Progeny studies of Jatropha curcas and Pongamia pinnata were carried with respect to bioproductivity,pod and seed characters which is one of the selection methods in tree improvement programmes. Variations in bioprodu...Progeny studies of Jatropha curcas and Pongamia pinnata were carried with respect to bioproductivity,pod and seed characters which is one of the selection methods in tree improvement programmes. Variations in bioproductivity and biodiesel parameters of both the plants were compared every 6 months for 4 years of investigation and analyzed by analysis of variance and correlation coefficient by Pearson＇s method using software Graphpad instat 3.06（for Windows and Mac）. P. pinnata has better germination rate（71.4 %）, 100 pod weight（PW）（311.59 g） and 100 seed weight（SW）（173.46 g） as compared to J. curcas for germination rate（43.2 %）, 100 PW（111.29 g） and 100 SW（67.46 g）. P. pinnata has strong correlation for plant height to canopy growth（CG）（0.948）, collar diameter（CD）（0.994）, number of branches per plant（NBP）（0.995） and to number of leaves per branch（NLB）（0.862） as compared to J.curcas which showed good correlation among plant height to CG（0.976）, CD（0.970）, NBP（0.988）, NLB（0.920） and to number of pods per branch（0.657）. However, J. curcas depicted negative correlation for pod breadth to seed length（SL）（-0.447）, seed breadth（-0.248） and to seed thickness（ST）（-0.364） and among the 100 PW to SL（-0.199）, ST（-0.220） and to 100 SW（-0.704）. About 4 kg of P. pinnata seeds were required for each liter of crude oil which yields896 ml of biodiesel on transesterification as compared to5.66 kg of J. curcas seeds for a liter of crude oil, producing about 663 ml of biodiesel. The quality of biodiesel meets the major specification of American Society for Testing and Materials（ASTM） standards for biodiesel. The crude glycerin and seed cake obtained as byproduct during biodiesel production were also measured which can be purified and used in composting, animal feeds, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic industries.展开更多
The evaluation of plant-based feedstocks is an important aspect of biorefining.Nicotiana glauca is a solanaceous,non-food crop that produces large amounts of biomass and is well adapted to grow in suboptimal condition...The evaluation of plant-based feedstocks is an important aspect of biorefining.Nicotiana glauca is a solanaceous,non-food crop that produces large amounts of biomass and is well adapted to grow in suboptimal conditions.In the present article,compatible sequential solvent extractions were applied to N.glauca leaves to enable the generation of enriched extracts containing higher metabolite content comparing to direct leaf extracts.Typically,between 60 to 100 metabolite components were identified within the fractions.The occurrence of plant fatty acids,fatty acid alcohols,alkanes,sterols and terpenoids was detected by gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)and metabolite identification was confirmed by comparison of physico-chemical properties displayed by available authentic standards.Collectively,co-products such waxes,oils,fermentable sugars,and terpenoids were all identified and quantified.The enriched fractions of N.glauca revealed a high level of readily extractable hydrocarbons,oils and high value co-products.In addition,the saccharification yield and cell wall composition analyses in the stems revealed the potential of the residue material as a promising lignocellulosic substrate for the production of fermentable sugars.In conclusion a multifractional cascade for valuable compounds/commodities has been development,that uses N.glauca biomass.These data have enabled the evaluation of N.glauca material as a potential feedstock for biorefining.展开更多
The problem of biogenic income from rocks into a water ecosystem and of their use by hydrobionts is considered by the example of Lake Baikal biogeocenoses. A complex interreaction of stony material and Baikal water oc...The problem of biogenic income from rocks into a water ecosystem and of their use by hydrobionts is considered by the example of Lake Baikal biogeocenoses. A complex interreaction of stony material and Baikal water occurs on the stony littoral of Lake Baikal with an active participation of benthic and planktonic hydrobionts. Biogeochemical processes enable income of biophile elements providing productivity of stony littoral and hydrobionts biodiversity. A particular role in the littoral zone belongs to symbiotic organisms: lichens and sponges. They extract from the tocks a wide spectrum of macro- and micro- elements including phosphorus, fixe nitrogen and consume carbon. Biodiversity and bioproductivity of stony littoral depend on the diversity of petrographic composition of the rocks and on their geochemical peculiarities. Increase of anthropogenic impact onto the stony littoral manifested by income of biogenic elements and alien microbial cenosis flow results in degradation of primary aquatic biogeocenoses.展开更多
The study was conducted in an organic nursery of sour cherry cultivars ＂Debreceni Botermo＂ and ＂Sabina＂ in the years 2010 and 2011. Cherry trees grafted on Mahaleb （Prunus mahaleb L.） seedlings were grown at a s...The study was conducted in an organic nursery of sour cherry cultivars ＂Debreceni Botermo＂ and ＂Sabina＂ in the years 2010 and 2011. Cherry trees grafted on Mahaleb （Prunus mahaleb L.） seedlings were grown at a spacing of 25 crn × 1.0 m. In the nursery, an assessment was carried out of the effect of various biopreparations on such growth characteristics as the thickness and height of the maidens, the formation of lateral shoots and the total increase in their length. The control trees were not treated at all, but fertilized with an NPK fertilizer only （second control）. To stimulate growth, use was made of granular manure, mycorrhizal fungi in the form of the preparation Micosat, humic preparations or so-called vermicomposts （Humus UP, Humus Active）, extracts of marine algae （BF Quality） and of terrestrial plants （BF Arnin）, a product derived from yeast （Vinassa） and Tytanit. The specific biological effects of the preparations used in the sour cherry nursery for each morphological feature are presented in this paper in graphical form. A beneficial effect on the increase in the number of lateral shoots and the increase in their length was produced by the use of such products as： Micosat, Humus UP, Humus Active ＋ Aktywit PM and Vinassa. The most effective in this respect was BF Amin.展开更多
The aim of the study was to assess the effects of various biopreparations on the growth of the strawberry root system, the number of spores of mycorrhizal fungi, the total number of bacteria in the rhizosphere soil, a...The aim of the study was to assess the effects of various biopreparations on the growth of the strawberry root system, the number of spores of mycorrhizal fungi, the total number of bacteria in the rhizosphere soil, and the degree of mycorrhizal association in the roots of two strawberry cultivars. The experiment with strawberry plants was established in the spring of 2010 in the Experimental Orchard of the Institute of Horticulture in Dabrowice. The objects of research were “frigo” strawberry plants of the cultivars Elsanta and Elkat. The following experimental combinations were used: control, control NPK (standard NPK fertilization), manure, mycorrhizal preparation Micosat F, Humus UP, Humus Active + Aktywit PM, BioFeed Amin, BioFeed Quality, Tytanit, Vinassa, Florovit Eko, and Florovit Pro Natura. The use of the biopreparation BioFeed Quality resulted in a six-fold increase in root length and a seven-fold increase in root surface area. Compared with NPK fertilization, application of the preparation BioFeed Amin contributed to an eight-fold increase in root volume, and the use of Vinassa increased 24-fold the number of root tips of Elkat strawberry plants. Micosat F and Humus UP caused a five-fold increase in mycorrhizal frequency in the roots of strawberry plants. Micosat F and manure contributed to a two- and four-fold increase, respectively, in the number of spores in the rhizosphere soil. Application of the preparations Humus UP, BioFeed Amin and Florovit Eko doubled the total number of bacteria and filamentous fungi in the rhizosphere soil of strawberry plants of the cultivars Elsanta and Elkat in comparison with NPK fertilization. Fertilization with the biopreparations intensified the growth of the root system and increased the number of spores of AM fungi, mycorrhizal frequency, and the total number of bacteria and filamentous fungi in the soil.展开更多
Ecological footprint (EF) has received considerable attention as a useful indicator in the context of sustainable development. So far, EF has been used in numerous studies by academies, organizations and government au...Ecological footprint (EF) has received considerable attention as a useful indicator in the context of sustainable development. So far, EF has been used in numerous studies by academies, organizations and government authorities. However, the results of these studies failed to be comparable directly with each other due to imprecise data sets, unmodified accounting methods of pasture and fossil energy, ignored secondary products, undefined process of calculating yield factors and improper biocapacity for biodiversity. In this paper, we elaborated on EF estimating methods from six categories of consumption in order to overcome the limitations above. We adopted precise data and revised methods, calculated EF of some secondary products, introduced weighted factor to calculate yield factors and adjusted biocapacity by an appropriate amount. Meanwhile, we investigated the resource consumption of Liaoning Province in 2006 to assess EF. Its results showed that Liaoning Province overused its natural capital and was in an unsustainable state. We concluded that two specific problems that had arisen in EF assessment and gave some suggestions for Liaoning Province to improve its unsustainable state.展开更多
Maiden trees of apple cultivars ＇Topaz＇ and ＇Ariwa＇ grafted on M26 rootstock and of sour cherry cultivars ＇Debreceni Botermo and ＇Sabina＇ on mahaleb cherry （Prunus mahaleb L.） were fertilized with bioproducts...Maiden trees of apple cultivars ＇Topaz＇ and ＇Ariwa＇ grafted on M26 rootstock and of sour cherry cultivars ＇Debreceni Botermo and ＇Sabina＇ on mahaleb cherry （Prunus mahaleb L.） were fertilized with bioproducts such as： Fertigo-granulated manure, Micosat-microbial inoculum consisting of mycorrhizal fungi; Humus UP-an extract from vermicompost; Humus Active ＋ Aktywit PM-an extract from vermicomposts with PM （Positive Microorganism）; BioFeed Amin--a plant extract reinforced with amino acids; BioFeed Quality-a seaweed extract reinforced with humic and fulvic acids; Tytanit-titanium; Vinassa-molasses residue from yeast production; Florovit Eko-composed of many environmentally-friendly products. Control maidens were fertilized with mineral fertilizers containing mainly NPK. The maiden trees fertilized with the preparations Tytanit and Humus UP grew less vigorously and produced smaller increases in the length of lateral shoots than those fertilized with mineral fertilizers. On the other hand, bio preparations such as BF Amin, BF Quality, Micosat and Vinassa promoted tree branching and intensified the growth of lateral shoots, stimulating tree growth to a greater extent than the mineral fertilizers.展开更多
There is a deficiency of nurseries in the world producing fruit trees using the organic material management. However, such material has been produced since 2009 at the Research Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewic...There is a deficiency of nurseries in the world producing fruit trees using the organic material management. However, such material has been produced since 2009 at the Research Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewice. To stimulate plant growth, various biopreparations were applied in an organic nursery. Apple trees （＇Topaz＇/M26） obtained from the organic nursery were used to establish an orchard in 2011. One of the combinations in the orchard consisted of trees produced in a conventional nursery. Trees whose maidens had not been fertilized at all in the organic nursery served as the control. The study was conducted for four years （2011-2014）. The least vigorously growing trees were the control trees and those that had been treated in the nursery with the preparation Tytanit, and the most vigorously--those that had been treated there with manure and the biopreparations Micosat, Humus Active ＋ Aktywit PM, and BF Quality and BF Amin. Trees whose maidens had been produced by the conventional method did not differ, in terms of growth vigour, from those treated with the biopreparations Humus UP or Vinassa. The highest cumulative fruit yields from the four-year-old trees were obtained in the combinations where the maidens had been treated in the nursery with the biopreparations BF Amin and BF Quality. The type of fertilization applied to maiden trees in the nursery had no significant effect on mean fruit weight, but it influenced the distribution of fruit in size classes.展开更多
Transesterification is the most common production process for biodiesel. From this reaction, a glycerin phase is produced that is impure, thus lowering market value. However, because it is rich in carbon, it is an alt...Transesterification is the most common production process for biodiesel. From this reaction, a glycerin phase is produced that is impure, thus lowering market value. However, because it is rich in carbon, it is an alternative for generating bioproducts with a higher added value through bioconversion by microorganisms. The aim of this study was to screen parameters, such as pH （4, 5, 6, 7 and 8） and the initial glycerol concentration at 30 ± ℃ with agitation at 150 rpm for bioemulsifier and lipid synthesis in a submerged medium by Yarrowia lipolytica IMUFRJ 50678 from crude glycerin. The best conditions for bioemulsifier production were 30 ± ℃ at pH： 6 with 50 g/L of initial substrate, which produced 2.7 g/L of lipids, from which the optimum 300.5 mg/L of triglycerides was produced over 48 h of microorganism growth.展开更多
A study was conducted in an organic nursery in 2010 and 2011 on the maiden growth of sour cherry cultivars ＂Debreceni Botermo＂ and ＂Sabina＂ grafted on Mahaleb cherry seedlings （Prunus mahaleb L.）. The young tree...A study was conducted in an organic nursery in 2010 and 2011 on the maiden growth of sour cherry cultivars ＂Debreceni Botermo＂ and ＂Sabina＂ grafted on Mahaleb cherry seedlings （Prunus mahaleb L.）. The young trees were grown at a spacing of 25 cm × 1.0 m on a podzolic soil. The study focused on the differences in diameter and height of the maiden stock, the branch number, lateral shoots in the crown and their length, among treatments with various bioproducts applied to the maidens once or twice, such as granulated manure, Micosat, Humus UP （humus cultivated）, Humus Active ＋ Aktywit PM （positive microorganisms）, BioFeed Amin, BioFeed Quality, Tytanit and Vinassa. The control maidens were not fertilized at all, or fertilized with NPK （nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus）. The first time when these products were applied in the nursery was mid-May, and the second time was one month later. Repeating the application of humic preparations （vermiculites） and a formulation containing mycorrhizal fungi （Micosat） gave better results than applying them only once, but in the case of BF Quality and the preparation Tytanit treating the plants for the second time did not increase their growth vigour compared to the plants treated only once. And the effectiveness of the biopreparations was different for the treated cultivars changed.展开更多
Butyric acid as a renewable resource has become an increasingly attractive alternative to petroleum based fuels.Clostridium tyrobutyricum is well documented as a fermentation strain for the production of acids. Howeve...Butyric acid as a renewable resource has become an increasingly attractive alternative to petroleum based fuels.Clostridium tyrobutyricum is well documented as a fermentation strain for the production of acids. However, it hasbeen reported that butyrate inhibits its growth, and the accumulation of acetate also inhibits biomass synthesis,making production of butyric acid from conventional fermentation processes economically challenging. The presentstudy aimed to identify whether irradiation of C. tyrobutyricum cells makes them more tolerant to butyric acidinhibition and increases the production of butyrate compared with wild type.展开更多
In the present article we study the production of grape molasses. Data drawn from a specified biolaboratory, are properly analyzed in order to detect factors that affect significantly the Brix value and the volatile a...In the present article we study the production of grape molasses. Data drawn from a specified biolaboratory, are properly analyzed in order to detect factors that affect significantly the Brix value and the volatile acidity of the final product. The ground that is used for planting and a variety of grapes have been taken into account. Off-line statistical quality control techniques have been employed and the outcomes are displayed and discussed in detail.展开更多
The aim of this study was to find out, among grate variety of fungi species from wastewater these which are resistant to effects of detergent and its component, ethoxyl-oleyl-cetyl alcohol and sodium tripolyphosphate....The aim of this study was to find out, among grate variety of fungi species from wastewater these which are resistant to effects of detergent and its component, ethoxyl-oleyl-cetyl alcohol and sodium tripolyphosphate. On inoculated fungi specie grown in vitro condition, in the presence of mentioned pollutant, the metabolic changes of bioproduction of different organic compounds, in various aging step of fungi, have been investigated. The results indicated sig-nificant changes in bioproduction of amino ac-ids and proteins of Aspergillus niger cultivated in the presence of detergent and its component, compared with control experiment. The results suggest that bioremediation by Aspergillus ni-ger are promising for biodegradation of deter-gents in aquatic systems.展开更多
The productivity and health of our ocean hold some good solutions to the world’s challenges in socio-economy.However,climate change and waste discharge are changing the marine capacity to buffer human impacts,further...The productivity and health of our ocean hold some good solutions to the world’s challenges in socio-economy.However,climate change and waste discharge are changing the marine capacity to buffer human impacts,further challenging the marine industry,primarily in offshore oil and gas,shipping,and fishery operations.These encourage the blue economy,a sustainable development approach to utilize marine resources.Petroleum microbiology dealing with microbes that can respond,degrade,and alter crude oils,offers an unprecedented opportunity to achieve the knowledge-and science-based blue economy.However,the new-era petroleum microbiology for supporting the blue economy has yet to be systematically discussed.This review introduces the climate change impacts on key marine industrial sectors,highlights the critical role of advanced petroleum microbiology in supporting sustainable development,and offers insight into the challenges and future research opportunities in availing of petroleum microbiology for benefiting our marine environment and responsible economic growth.展开更多
Amino oligosaccharides(AOs)possess various biological activities and are valuable in the pharmaceutical,food industries,and agriculture.However,the industrial manufacturing of AOs has not been realized yet,despite rep...Amino oligosaccharides(AOs)possess various biological activities and are valuable in the pharmaceutical,food industries,and agriculture.However,the industrial manufacturing of AOs has not been realized yet,despite reports on physical,chemical,and biological approaches.In this study,the de novo production of chitin oligosaccharides(CHOS),a type of structurally defined AOs,was achieved in Escherichia coli through combinatorial pathway engineering.The most suitable glycosyltransferase for CHOS production was found to be NodCL from Mesorhizobium Loti.Then,by knocking out the nagB gene to block the flow of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine(NAG)to the glycolytic pathway in E.coli and adjusting the copy number of NodCL-coding gene,the CHOS yield was increased by 6.56 times.Subsequently,by introducing of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine(UDP-GlcNAc)salvage pathway for and optimizing fermentation conditions,the yield of CHOS reached 207.1 and 468.6 mg/L in shake-flask cultivation and a 5-L fed-batch bioreactor,respectively.Meanwhile,the concentration of UDP-GlcNAc was 91.0 mg/L,the highest level reported in E.coli so far.This study demonstrated,for the first time,the production of CHOS with distinct structures in plasmid-free E.coli,laying the groundwork for the biosynthesis of CHOS and providing a starting point for further engineering and commercial production.展开更多
Bioreactors are central equipment used in the majority of bioprocesses.Different models of bioreactors have been devel-oped for different processes,which can be applied either for submerged or for solid-state fermenta...Bioreactors are central equipment used in the majority of bioprocesses.Different models of bioreactors have been devel-oped for different processes,which can be applied either for submerged or for solid-state fermentation.Scale-up involves the development of bioprocess in bench,pilot,and industrial scales.Optimal conditions are first screened and determined in the bench scale and so that the process can be transferred to a larger scale.This transferring requires the proper reproduc-tion of conditions and performance,being a major challenge since important aspects,such as aeration and agitation,are critical for cells development.In this case,scale-up strategies are employed to maintain bioprocesses’performance.These strategies are based on geometric similarity aspects of bioreactors,agitation,and aeration conditions,which must follow the requirements of each bioprocess and the used microorganisms.Operational conditions significantly impact cell growth and,consequently,the biosynthesis of different biomolecules,which must then be reproduced at higher scales.For this purpose,one or more operating factors can be maintained constant during scale-up with the possibility to predict,for example,the power consumption of large-scale bioreactors or aeration conditions in an aerobic culture.This review presents the most employed bioreactors’scale-up strategies.In addition,the scale-up of other bioreactors models,such as pneumatic and solid-state fermentation bioreactor and even photobioreactors,will also be described with some examples.展开更多
Currently,extreme weather events caused by climate change,such as heat waves,drought,frost,and heavy precipitation,have become a threat to agriculture by detrimentally affecting plant productivity and quality.The over...Currently,extreme weather events caused by climate change,such as heat waves,drought,frost,and heavy precipitation,have become a threat to agriculture by detrimentally affecting plant productivity and quality.The overuse of synthetic fer-tilizers is another major concern damaging the soil quality and water and air quality.In this regard,biostimulants could be a promising and potent solution to address these environmental concerns and meet the need for developing sustainable and green modern agriculture.Biostimulants that are primarily composed of natural substances and/or microorganisms can be broadly divided into non-microbial and microbial categories.In this review,the applications of the main types of biostimu-lants to plant growth and development are discussed,and the possible associated mechanisms of action are described as well.Furthermore,the current status and challenges relating to commercialization and large-scale implementation under changing climate conditions are covered.Overall,this review article could offer insights and knowledge of biostimulants’uses in agriculture for both academia and industrial sectors.展开更多
Carbonate carbon isotope （δ^13Ccarb） has received considerable attention in the Permian-Triassic transition for its rapid negative shift coinciding with the great end-Permian mass extinction event. The mechanism ha...Carbonate carbon isotope （δ^13Ccarb） has received considerable attention in the Permian-Triassic transition for its rapid negative shift coinciding with the great end-Permian mass extinction event. The mechanism has long been debated for such a c~ δ^13Ccarb negative excursion through the end-Permian crisis and subsequent large perturbations in the entire Early Triassic. A δ^13Ccarb depth gradient is observed at the Permian-Triassic boundary sections of different water-depths, i.e., the Yangou, Meishan, and Shangsi sections, and such a large δ^13Ccarb-depth gradient near the end-Permian mass extinction horizon is believed to result from a stratified Paleotethys Ocean with widespread anoxic/euxinic deep water. The evolution of δ^13Ccarb-depth gradient com- bined with paleontological and geochemical data suggests that abundant cyanobacteria and vigorous biological pump in the immediate aftermath of the end-Permian extinction would be the main cause of the large δ^13Ccarb-depth gradient, and the enhanced continental weathering with the mass extinction on land provides a mass amount of nutriment for the flourishing cyanobacteria. Photic zone anoxia/euxinia from the onset of chemocline upward excursion might be the direct cause for the mass extinction whereas the instability of chemocline in the stratified Early Triassic ocean would be the reason for the delayed and involuted biotic recovery.展开更多
It has now passed more than forty years since solid-state fermentation(SSF)research developments have gained importance for the scientific community.After so many years,numerous processes and equipment for SSF were st...It has now passed more than forty years since solid-state fermentation(SSF)research developments have gained importance for the scientific community.After so many years,numerous processes and equipment for SSF were studied and designed focusing on the production of different commercially relevant bioproducts such as enzymes,fermented food,such as Chinese daqu and koji,organic acids,pigments,phenolic compounds,aromas,biosorbents and so many others.However,no review paper has been focused yet specifically on agricultural and animal feed bioproducts obtained through SSF techniques.This review comprises the description of agricultural sub-products that have been employed in most important developed pro-cesses concerning the production of animal feed products and agricultural products such as spores,probiotics,biofungicides,bioinsecticides and other biopesticides,biofertilizers and plant growth hormones.Major designed SSF bioreactors are also described and the most important related cases of successful employment of the technique are reported.Finally,a summary of patents and innovations regarding SSF products and processes in this area is presented,showing that the main involved countries are China,South Korea,India and the USA.It is clear that the interest in this theme is increasing and that scientific and technological developments are still needed.展开更多
Depolymerization of lignin to produce value-added aromatic monomers has attracted increasing attention since these monomers can be used as phenol replacement in production of phenolic resins.Here a one-pot depolymeriz...Depolymerization of lignin to produce value-added aromatic monomers has attracted increasing attention since these monomers can be used as phenol replacement in production of phenolic resins.Here a one-pot depolymerization of bamboo lignin was investigated to obtain aromatic platforms with low molecular weight using acidic catalyst and ethanol.Three fractions(1#,2#,and 3#)containing different molecular weight distributions of aromatic compounds could be efficiently extracted using water-organic solvent system via a stepwise fractionation process by gradual removal of solvent.The fractions distribution was found to be primarily dependent on the reaction temperature and time.When the temperature was increased from 160°C to 200°C,the yield of fractions containing aromatic products increased significantly from 19.1 wt%to 27 wt%,the same change trend was found by changing the time,and the yield of aromatic products increased from 22.4%to 26.7%with an increase of time from 10 min to 30 min.The bioproducts were characterized by using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC-MS),gel permeation chromatography(GPC)and two-dimensional heteronuclear single-quantum coherence(2D HSQC NMR).As evidenced by GC-MS spectra,the three fractions were mainly comprised of phenolic derivatives,and the relative contents of phenolic compounds took up about 80%of the total area of each fraction.With the similar physiochemical properties of the fractions,aromatic platforms could provide a new paradigm of bamboo lignin utilization for renewable energy and value-added biochemicals.展开更多
基金supported by the project UGC-MRP No.F.No.-39-258/2010(SF),UGC,Government of India,New Delhi
文摘Progeny studies of Jatropha curcas and Pongamia pinnata were carried with respect to bioproductivity,pod and seed characters which is one of the selection methods in tree improvement programmes. Variations in bioproductivity and biodiesel parameters of both the plants were compared every 6 months for 4 years of investigation and analyzed by analysis of variance and correlation coefficient by Pearson＇s method using software Graphpad instat 3.06（for Windows and Mac）. P. pinnata has better germination rate（71.4 %）, 100 pod weight（PW）（311.59 g） and 100 seed weight（SW）（173.46 g） as compared to J. curcas for germination rate（43.2 %）, 100 PW（111.29 g） and 100 SW（67.46 g）. P. pinnata has strong correlation for plant height to canopy growth（CG）（0.948）, collar diameter（CD）（0.994）, number of branches per plant（NBP）（0.995） and to number of leaves per branch（NLB）（0.862） as compared to J.curcas which showed good correlation among plant height to CG（0.976）, CD（0.970）, NBP（0.988）, NLB（0.920） and to number of pods per branch（0.657）. However, J. curcas depicted negative correlation for pod breadth to seed length（SL）（-0.447）, seed breadth（-0.248） and to seed thickness（ST）（-0.364） and among the 100 PW to SL（-0.199）, ST（-0.220） and to 100 SW（-0.704）. About 4 kg of P. pinnata seeds were required for each liter of crude oil which yields896 ml of biodiesel on transesterification as compared to5.66 kg of J. curcas seeds for a liter of crude oil, producing about 663 ml of biodiesel. The quality of biodiesel meets the major specification of American Society for Testing and Materials（ASTM） standards for biodiesel. The crude glycerin and seed cake obtained as byproduct during biodiesel production were also measured which can be purified and used in composting, animal feeds, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic industries.
基金Open Access funding enabled and organized by Projekt DEALThe research from the MultiBioPro project leading to these results has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research,technological development and demonstration under grant agreement 311804Further funding from the BBSRC 21EBTA-Celfacto project is acknowledged by PDF.
文摘The evaluation of plant-based feedstocks is an important aspect of biorefining.Nicotiana glauca is a solanaceous,non-food crop that produces large amounts of biomass and is well adapted to grow in suboptimal conditions.In the present article,compatible sequential solvent extractions were applied to N.glauca leaves to enable the generation of enriched extracts containing higher metabolite content comparing to direct leaf extracts.Typically,between 60 to 100 metabolite components were identified within the fractions.The occurrence of plant fatty acids,fatty acid alcohols,alkanes,sterols and terpenoids was detected by gas liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS)and metabolite identification was confirmed by comparison of physico-chemical properties displayed by available authentic standards.Collectively,co-products such waxes,oils,fermentable sugars,and terpenoids were all identified and quantified.The enriched fractions of N.glauca revealed a high level of readily extractable hydrocarbons,oils and high value co-products.In addition,the saccharification yield and cell wall composition analyses in the stems revealed the potential of the residue material as a promising lignocellulosic substrate for the production of fermentable sugars.In conclusion a multifractional cascade for valuable compounds/commodities has been development,that uses N.glauca biomass.These data have enabled the evaluation of N.glauca material as a potential feedstock for biorefining.
文摘The problem of biogenic income from rocks into a water ecosystem and of their use by hydrobionts is considered by the example of Lake Baikal biogeocenoses. A complex interreaction of stony material and Baikal water occurs on the stony littoral of Lake Baikal with an active participation of benthic and planktonic hydrobionts. Biogeochemical processes enable income of biophile elements providing productivity of stony littoral and hydrobionts biodiversity. A particular role in the littoral zone belongs to symbiotic organisms: lichens and sponges. They extract from the tocks a wide spectrum of macro- and micro- elements including phosphorus, fixe nitrogen and consume carbon. Biodiversity and bioproductivity of stony littoral depend on the diversity of petrographic composition of the rocks and on their geochemical peculiarities. Increase of anthropogenic impact onto the stony littoral manifested by income of biogenic elements and alien microbial cenosis flow results in degradation of primary aquatic biogeocenoses.
文摘The study was conducted in an organic nursery of sour cherry cultivars ＂Debreceni Botermo＂ and ＂Sabina＂ in the years 2010 and 2011. Cherry trees grafted on Mahaleb （Prunus mahaleb L.） seedlings were grown at a spacing of 25 crn × 1.0 m. In the nursery, an assessment was carried out of the effect of various biopreparations on such growth characteristics as the thickness and height of the maidens, the formation of lateral shoots and the total increase in their length. The control trees were not treated at all, but fertilized with an NPK fertilizer only （second control）. To stimulate growth, use was made of granular manure, mycorrhizal fungi in the form of the preparation Micosat, humic preparations or so-called vermicomposts （Humus UP, Humus Active）, extracts of marine algae （BF Quality） and of terrestrial plants （BF Arnin）, a product derived from yeast （Vinassa） and Tytanit. The specific biological effects of the preparations used in the sour cherry nursery for each morphological feature are presented in this paper in graphical form. A beneficial effect on the increase in the number of lateral shoots and the increase in their length was produced by the use of such products as： Micosat, Humus UP, Humus Active ＋ Aktywit PM and Vinassa. The most effective in this respect was BF Amin.
文摘The aim of the study was to assess the effects of various biopreparations on the growth of the strawberry root system, the number of spores of mycorrhizal fungi, the total number of bacteria in the rhizosphere soil, and the degree of mycorrhizal association in the roots of two strawberry cultivars. The experiment with strawberry plants was established in the spring of 2010 in the Experimental Orchard of the Institute of Horticulture in Dabrowice. The objects of research were “frigo” strawberry plants of the cultivars Elsanta and Elkat. The following experimental combinations were used: control, control NPK (standard NPK fertilization), manure, mycorrhizal preparation Micosat F, Humus UP, Humus Active + Aktywit PM, BioFeed Amin, BioFeed Quality, Tytanit, Vinassa, Florovit Eko, and Florovit Pro Natura. The use of the biopreparation BioFeed Quality resulted in a six-fold increase in root length and a seven-fold increase in root surface area. Compared with NPK fertilization, application of the preparation BioFeed Amin contributed to an eight-fold increase in root volume, and the use of Vinassa increased 24-fold the number of root tips of Elkat strawberry plants. Micosat F and Humus UP caused a five-fold increase in mycorrhizal frequency in the roots of strawberry plants. Micosat F and manure contributed to a two- and four-fold increase, respectively, in the number of spores in the rhizosphere soil. Application of the preparations Humus UP, BioFeed Amin and Florovit Eko doubled the total number of bacteria and filamentous fungi in the rhizosphere soil of strawberry plants of the cultivars Elsanta and Elkat in comparison with NPK fertilization. Fertilization with the biopreparations intensified the growth of the root system and increased the number of spores of AM fungi, mycorrhizal frequency, and the total number of bacteria and filamentous fungi in the soil.
文摘Ecological footprint (EF) has received considerable attention as a useful indicator in the context of sustainable development. So far, EF has been used in numerous studies by academies, organizations and government authorities. However, the results of these studies failed to be comparable directly with each other due to imprecise data sets, unmodified accounting methods of pasture and fossil energy, ignored secondary products, undefined process of calculating yield factors and improper biocapacity for biodiversity. In this paper, we elaborated on EF estimating methods from six categories of consumption in order to overcome the limitations above. We adopted precise data and revised methods, calculated EF of some secondary products, introduced weighted factor to calculate yield factors and adjusted biocapacity by an appropriate amount. Meanwhile, we investigated the resource consumption of Liaoning Province in 2006 to assess EF. Its results showed that Liaoning Province overused its natural capital and was in an unsustainable state. We concluded that two specific problems that had arisen in EF assessment and gave some suggestions for Liaoning Province to improve its unsustainable state.
文摘Maiden trees of apple cultivars ＇Topaz＇ and ＇Ariwa＇ grafted on M26 rootstock and of sour cherry cultivars ＇Debreceni Botermo and ＇Sabina＇ on mahaleb cherry （Prunus mahaleb L.） were fertilized with bioproducts such as： Fertigo-granulated manure, Micosat-microbial inoculum consisting of mycorrhizal fungi; Humus UP-an extract from vermicompost; Humus Active ＋ Aktywit PM-an extract from vermicomposts with PM （Positive Microorganism）; BioFeed Amin--a plant extract reinforced with amino acids; BioFeed Quality-a seaweed extract reinforced with humic and fulvic acids; Tytanit-titanium; Vinassa-molasses residue from yeast production; Florovit Eko-composed of many environmentally-friendly products. Control maidens were fertilized with mineral fertilizers containing mainly NPK. The maiden trees fertilized with the preparations Tytanit and Humus UP grew less vigorously and produced smaller increases in the length of lateral shoots than those fertilized with mineral fertilizers. On the other hand, bio preparations such as BF Amin, BF Quality, Micosat and Vinassa promoted tree branching and intensified the growth of lateral shoots, stimulating tree growth to a greater extent than the mineral fertilizers.
文摘There is a deficiency of nurseries in the world producing fruit trees using the organic material management. However, such material has been produced since 2009 at the Research Institute of Horticulture in Skierniewice. To stimulate plant growth, various biopreparations were applied in an organic nursery. Apple trees （＇Topaz＇/M26） obtained from the organic nursery were used to establish an orchard in 2011. One of the combinations in the orchard consisted of trees produced in a conventional nursery. Trees whose maidens had not been fertilized at all in the organic nursery served as the control. The study was conducted for four years （2011-2014）. The least vigorously growing trees were the control trees and those that had been treated in the nursery with the preparation Tytanit, and the most vigorously--those that had been treated there with manure and the biopreparations Micosat, Humus Active ＋ Aktywit PM, and BF Quality and BF Amin. Trees whose maidens had been produced by the conventional method did not differ, in terms of growth vigour, from those treated with the biopreparations Humus UP or Vinassa. The highest cumulative fruit yields from the four-year-old trees were obtained in the combinations where the maidens had been treated in the nursery with the biopreparations BF Amin and BF Quality. The type of fertilization applied to maiden trees in the nursery had no significant effect on mean fruit weight, but it influenced the distribution of fruit in size classes.
文摘Transesterification is the most common production process for biodiesel. From this reaction, a glycerin phase is produced that is impure, thus lowering market value. However, because it is rich in carbon, it is an alternative for generating bioproducts with a higher added value through bioconversion by microorganisms. The aim of this study was to screen parameters, such as pH （4, 5, 6, 7 and 8） and the initial glycerol concentration at 30 ± ℃ with agitation at 150 rpm for bioemulsifier and lipid synthesis in a submerged medium by Yarrowia lipolytica IMUFRJ 50678 from crude glycerin. The best conditions for bioemulsifier production were 30 ± ℃ at pH： 6 with 50 g/L of initial substrate, which produced 2.7 g/L of lipids, from which the optimum 300.5 mg/L of triglycerides was produced over 48 h of microorganism growth.
文摘A study was conducted in an organic nursery in 2010 and 2011 on the maiden growth of sour cherry cultivars ＂Debreceni Botermo＂ and ＂Sabina＂ grafted on Mahaleb cherry seedlings （Prunus mahaleb L.）. The young trees were grown at a spacing of 25 cm × 1.0 m on a podzolic soil. The study focused on the differences in diameter and height of the maiden stock, the branch number, lateral shoots in the crown and their length, among treatments with various bioproducts applied to the maidens once or twice, such as granulated manure, Micosat, Humus UP （humus cultivated）, Humus Active ＋ Aktywit PM （positive microorganisms）, BioFeed Amin, BioFeed Quality, Tytanit and Vinassa. The control maidens were not fertilized at all, or fertilized with NPK （nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus）. The first time when these products were applied in the nursery was mid-May, and the second time was one month later. Repeating the application of humic preparations （vermiculites） and a formulation containing mycorrhizal fungi （Micosat） gave better results than applying them only once, but in the case of BF Quality and the preparation Tytanit treating the plants for the second time did not increase their growth vigour compared to the plants treated only once. And the effectiveness of the biopreparations was different for the treated cultivars changed.
文摘Butyric acid as a renewable resource has become an increasingly attractive alternative to petroleum based fuels.Clostridium tyrobutyricum is well documented as a fermentation strain for the production of acids. However, it hasbeen reported that butyrate inhibits its growth, and the accumulation of acetate also inhibits biomass synthesis,making production of butyric acid from conventional fermentation processes economically challenging. The presentstudy aimed to identify whether irradiation of C. tyrobutyricum cells makes them more tolerant to butyric acidinhibition and increases the production of butyrate compared with wild type.
文摘In the present article we study the production of grape molasses. Data drawn from a specified biolaboratory, are properly analyzed in order to detect factors that affect significantly the Brix value and the volatile acidity of the final product. The ground that is used for planting and a variety of grapes have been taken into account. Off-line statistical quality control techniques have been employed and the outcomes are displayed and discussed in detail.
文摘The aim of this study was to find out, among grate variety of fungi species from wastewater these which are resistant to effects of detergent and its component, ethoxyl-oleyl-cetyl alcohol and sodium tripolyphosphate. On inoculated fungi specie grown in vitro condition, in the presence of mentioned pollutant, the metabolic changes of bioproduction of different organic compounds, in various aging step of fungi, have been investigated. The results indicated sig-nificant changes in bioproduction of amino ac-ids and proteins of Aspergillus niger cultivated in the presence of detergent and its component, compared with control experiment. The results suggest that bioremediation by Aspergillus ni-ger are promising for biodegradation of deter-gents in aquatic systems.
基金supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada(NSERC)its Collaborative Research and Training Experience(CREATE)program on Persistent,Emerging,and Organic Pollution in the Environment(PEOPLE)+2 种基金the Canada Foundation for Innovation(CFI)the Canada Research Chair(CRC)Programthe Banting Postdoctoral Fellowship(BPF-186562)
文摘The productivity and health of our ocean hold some good solutions to the world’s challenges in socio-economy.However,climate change and waste discharge are changing the marine capacity to buffer human impacts,further challenging the marine industry,primarily in offshore oil and gas,shipping,and fishery operations.These encourage the blue economy,a sustainable development approach to utilize marine resources.Petroleum microbiology dealing with microbes that can respond,degrade,and alter crude oils,offers an unprecedented opportunity to achieve the knowledge-and science-based blue economy.However,the new-era petroleum microbiology for supporting the blue economy has yet to be systematically discussed.This review introduces the climate change impacts on key marine industrial sectors,highlights the critical role of advanced petroleum microbiology in supporting sustainable development,and offers insight into the challenges and future research opportunities in availing of petroleum microbiology for benefiting our marine environment and responsible economic growth.
基金supported by the Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(32301214)Shanghai Post-doctoral Excellence Program(2022148)the 111 Project(B18022).
文摘Amino oligosaccharides(AOs)possess various biological activities and are valuable in the pharmaceutical,food industries,and agriculture.However,the industrial manufacturing of AOs has not been realized yet,despite reports on physical,chemical,and biological approaches.In this study,the de novo production of chitin oligosaccharides(CHOS),a type of structurally defined AOs,was achieved in Escherichia coli through combinatorial pathway engineering.The most suitable glycosyltransferase for CHOS production was found to be NodCL from Mesorhizobium Loti.Then,by knocking out the nagB gene to block the flow of N-acetyl-d-glucosamine(NAG)to the glycolytic pathway in E.coli and adjusting the copy number of NodCL-coding gene,the CHOS yield was increased by 6.56 times.Subsequently,by introducing of UDP-N-acetylglucosamine(UDP-GlcNAc)salvage pathway for and optimizing fermentation conditions,the yield of CHOS reached 207.1 and 468.6 mg/L in shake-flask cultivation and a 5-L fed-batch bioreactor,respectively.Meanwhile,the concentration of UDP-GlcNAc was 91.0 mg/L,the highest level reported in E.coli so far.This study demonstrated,for the first time,the production of CHOS with distinct structures in plasmid-free E.coli,laying the groundwork for the biosynthesis of CHOS and providing a starting point for further engineering and commercial production.
基金Funding Projects funding and research scholarship are provided by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior(CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico(CNPq).
文摘Bioreactors are central equipment used in the majority of bioprocesses.Different models of bioreactors have been devel-oped for different processes,which can be applied either for submerged or for solid-state fermentation.Scale-up involves the development of bioprocess in bench,pilot,and industrial scales.Optimal conditions are first screened and determined in the bench scale and so that the process can be transferred to a larger scale.This transferring requires the proper reproduc-tion of conditions and performance,being a major challenge since important aspects,such as aeration and agitation,are critical for cells development.In this case,scale-up strategies are employed to maintain bioprocesses’performance.These strategies are based on geometric similarity aspects of bioreactors,agitation,and aeration conditions,which must follow the requirements of each bioprocess and the used microorganisms.Operational conditions significantly impact cell growth and,consequently,the biosynthesis of different biomolecules,which must then be reproduced at higher scales.For this purpose,one or more operating factors can be maintained constant during scale-up with the possibility to predict,for example,the power consumption of large-scale bioreactors or aeration conditions in an aerobic culture.This review presents the most employed bioreactors’scale-up strategies.In addition,the scale-up of other bioreactors models,such as pneumatic and solid-state fermentation bioreactor and even photobioreactors,will also be described with some examples.
文摘Currently,extreme weather events caused by climate change,such as heat waves,drought,frost,and heavy precipitation,have become a threat to agriculture by detrimentally affecting plant productivity and quality.The overuse of synthetic fer-tilizers is another major concern damaging the soil quality and water and air quality.In this regard,biostimulants could be a promising and potent solution to address these environmental concerns and meet the need for developing sustainable and green modern agriculture.Biostimulants that are primarily composed of natural substances and/or microorganisms can be broadly divided into non-microbial and microbial categories.In this review,the applications of the main types of biostimu-lants to plant growth and development are discussed,and the possible associated mechanisms of action are described as well.Furthermore,the current status and challenges relating to commercialization and large-scale implementation under changing climate conditions are covered.Overall,this review article could offer insights and knowledge of biostimulants’uses in agriculture for both academia and industrial sectors.
基金supported by "973 Program" (Grant No. 2011CB808800)National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 40830212,40921062,41172312)+2 种基金Doctoral Fund of Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. 200804910503)Fund of State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology(Grant No. BGEG0802)Scientific and Technological Project of Jiangxi (Grant No. GJJ10623)
文摘Carbonate carbon isotope （δ^13Ccarb） has received considerable attention in the Permian-Triassic transition for its rapid negative shift coinciding with the great end-Permian mass extinction event. The mechanism has long been debated for such a c~ δ^13Ccarb negative excursion through the end-Permian crisis and subsequent large perturbations in the entire Early Triassic. A δ^13Ccarb depth gradient is observed at the Permian-Triassic boundary sections of different water-depths, i.e., the Yangou, Meishan, and Shangsi sections, and such a large δ^13Ccarb-depth gradient near the end-Permian mass extinction horizon is believed to result from a stratified Paleotethys Ocean with widespread anoxic/euxinic deep water. The evolution of δ^13Ccarb-depth gradient com- bined with paleontological and geochemical data suggests that abundant cyanobacteria and vigorous biological pump in the immediate aftermath of the end-Permian extinction would be the main cause of the large δ^13Ccarb-depth gradient, and the enhanced continental weathering with the mass extinction on land provides a mass amount of nutriment for the flourishing cyanobacteria. Photic zone anoxia/euxinia from the onset of chemocline upward excursion might be the direct cause for the mass extinction whereas the instability of chemocline in the stratified Early Triassic ocean would be the reason for the delayed and involuted biotic recovery.
基金This work was supported in part by Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior-Brasil(CAPES)(Finance Code 001)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnologico-Brasil(CNPq)and internal funds of Federal University of Parana.
文摘It has now passed more than forty years since solid-state fermentation(SSF)research developments have gained importance for the scientific community.After so many years,numerous processes and equipment for SSF were studied and designed focusing on the production of different commercially relevant bioproducts such as enzymes,fermented food,such as Chinese daqu and koji,organic acids,pigments,phenolic compounds,aromas,biosorbents and so many others.However,no review paper has been focused yet specifically on agricultural and animal feed bioproducts obtained through SSF techniques.This review comprises the description of agricultural sub-products that have been employed in most important developed pro-cesses concerning the production of animal feed products and agricultural products such as spores,probiotics,biofungicides,bioinsecticides and other biopesticides,biofertilizers and plant growth hormones.Major designed SSF bioreactors are also described and the most important related cases of successful employment of the technique are reported.Finally,a summary of patents and innovations regarding SSF products and processes in this area is presented,showing that the main involved countries are China,South Korea,India and the USA.It is clear that the interest in this theme is increasing and that scientific and technological developments are still needed.
基金We gratefully acknowledge the financial supports of this study by State Key Program of National Natural Science of China(No.31530010,No.31600590)Yan Ma(No.201603270034)would also like to appreciate the fellowship from China Scholarship Council(CSC)to support her study at West Virginia University.
文摘Depolymerization of lignin to produce value-added aromatic monomers has attracted increasing attention since these monomers can be used as phenol replacement in production of phenolic resins.Here a one-pot depolymerization of bamboo lignin was investigated to obtain aromatic platforms with low molecular weight using acidic catalyst and ethanol.Three fractions(1#,2#,and 3#)containing different molecular weight distributions of aromatic compounds could be efficiently extracted using water-organic solvent system via a stepwise fractionation process by gradual removal of solvent.The fractions distribution was found to be primarily dependent on the reaction temperature and time.When the temperature was increased from 160°C to 200°C,the yield of fractions containing aromatic products increased significantly from 19.1 wt%to 27 wt%,the same change trend was found by changing the time,and the yield of aromatic products increased from 22.4%to 26.7%with an increase of time from 10 min to 30 min.The bioproducts were characterized by using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC-MS),gel permeation chromatography(GPC)and two-dimensional heteronuclear single-quantum coherence(2D HSQC NMR).As evidenced by GC-MS spectra,the three fractions were mainly comprised of phenolic derivatives,and the relative contents of phenolic compounds took up about 80%of the total area of each fraction.With the similar physiochemical properties of the fractions,aromatic platforms could provide a new paradigm of bamboo lignin utilization for renewable energy and value-added biochemicals.
