of bitter gourd were selected,and the genetic diversity of 13 agronomic traits was analyzed.In addition,total 46 core collections of bitter gourd were employed,and their genetic relationships were analyzed based on the phenotypic values and genotypic values of 5 agronomic traits,respectively.[Result] The genetic diversity analysis of agronomic traits showed that the genetic diversity indexes of the 4 qualitative traits of bitter gourd germplasms ranged from 0.46 to 1.34;the distribution of the 9 quantitative traits data was more dispersed with average coefficient of variation of 20.02%.The genetic relationship analysis showed that based on the phenotypic values and genotypic values of the 5 quantitative traits,the genetic distances among the 46 core collections of bitter gourd were different.Based on the genotypic values,the genetic distances among the 46 bitter gourd core collections ranged from 0.84 to 10.71.The 46 germplasms were divided into 17 groups with the rescaled distance of 8.5,which further classified the relationships among different germplasms.[Conclusion] This study will lay a solid foundation for the effective utilization of core collections and new variety breeding in bitter gourd.展开更多
Different application rates of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer （CRFN） were designed to evaluate their effects on the growth and root morphology of bitter gourd （Momordica charantia L.） seedlings, and thus d...Different application rates of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer （CRFN） were designed to evaluate their effects on the growth and root morphology of bitter gourd （Momordica charantia L.） seedlings, and thus determine the optimal nitrogen amount and suitable nitrogen content in substrate at seedling transplanting,, in com- parison with conventional fertilizer application. CRFN was applied at five levels, 0, 0.6, 1.2, 2.4 and 4.8 kg N/m3, and conventional fertilizer was applied at 0.6 kg N/m3 as control. Four replicates were included in each treatment. The results showed that 0.6-2.4 kg N/m3 CRFN provided sufficient N nutrient for bitter gourd, with higher shoot and root dry weights, root length and root surface area than control treat- ments. Correspondingly, the total inorganic nitrogen in substrate ranged from 99.3 to 162.5 mg/pot at seedling transplanting in these treatments. 1.2 kg N/m3 was proven to be the optimal CRFN rate. Compared with conventional nitrogen fertilizer applica- tion, 1.2 kg N/m3 CRFN in substrate increased the dry weight, nitrogen uptake and improved root morphology indices of seedlings, and more than 83.3 mg/pot inorgan- ic nitrogen could be carried with substrate at transplanting, revealing a potential to reduce N-deficient risk after rain and basal N input by continuous release of CRFN.展开更多
Objective:To evaluate the anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant activity of and rographolide(AND)and echiodinin(ECH)of Andrographis paniculata.Methods:In this study,an attempt has been made to demonstrate the anti-microbial...Objective:To evaluate the anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant activity of and rographolide(AND)and echiodinin(ECH)of Andrographis paniculata.Methods:In this study,an attempt has been made to demonstrate the anti-microbial and anti-oxidant activity of isolated AND and ECH by broth micro-dilution method and 2,2-dipheny l-2-picryl-hydrazyl(DPPH)assay,respectively.Structure elucidation was determined by electro-spray ionization-MSD,NMR(1H and13C)and IR spectra.Results:AND was effective against most of the strains tested including Mycobacterium smegmatis,showing broad spectrum of growth inhibition activity with Minimum inhibitory concentration values againstStaphylococcus aureus(100μg/mL),Streptococcus thermophilus(350μg/mL)Bacillus subtilis(100μg/mL),Escherichia coli(50μg/mL),Mycobacterium smegmatis(200μg/mL),Klebsiella pneumonia(100μg/mL),andPseudomonas aeruginosa(200μg/mL).ECH showed specific anti-bacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli,Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosaat a concentration higher than 225μg/mL.Both AND and ECH were not effective against the two yeast strains,Candida albicansand Saccharomyces cerevisiae tested in this study.Conclusion:This preliminary study showed promising anti-bacterial activity and moderate free radical scavenging activity of AND and ECH,and it may provide the scientific rationale for its popular folklore medicines.展开更多
Objective] This study was conducted to verify the feasibiIity of ISSR marker for identifying genetic purity of bitter gourd hybrid, and thus to provide an effective method for seed purity test in production practices....Objective] This study was conducted to verify the feasibiIity of ISSR marker for identifying genetic purity of bitter gourd hybrid, and thus to provide an effective method for seed purity test in production practices. [Method] The DNA fin-gerprints of a bitter gourd cuItivar Xiuyu 1 and its parents were analyzed using IS-SR marker with 91 primers. [Result] Two primers ISSR-845 and ISSR-891 which ampIified two DNA bands of 510 and 300 bp respectiveIy from F1 generation and its parents were screened out from 91 primers. ISSR-845 couId distinguish the male parent from F1 hybrid and the female parent, whiIe ISSR-891 couId distinguish the female parent inbred Iine from Xiuyu 1. Seed purity test with the specific markers gave the same resuIt with fiIed trials based on morphoIogical identification. [Conclu-sion] ISSR marker is an accurate, simpIe and effective method for seed purity test bitter gourd hybrid, and thus can be used in production practices.展开更多
Nature is a rich source of medicinal plants and their products that are useful for treatment of various diseases and disorders. Momordica charantia, commonly known as bitter melon or bitter gourd, is one of such plant...Nature is a rich source of medicinal plants and their products that are useful for treatment of various diseases and disorders. Momordica charantia, commonly known as bitter melon or bitter gourd, is one of such plants known for its biological activities used in traditional system of medicines. This plant is cultivated in all over the world, including tropical areas of Asia, Amazon, east Africa, and the Caribbean and used as a vegetable as well as folk medicine. All parts of the plant, including the fruit, are commonly consumed and cooked with different vegetables, stir-fried, stuffed or used in small quantities in soups or beans to give a slightly bitter flavor and taste. The plant is reported to possess anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial, anti-obesity, and immunomodulatory activities. The plant extract inhibits cancer cell growth by inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, autophagy and inhibiting cancer stem cells. The plant is rich in bioactive chemical constituents like cucurbitane type triterpenoids, triterpene glycosides, phenolic acids, flavonoids, essential oils, saponins, fatty acids, and proteins. Some of the isolated compounds （Kuguacin J, Karaviloside XI, Kuguaglycoside C, Momordicoside Q-U, Charantin, a-eleostearic acid） and proteins （a-Momorcharin, RNase MC2, MAP30） possess potent biological activity. In the present review, we are summarizing the anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities of Momordica charantia along with a short account of important chemical constituents, providing a basis for establishing detail biological activities of the plant and developing novel drug molecules based on the active chemical constituents.展开更多
Ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction was confirmed as a novel,effective method for separating lipid from mackerel pro-tein,resulting in a degreasing rate (DR) of 95% and a nitrogen recovery (NR) of 88.6%.To obtain p...Ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction was confirmed as a novel,effective method for separating lipid from mackerel pro-tein,resulting in a degreasing rate (DR) of 95% and a nitrogen recovery (NR) of 88.6%.To obtain protein hydrolysates with high ni-trogen recovery and low bitter taste,enzymatic hydrolysis was performed using eight commercially available proteases.It turned out that the optimum enzyme was the ‘Mixed enzymes for animal proteolysis’.An enzyme dosage of 4%,a temperature of 50℃,and a hydrolysis time of 300 min were found to be the optimum conditions to obtain high NR (84.28%) and degree of hydrolysis (DH,16.18%) by orthogonal experiments.Glutamic acid was the most abundant amino acid of MDP (defatted mackerel protein) and MDPH (defatted mackerel protein hydrolysates).Compared with the FAO/WHO reference protein,the essential amino acid chemical scores (CS) were greater than 1.0 (1.0 1.7) in MDPH,which is reflective of high nutritional value.This,coupled with the light color and slight fishy odor,indicates that MDPH would potentially have a wide range of applications such as nutritional additives,functional ingredients,and so on.展开更多
Calcium-alginate pectin entrapped bitter gourd peroxidase （BGP） has been employed for the treatment of disperse dyes： Disperse Brown 1 （DB 1） and Disperse Red 17 （DR 17）. Peroxidase alone was unable to decolori...Calcium-alginate pectin entrapped bitter gourd peroxidase （BGP） has been employed for the treatment of disperse dyes： Disperse Brown 1 （DB 1） and Disperse Red 17 （DR 17）. Peroxidase alone was unable to decolorize DR 17 and DB 1. However, the investigated dyes were decolorized maximally by BGP in the presence of 0.2 mmol/L redox mediator, violuric acid （VA）. A slow decrease in percent decolorization was observed when VA concentration was higher than 0.2 mmol/L which could likely be due to the high reactivity of its aminoxyl radical （ N–O . ） intermediate, that might undergo chemical reactions with aromatic amino acid side chains of the enzyme thereby inactivating it. Maximum decolorization of the dyes was observed at pH 3.0 and 40°C within 2 hr of incubation. Immobilized peroxidase decolorized 98% DR 17 and 71% DB 1 using 35 U of BGP in batch process in 90 min. Immobilized enzyme decolorized 85% DR 17 and 51% DB 1 whereas soluble enzyme decolorized DR 17 to 48% and DB 1 to 30% at 60°C. UV-visible spectral analysis was used to evaluate the degradation of these dyes and their toxicity was tested by Allium cepa test. The generally observed higher stability of the bioaffinity bound enzymes against various forms of inactivation may be related to the specific and strong binding of enzyme with bioaffinity support which prevents the unfolding/denaturation of enzyme. Thus entrapped peroxidase was found to be effective in the decolorization of the investigated dyes.展开更多
Nutraceutic therapies such as berberine, bitter melon,Gymnema sylvestre, Irvingia gabonensis, resveratrol and ursolic acid have been shown to help control metabolic syndrome(MetS). The effect of berberine on glucose a...Nutraceutic therapies such as berberine, bitter melon,Gymnema sylvestre, Irvingia gabonensis, resveratrol and ursolic acid have been shown to help control metabolic syndrome(MetS). The effect of berberine on glucose and lipid metabolism, hypertension, obesity and MetS has been evaluated in animal models and humans. Most clinical trials involving bitter melon have been conducted to evaluate its effect on glucose metabolism; nevertheless, some studies have reported favorable effects on lipids and blood pressure although there is little information about its effect on body weight. Gymnema sylvestre helps to decrease body weight and blood sugar levels; however, there is limited information on dyslipidemia and hypertension. Clinical trials of Irvingia gabonensis have shown important effects decreasing glucose and cholesterol concentrations as well decreasing body weight. Resveratrol acts through different mechanisms to decrease blood pressure, lipids, glucose and weight, showing its effects on the population with Met S. Finally, there is evidence of positive effects with ursolic acid in in vitro and in vivo studies on glucose and lipid metabolism and on body weight and visceral fat. Therefore, a review of the beneficial effects and limitations of the above-mentioned nutraceutic therapies is presented.展开更多
文摘Background:Momordica charantia L.var.abbreviata Ser.(MCA),locally known as“ampalayang ligaw”,is a wild variety of Momordica charantia L.,and a valuable medicinal plant possessing hypoglycemic activity.However,it only grows in open fields and is not widely cultivated due to slow growth and low productivity.Methods:To enhance its overall plant health,a consortium of three Trichoderma spp.was inoculated into MCA.The effects on growth,floral biology,productivity,and total triterpenes were assessed to determine the efficacy of Trichoderma spp.as a sustainable and environment-friendly plant growth promoter.A consortium of three Trichoderma spp.(T.ghanense,T.pseudokoningii,and T.harzianum)mixed in equal proportions were applied as seed coat and soil drench according to previous recommendations.Results:Results show that Trichoderma-treated MCA exhibited significantly(P<0.05)greater leaf area and growth rate compared to the untreated control.Trichoderma likewise affected the floral biology of MCA with bigger flower sizes(P<0.01),earlier male flower emergence,and increased number of female flowers(P<0.05).Regarding productivity,Trichoderma significantly increased the fruit set,dry weight and length of fruits(P<0.01),number of fruits per plant,and seed germination percentage(P<0.05).An increase in shoot length was significantly correlated to a greater number of fruits hence with higher productivity.Trichoderma also significantly enhanced(22%increase)the total triterpenes in MCA leaves,probably owing to hormonal modulation of gene expression changes as previous studies have shown.The increased triterpene content suggests an enhanced pharmacological potential of Trichoderma-treated MCA for diabetes management,warranting further bioactivity studies.Conclusion:Therefore,these results reveal the efficacy of Trichoderma on MCA productivity enhancement,demonstrating the potential of Trichoderma-treated MCA to become more amenable to commercial cultivation.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation Project " Relationship between Distribution of Calcium in Bagged Apple Fruit and Bitter Pit" (30871683)Education Department Project of Shandong Province (J06K56)~~
文摘[Objective]The aim was to study the distribution of Ca in bagged apple fruit and the relationship between antioxidant enzyme activity and bitter pit disease,which will provide a basis for resolving Ca metabolism disorder in apple cultivation. [Method]With Fuji Apple as the tested material,the changes of Ca2＋ content and antioxidant enzyme activity in different parts of apple fruit after picking bags and storage period were determined. [Result]The results showed that Ca contents in the light surface of fruits were higher than that in the backlight surface. The Ca contents of stalk cavity were higher than that of calyx-end. The activities of SOD,POD,CAT and APX in the light surface of fruits were higher than that in the backlight surface. The activities of SOD,POD,CAT and APX of stalk cavity were higher than that of calyx-end. The contents of MDA in the light surface of fruits were lower than that in the backlight surface. The contents of MDA of stalk cavity were lower than that of calyx-end. [Conclusion]The incidence rate of bitter pit in the light surface of fruits were lower than that in the backlight surface,and the incidence rate of bitter pit of stalk cavity were lower than that of calyx-end.
基金Supported by the"Study on High Efficiency Machining and Multiple Utilization Technology of Tea Germplasm Resource"of National Science&Technology Supporting Project(2006BAD06B01)"Data Standard of Perennial and Vegetative Propagation Crop Germplasm Resources as a Share Experimental Unit"of National Fundamental Resources Platform of Science&Technology Project(2005DKA21002-08)~~
文摘Bitter tea is a special kind of tea germplasm in China.The major biochemical components of 24 bitter teas and other 8 Camellia sinensis var.sinensis and 8 C.sinensis var.assamica tea germplasms,which were stored in the China National Germplasm Hangzhou Tea Repository(CNGHTR),were analyzed and evaluated.The results showed that no significant differences of major biochemical components affecting the tea quality were found between bitter tea and common tea.According to the processing suitability index,bitter tea was suitable for the manufacturing of black tea;while according to evolutionary indices such as the composition and content of catechin,bitter tea was similar to C.sinensis var.assamica belonging to the relatively primitive type in evolution.The results of cluster analysis indicated that bitter tea was clustered with C.sinensis var.assamica,so it could be considered to belong to C.sinensis var.assamica.
文摘[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity of agronomic traits and genetic relationships among core collections of bitter gourd.[Method] Total 141 germplasms of bitter gourd were selected,and the genetic diversity of 13 agronomic traits was analyzed.In addition,total 46 core collections of bitter gourd were employed,and their genetic relationships were analyzed based on the phenotypic values and genotypic values of 5 agronomic traits,respectively.[Result] The genetic diversity analysis of agronomic traits showed that the genetic diversity indexes of the 4 qualitative traits of bitter gourd germplasms ranged from 0.46 to 1.34;the distribution of the 9 quantitative traits data was more dispersed with average coefficient of variation of 20.02%.The genetic relationship analysis showed that based on the phenotypic values and genotypic values of the 5 quantitative traits,the genetic distances among the 46 core collections of bitter gourd were different.Based on the genotypic values,the genetic distances among the 46 bitter gourd core collections ranged from 0.84 to 10.71.The 46 germplasms were divided into 17 groups with the rescaled distance of 8.5,which further classified the relationships among different germplasms.[Conclusion] This study will lay a solid foundation for the effective utilization of core collections and new variety breeding in bitter gourd.
基金Supported by Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest of China(201503106,201103003)Earmarked Fund for China Agriculture Research System(CARS-25-G-36)~~
文摘Different application rates of controlled release nitrogen fertilizer （CRFN） were designed to evaluate their effects on the growth and root morphology of bitter gourd （Momordica charantia L.） seedlings, and thus determine the optimal nitrogen amount and suitable nitrogen content in substrate at seedling transplanting,, in com- parison with conventional fertilizer application. CRFN was applied at five levels, 0, 0.6, 1.2, 2.4 and 4.8 kg N/m3, and conventional fertilizer was applied at 0.6 kg N/m3 as control. Four replicates were included in each treatment. The results showed that 0.6-2.4 kg N/m3 CRFN provided sufficient N nutrient for bitter gourd, with higher shoot and root dry weights, root length and root surface area than control treat- ments. Correspondingly, the total inorganic nitrogen in substrate ranged from 99.3 to 162.5 mg/pot at seedling transplanting in these treatments. 1.2 kg N/m3 was proven to be the optimal CRFN rate. Compared with conventional nitrogen fertilizer applica- tion, 1.2 kg N/m3 CRFN in substrate increased the dry weight, nitrogen uptake and improved root morphology indices of seedlings, and more than 83.3 mg/pot inorgan- ic nitrogen could be carried with substrate at transplanting, revealing a potential to reduce N-deficient risk after rain and basal N input by continuous release of CRFN.
基金Financially supported by Universiti Malaysia Kelantan(Grant No.R/SGJP/A07.00/00710A/001/2012/000081)
文摘Objective:To evaluate the anti-bacterial and anti-oxidant activity of and rographolide(AND)and echiodinin(ECH)of Andrographis paniculata.Methods:In this study,an attempt has been made to demonstrate the anti-microbial and anti-oxidant activity of isolated AND and ECH by broth micro-dilution method and 2,2-dipheny l-2-picryl-hydrazyl(DPPH)assay,respectively.Structure elucidation was determined by electro-spray ionization-MSD,NMR(1H and13C)and IR spectra.Results:AND was effective against most of the strains tested including Mycobacterium smegmatis,showing broad spectrum of growth inhibition activity with Minimum inhibitory concentration values againstStaphylococcus aureus(100μg/mL),Streptococcus thermophilus(350μg/mL)Bacillus subtilis(100μg/mL),Escherichia coli(50μg/mL),Mycobacterium smegmatis(200μg/mL),Klebsiella pneumonia(100μg/mL),andPseudomonas aeruginosa(200μg/mL).ECH showed specific anti-bacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli,Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosaat a concentration higher than 225μg/mL.Both AND and ECH were not effective against the two yeast strains,Candida albicansand Saccharomyces cerevisiae tested in this study.Conclusion:This preliminary study showed promising anti-bacterial activity and moderate free radical scavenging activity of AND and ECH,and it may provide the scientific rationale for its popular folklore medicines.
基金Supported by Key Technology Research and Development Program for Agriculture of Jianngsu Province(BE2012323)~~
文摘Objective] This study was conducted to verify the feasibiIity of ISSR marker for identifying genetic purity of bitter gourd hybrid, and thus to provide an effective method for seed purity test in production practices. [Method] The DNA fin-gerprints of a bitter gourd cuItivar Xiuyu 1 and its parents were analyzed using IS-SR marker with 91 primers. [Result] Two primers ISSR-845 and ISSR-891 which ampIified two DNA bands of 510 and 300 bp respectiveIy from F1 generation and its parents were screened out from 91 primers. ISSR-845 couId distinguish the male parent from F1 hybrid and the female parent, whiIe ISSR-891 couId distinguish the female parent inbred Iine from Xiuyu 1. Seed purity test with the specific markers gave the same resuIt with fiIed trials based on morphoIogical identification. [Conclu-sion] ISSR marker is an accurate, simpIe and effective method for seed purity test bitter gourd hybrid, and thus can be used in production practices.
基金supported by NIH Grants CA182872 and CA190291 to S.Anant.S.Anant is an Eminent Scientist of the Kansas Biosciences Authority
文摘Nature is a rich source of medicinal plants and their products that are useful for treatment of various diseases and disorders. Momordica charantia, commonly known as bitter melon or bitter gourd, is one of such plants known for its biological activities used in traditional system of medicines. This plant is cultivated in all over the world, including tropical areas of Asia, Amazon, east Africa, and the Caribbean and used as a vegetable as well as folk medicine. All parts of the plant, including the fruit, are commonly consumed and cooked with different vegetables, stir-fried, stuffed or used in small quantities in soups or beans to give a slightly bitter flavor and taste. The plant is reported to possess anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, anti-bacterial, anti-obesity, and immunomodulatory activities. The plant extract inhibits cancer cell growth by inducing apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, autophagy and inhibiting cancer stem cells. The plant is rich in bioactive chemical constituents like cucurbitane type triterpenoids, triterpene glycosides, phenolic acids, flavonoids, essential oils, saponins, fatty acids, and proteins. Some of the isolated compounds （Kuguacin J, Karaviloside XI, Kuguaglycoside C, Momordicoside Q-U, Charantin, a-eleostearic acid） and proteins （a-Momorcharin, RNase MC2, MAP30） possess potent biological activity. In the present review, we are summarizing the anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities of Momordica charantia along with a short account of important chemical constituents, providing a basis for establishing detail biological activities of the plant and developing novel drug molecules based on the active chemical constituents.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.30871943)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.3080 0858)
文摘Ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction was confirmed as a novel,effective method for separating lipid from mackerel pro-tein,resulting in a degreasing rate (DR) of 95% and a nitrogen recovery (NR) of 88.6%.To obtain protein hydrolysates with high ni-trogen recovery and low bitter taste,enzymatic hydrolysis was performed using eight commercially available proteases.It turned out that the optimum enzyme was the ‘Mixed enzymes for animal proteolysis’.An enzyme dosage of 4%,a temperature of 50℃,and a hydrolysis time of 300 min were found to be the optimum conditions to obtain high NR (84.28%) and degree of hydrolysis (DH,16.18%) by orthogonal experiments.Glutamic acid was the most abundant amino acid of MDP (defatted mackerel protein) and MDPH (defatted mackerel protein hydrolysates).Compared with the FAO/WHO reference protein,the essential amino acid chemical scores (CS) were greater than 1.0 (1.0 1.7) in MDPH,which is reflective of high nutritional value.This,coupled with the light color and slight fishy odor,indicates that MDPH would potentially have a wide range of applications such as nutritional additives,functional ingredients,and so on.
基金Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh is gratefully ac knowledged for providing University Grants Commission, New Delhi, sponsored fellowship to one of us (Rukhsana Satar)
文摘Calcium-alginate pectin entrapped bitter gourd peroxidase （BGP） has been employed for the treatment of disperse dyes： Disperse Brown 1 （DB 1） and Disperse Red 17 （DR 17）. Peroxidase alone was unable to decolorize DR 17 and DB 1. However, the investigated dyes were decolorized maximally by BGP in the presence of 0.2 mmol/L redox mediator, violuric acid （VA）. A slow decrease in percent decolorization was observed when VA concentration was higher than 0.2 mmol/L which could likely be due to the high reactivity of its aminoxyl radical （ N–O . ） intermediate, that might undergo chemical reactions with aromatic amino acid side chains of the enzyme thereby inactivating it. Maximum decolorization of the dyes was observed at pH 3.0 and 40°C within 2 hr of incubation. Immobilized peroxidase decolorized 98% DR 17 and 71% DB 1 using 35 U of BGP in batch process in 90 min. Immobilized enzyme decolorized 85% DR 17 and 51% DB 1 whereas soluble enzyme decolorized DR 17 to 48% and DB 1 to 30% at 60°C. UV-visible spectral analysis was used to evaluate the degradation of these dyes and their toxicity was tested by Allium cepa test. The generally observed higher stability of the bioaffinity bound enzymes against various forms of inactivation may be related to the specific and strong binding of enzyme with bioaffinity support which prevents the unfolding/denaturation of enzyme. Thus entrapped peroxidase was found to be effective in the decolorization of the investigated dyes.
文摘Nutraceutic therapies such as berberine, bitter melon,Gymnema sylvestre, Irvingia gabonensis, resveratrol and ursolic acid have been shown to help control metabolic syndrome(MetS). The effect of berberine on glucose and lipid metabolism, hypertension, obesity and MetS has been evaluated in animal models and humans. Most clinical trials involving bitter melon have been conducted to evaluate its effect on glucose metabolism; nevertheless, some studies have reported favorable effects on lipids and blood pressure although there is little information about its effect on body weight. Gymnema sylvestre helps to decrease body weight and blood sugar levels; however, there is limited information on dyslipidemia and hypertension. Clinical trials of Irvingia gabonensis have shown important effects decreasing glucose and cholesterol concentrations as well decreasing body weight. Resveratrol acts through different mechanisms to decrease blood pressure, lipids, glucose and weight, showing its effects on the population with Met S. Finally, there is evidence of positive effects with ursolic acid in in vitro and in vivo studies on glucose and lipid metabolism and on body weight and visceral fat. Therefore, a review of the beneficial effects and limitations of the above-mentioned nutraceutic therapies is presented.
