Over the last decade, computational methods have been intensively applied to a variety of scientific researches and engineering designs. Although the computational fluid dynamics （CFD） method has played a dominant r...Over the last decade, computational methods have been intensively applied to a variety of scientific researches and engineering designs. Although the computational fluid dynamics （CFD） method has played a dominant role in studying and simulating transport phenomena involving fluid flow and heat and mass transfers, in recent years, other numerical methods for the simulations at meso- and micro-scales have also been actively applied to solve the physics of complex flow and fluid-interface interactions. This paper presents a review of recent advances in multi-scale computational simulation of biomimetics related fluid flow problems. The state-of-the-art numerical techniques, such as lattice Boltzmann method （LBM）, molecular dynamics （MD）, and conventional CFD, applied to different problems such as fish flow, electro-osmosis effect of earthworm motion, and self-cleaning hydrophobic surface, and the numerical approaches are introduced. The new challenging of modelling biomimetics problems in developing the physical conditions of self-clean hydrophobic surfaces is discussed.展开更多
The concept of electroosmotically driven flow is built around understanding how the ionized particles or fluid are driven to flow by electroosmosis forces. Apart from the major applications of this concept to micro f...The concept of electroosmotically driven flow is built around understanding how the ionized particles or fluid are driven to flow by electroosmosis forces. Apart from the major applications of this concept to micro flow control elements which have been explored in parallel with the rapid developments in micro fabrication technologies, the present focus is on its application to biomimetics. As soil animals (in fact all living creatures) such as earthworms and dung beetles carry bioelectricity, the relative movement between the creatures and the surrounding soil which is a multi-component medium with moist content will generate electrophoresis or electroosmosis forces. Such forces drive the ionized moist content, normally water, to migrate from positive to negative poles under the action of electric double layer (EDL) effect, and effectively reduce the adhesion or drag.Predicting the electroosmotically driven flow in the vicinity of biological and animal surfaces is a key problem of drag/adhesion reduction and biomimetics design. The aim of this article is to demonstrate how the theory of electroosmotically driven flow has developed and to describe its broader significance for anti adhesion of soil animals and biomimetics design of soil machinery tools.展开更多
With the advanced development of computer-based enabling technologies, many engineering, medical, biology, chemistry, physics and food science etc have developed to the unprecedented levels, which lead to many researc...With the advanced development of computer-based enabling technologies, many engineering, medical, biology, chemistry, physics and food science etc have developed to the unprecedented levels, which lead to many research and development interests in various multi-discipline areas. Among them, biomimetics is one of the most promising and attractive branches of study. Biomimetics is a branch of study that uses biological systems as a model to develop synthetic systems. To learn from nature, one of the fundamental issues is to understand the natural systems such animals, insects, plants and human beings etc. The geometrical characterization and representation of natural systems is an important fundamental work for biomimetics research. 3D modeling plays a key role in the geometrical characterization and representation, especially in computer graphical visualization. This paper firstly presents the typical procedure of 3D modelling methods and then reviews the previous work of 3D geometrical modelling techniques and systems developed for industrial, medical and animation applications. Especially the paper discusses the problems associated with the existing techniques and systems when they are applied to 3D modelling of biological systems. Based upon the discussions, the paper proposes some areas of research interests in 3D modelling of biological systems and for Biomimetics.展开更多
Oscillations and their damping were investigated for plant stems of Cyperus alternifolius L., Equisetum hyemale L., Equisetum fluviatile L., Juncus effuses L., Stipa gigantea Link, and Thamnocalamus spathaceus (Franc...Oscillations and their damping were investigated for plant stems of Cyperus alternifolius L., Equisetum hyemale L., Equisetum fluviatile L., Juncus effuses L., Stipa gigantea Link, and Thamnocalamus spathaceus (Franch.) Soderstr. With the exception of T. spathaceus, mechanical damping of the oscillation of individual plant stems, even without side organs, leaves or inflorescences, is quite effective. Our experiments support the hypothesis that embedding stiff sclerenchymatous elements in a more compliant parenchymatous matrix provides the structural basis for the dissipation of mechanical energy in the plant stem. As an application the naturally occurring structures were mimicked in a compound material made from hemp fabrics em- bedded in polyurethane foam, cured under pressure. Like its natural model it shows plastic deformability and viscoelastic be- haviour. In particular the material is characterized by a remarkably high shock absorption capacity even for high impact loads.展开更多
The landmark discovery of moonlighting proteins embarks the significant progress in understanding the biological complexity and their closed-circuit analysis. The growing continuum in the variety of moonlighting funct...The landmark discovery of moonlighting proteins embarks the significant progress in understanding the biological complexity and their closed-circuit analysis. The growing continuum in the variety of moonlighting functions paved the way for further elucidation of structural-functional aspects of protein evolution and design of proteins with novel functions. Currently, the moonlighting functions in various adhesive properties of surface layer proteins, an essential component of cell surface architecture of archaea and all phylogenetic groups of eubacteria become more prominently recognized. The remarkable credentials of surface layer proteins to self-assemble into supramolecular structures at nano-scale dimension have been exploited for the production of smart biomaterials in the form of biomimetics has been thrust area of research. The finely tuned topological features in terms of shape, size, geometry and surface chemistry of surface layer proteins are crucial for the production of biomimetics. The current developments of biomimetic lipid bilayers and composite membranes find applicability in understanding the functional dynamism of evolutionary relationship of bacterial cell envelopes and vaccine development, drug development and drug delivery. Though the development of biomimetics embraces fascination but faces with technological challenges. The plethora of literature has been available for the moonlighting aspects and nano-technological applications separately but none of the review describes towards the rhythmic transition from moonlighting functions of surface layer proteins of bacteria to biomimetics development and applications. Therefore, this review describes certain basic aspects of moonlighting functions and their mechanism of action, surface layer proteins and their moonlighting functions of commensal bacteria and their transition towards biomimetics. The recent developments of biomimetics based on surface layer proteins have been summarized and also posited different challenges and future prospects.展开更多
Microneedles(MNs)have been extensively investigated for transdermal delivery of large-sized drugs,including proteins,nucleic acids,and even extracellular vesicles(EVs).However,for their sufficient skin penetration,con...Microneedles(MNs)have been extensively investigated for transdermal delivery of large-sized drugs,including proteins,nucleic acids,and even extracellular vesicles(EVs).However,for their sufficient skin penetration,conventional MNs employ long needles(≥600μm),leading to pain and skin irritation.Moreover,it is critical to stably apply MNs against complex skin surfaces for uniform nanoscale drug delivery.Herein,a dually amplified transdermal patch(MN@EV/SC)is developed as the stem cell-derived EV delivery platform by hierarchically integrating an octopusinspired suction cup(SC)with short MNs(≤300μm).While leveraging the suction effect to induce nanoscale deformation of the stratum corneum,MN@EV/SC minimizes skin damage and enhances the adhesion of MNs,allowing EV to penetrate deeper into the dermis.When MNs of various lengths are applied to mouse skin,the short MNs can elicit comparable corticosterone release to chemical adhesives,whereas long MNs induce a prompt stress response.MN@EV/SC can achieve a remarkable penetration depth(290μm)for EV,compared to that of MN alone(111μm).Consequently,MN@EV/SC facilitates the revitalization of fibroblasts and enhances collagen synthesis in middle-aged mice.Overall,MN@EV/SC exhibits the potential for skin regeneration by modulating the dermal microenvironment and ensuring patient comfort.展开更多
The reduction of water resources and soil fertility in Northeast China will have a requirement on higher working efficiency of agricultural soil-engaging components.The adhesion and resistance are main problems for so...The reduction of water resources and soil fertility in Northeast China will have a requirement on higher working efficiency of agricultural soil-engaging components.The adhesion and resistance are main problems for soil-engaging tillage components.However,the soil-burrowing or soil-digging animals give inspirations to resolve those problems.Their fair,claw,toe,textured surface and scales have functions of anti-adhesion or resistance reduction.Those results provide a way to realize the sustainable development of modern agriculture by developing novel biomimetic agricultural machinery systems with independent intellectual property rights to meet conservation tillage requirements in the Northern China region.Biological structures of some soil-burrowing or soil-digging animals,such as beetle,mole cricket,earthworm,mole,vole,pangolin,and snake,as well as their mechanisms of anti-adhesion or reducing resistance were reviewed in this paper.Bioinspired applications in Northeast China were also presented in the paper,including moldboard,subsoiler components,furrow opener,roller,and biomimetic rototilling-stubble-breaking blade.In addition,the existed problems in agricultural engineering and the future development trends were discussed.展开更多
Ischemic stroke therapy has long been dominated by strategies aimed at restoring cerebral blood flow. Yet, accumulating evidence suggests that neuronal survival and functional recovery depend not only on reperfusion, ...Ischemic stroke therapy has long been dominated by strategies aimed at restoring cerebral blood flow. Yet, accumulating evidence suggests that neuronal survival and functional recovery depend not only on reperfusion, but also on the resolution of postischemic immune dysregulation. This study(Chen et al., Prog Biochem Biophys, 2026, 53(3): 697-710. DOI:10.3724/j.pibb.2025.0541) a dvances this emerging paradigm by proposing a therapeutic strategy that integrates lesion-specific delivery with active modulation of the inflammatory microenvironment.展开更多
Composites containing biological materials with nanostructured architecture have become of great interest in modem materials science, yielding both interesting chemical properties and inspiration for biomimetic resear...Composites containing biological materials with nanostructured architecture have become of great interest in modem materials science, yielding both interesting chemical properties and inspiration for biomimetic research. Herein, we describe the preparation of a novel three-dimensional （3D） nanostructured MnO2-based com- posite developed using a carbonized proteinaceous spongin template by an extreme biomimetics approach. The thermal stability of the spongin-based scaffold fadlitated the formation of both carbonized material （at 650 ℃ with exclusion of oxygen） and manganese oxide with a defined nanoscale structure under 150 ℃. Remarkably, the unique network of spongin fibers was maintained after pyrolysis and hydro^ermal processing, yielding a novel porous support. The MnO2-spongin composite shows a bimodal pore distribution, with macropores originating from the spongin network and mesopores from the nanostructured oxidic coating. Interestingl3~ the composites also showed improved electrochemical properties compared to those of Mno2. Voltammetry cycling demonstrated the good stability of the material over more than 3,000 charging/discharging cydes. Additionally, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed lower charge transfer resistance in the prepared materials. We demonstrate the potential of extreme biomimetics for developing a new generation of nanostructred materials with 3D centimeter-scale architecture for the storage and conversion of energy generated from renewable natural sources.展开更多
Diabetic wounds present challenges in clinical management due to persistent inflammation caused by excessive exudate infiltration.Inspired by the gradient wettability of cactus thorn,this study has devised a biomimeti...Diabetic wounds present challenges in clinical management due to persistent inflammation caused by excessive exudate infiltration.Inspired by the gradient wettability of cactus thorn,this study has devised a biomimetic Janus nanofiber membrane as a water diode,which endows with gradient wettability and gradient pore size,offering sustainable unidirectional self-drainage and antibacterial properties for enhanced diabetic wound healing.The Janus membrane is fabricated by depositing a hydrophilic polyacrylonitrile/chlorin e6 layer with smaller pore sizes onto a hydrophobic poly(ε-caprolactone)with larger pore sizes,thereby generating a vertical gradient in both wettability and pore structure.The incorporation of chlorin e6 in the upper layer enables the utilization of external light energy to generate heat for evaporation and produce reactive oxygen species,achieving a high sterilization efficiency of 99%.Meanwhile,the gradient structure of the Janus membrane facilitates continuous antigravity exudate drainage at a rate of 0.95 g cm^(−2) h^(−1).This dual functionality of effective exudate drainage and sterilization significantly reduces inflammatory factors,allows the polarization of macrophages toward the M2 proliferative phenotype,enhances angiogenesis,and accelerates wound healing.Therefore,this study provides a groundbreaking bioinspired strategy for the development of advanced wound dressings tailored for diabetic wound regeneration.展开更多
The first hemiterpene-quassinoid adducts,bruquass A and B(1 and 2),were rapidly isolated and identified from Brucea javanica using an integrated analytical strategy.They possessed unusual carbon skeletons formed by th...The first hemiterpene-quassinoid adducts,bruquass A and B(1 and 2),were rapidly isolated and identified from Brucea javanica using an integrated analytical strategy.They possessed unusual carbon skeletons formed by the coupling of quassinoids with hemiterpene units via vinylogous aldol reactions.Their structural configurations were determined through comprehensive spectroscopic analysis and electronic circular dichroism(ECD) calculations.Plausible biosynthetic pathways for 1 and 2 were proposed,and guided by these biogenetic insights,the biomimetic synthesis of compound 1 was successfully achieved.Furthermore,compounds 1 and 2 exhibited significant antifeedant activity against Plutella xylostella.The bioactivity assessment results open up the prospects of 1 and 2 as a promising new class of botanical insecticide.展开更多
While desalination is a key solution for global freshwater scarcity,its implementation faces environmental challenges due to concentrated brine byproducts mainly disposed of via coastal discharge systems.Solar interfa...While desalination is a key solution for global freshwater scarcity,its implementation faces environmental challenges due to concentrated brine byproducts mainly disposed of via coastal discharge systems.Solar interfacial evaporation offers sustainable management potential,yet inevitable salt nucleation at evaporation interfaces degrades photothermal conversion and operational stability via light scattering and pathway blockage.Inspired by the mangrove leaf,we propose a photothermal 3D polydopamine and polypyrrole polymerized spacer fabric(PPSF)-based upward hanging model evaporation configuration with a reverse water feeding mechanism.This design enables zero-liquiddischarge(ZLD)desalination through phase-separation crystallization.The interconnected porous architecture and the rough surface of the PPSF enable superior water transport,achieving excellent solar-absorbing efficiency of 97.8%.By adjusting the tilt angle(θ),the evaporator separates the evaporation and salt crystallization zones via controlled capillary-driven brine transport,minimizing heat dissipation from brine discharge.At an optimal tilt angle of 52°,the evaporator reaches an evaporation rate of 2.81 kg m^(−2) h^(−1) with minimal heat loss(0.366 W)under 1-sun illumination while treating a 7 wt%waste brine solution.Furthermore,it sustains an evaporation rate of 2.71 kg m^(−2) h^(−1) over 72 h while ensuring efficient salt recovery.These results highlight a scalable,energy-efficient approach for sustainable ZLD desalination.展开更多
The application of conventional manganese dioxide(MnO_(2))materials in sodium-ion supercapacitors(Na-SCs)is considerably limited by their low conductivity and structural instability.Biomimetic morphology engineering c...The application of conventional manganese dioxide(MnO_(2))materials in sodium-ion supercapacitors(Na-SCs)is considerably limited by their low conductivity and structural instability.Biomimetic morphology engineering can optimize the electrochemical performance of MnO_(2).Here,based on the metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)-derived method and electrochemical reconstruction,a coral-like MnO_(2)structure integrated with a functional nitrogen-doped carbon(NC)coating is designed for Na-SC application.The bioinspired coral-like structure captures numerous electrolyte ions and increases the Na+concentration on the electrode surface,which is beneficial for optimizing the Na+transport pathway and accelerating the electrode reaction kinetics.Moreover,the coral-like crosslinked structure effectively enhances the mechanical properties,enabling the maintenance of the structure of MnO_(2)-based electrodes during long-term operation.Furthermore,in/ex-situ characterizations are performed to elucidate the mechanism of lattice transformation during electrochemical phase reconstruction.Additionally,the theoretical calculation and simulation results reveal the ion/electron dynamics in the fabricated electrode.The prepared electrode demonstrates excellent capacitance storage ability(340.7 F g^(−1)at 0.5 A g^(−1))and cycling stability(85.1%capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles).The assembled hybrid device exhibits exceptional life-span(82.0%capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles)and exceptional energy density(36.5 Wh kg^(−1)).This study provides a reliable biomimetic morphology design strategy for MnO_(2)cathodes,paving the way for the fabrication of high-performance Na-SCs.展开更多
The development of gradient lubrication materials is critical for numerous biomedical applications,particularly in magnifying mechanical properties and service longevity.Herein,we present an innovative approach to fab...The development of gradient lubrication materials is critical for numerous biomedical applications,particularly in magnifying mechanical properties and service longevity.Herein,we present an innovative approach to fabricate biomimetic gradient lubrication hydrogel through the synergistic integration of three-dimensional(3D)printed metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)nanoparticle network hydrogel skeletons with bioinspired lubrication design.Specifically,robust hydrogel skeletons were engineered through single or multi-material 3D printing,followed by the in situ growth of MOFs nanoparticles within this hydrogel network to create a reinforced,load-bearing architecture.Subsequently,biomimetic lubrication capability was enabled by mechanically coupling another lubricating hydrogel within 3D-printed MOFs nanoparticle network hydrogel skeleton.The superficial layer is highly lubricious to ensure low coefficient of friction(~0.1141)and wear resistance(40,000 cycles),while the deeper layer is stiffer to afford the obligatory mechanical support(fracture strength~2.50 MPa).Furthermore,the gradient architecture stiffness of the hydrogel can be modulated by manipulating the spatial distribution of MOFs within the 3D-printed hydrogel skeleton.As a proof-of-concept,biomimetic gradient hydrogel meniscus structures with C-and O-shaped configurations were constructed by leveraging multi-material 3D printing,demonstrating exceptional lubrication performance.This innovative biomimetic design opens new avenues for creating implantable biomedical gradient lubricating materials with reinforced mechanical and lubrication performance.展开更多
Melt electrowriting(MEW) enables the precise deposition of polymeric fibers at micro-/nanoscale, allowing for the fabrication of 3D biomimetic scaffolds. By incorporating stimuli-responsive polymers and/or functional ...Melt electrowriting(MEW) enables the precise deposition of polymeric fibers at micro-/nanoscale, allowing for the fabrication of 3D biomimetic scaffolds. By incorporating stimuli-responsive polymers and/or functional fillers, MEW-based 4D printing creates scaffolds capable of undergoing controlled, reversible shape transformations in response to external stimuli over time. These dynamic 4D scaffolds can be tailored for minimally invasive delivery, remote actuation, and real-time responsiveness to physiological environments, making them highly relevant for biomedical applications. This review systematically elucidates the principles of MEW-based 4D printing, including material considerations, actuation methods, and structure design strategies, along with shape programming and morphing mechanisms. The versatility of MEW for rational fabrication of biomimetic scaffolds is firstly introduced. Subsequently, the critical elements underpinning MEW-based 4D printing process are overviewed, including an analysis of stimuli-responsive materials compatible with MEW, an evaluation of applicable external stimuli, and a discussion on the advancements in design strategies for 4D scaffolds. Recent progress of MEW 4D scaffolds for applications in tissue engineering, biomedical implants, and drug delivery systems are highlighted. Finally, key challenges and perspectives toward material innovation, fabrication optimization, and actuation control are discussed. This review aims to provide valuable insights for design and creation of multifunctional biomimetic dynamic scaffolds by MEW-based 4D printing.展开更多
Control of the wetting properties of biomimetic functional surfaces is a desired functionality in many applications.In this paper,the photoresist SU-8 was used as fabrication material.A silicon wafer was used as a sub...Control of the wetting properties of biomimetic functional surfaces is a desired functionality in many applications.In this paper,the photoresist SU-8 was used as fabrication material.A silicon wafer was used as a substrate to prepare a biomimetic surface with different surface roughness and micro-pillars arranged in array morphology.The evaporation dynamics and interfacial heat transfer processes of deionised water droplets on the bioinspired microstructure surface were experimentally studied.The study not only proves the feasibility of preparing hydrophilic biomimetic functional surfaces directly through photoresist materials and photolithography technology but also shows that by adjusting the structural parameters and arrangement of the surface micro-pillar structure,the wettability of the biomimetic surface can be significantly linearly regulated,thereby effectively affecting the heat and mass transfer process at the droplet liquid-vapour interface.Analysis of the results shows that by controlling the biomimetic surface microstructure,the wettability can be enhanced by about 22%at most,the uniformity of the temperature distribution at the liquid-vapour interface can be improved by about 34%,and the average evaporation rate can be increased by about 28%.This study aims to provide some guidance for the research on bionic surface design based on photoresist materials.展开更多
In this paper,we proposed a compact,lightweight flapping actuation mechanism and a flight control mechanism for a twin-winged,tailless,hover-capable flapping robot named HiFly-Hummingbird,which has a total mass of 14....In this paper,we proposed a compact,lightweight flapping actuation mechanism and a flight control mechanism for a twin-winged,tailless,hover-capable flapping robot named HiFly-Hummingbird,which has a total mass of 14.4 g and a wingspan of 18.8 cm.A four-bar linkage and gears set were adopted to convert the rotation motion of DC motor into flapping oscillation and amplify the flapping amplitude.As well as,a parallel coupled flight control mechanism was designed to implement the aerodynamic moments generation strategies.The proposed flapping actuation mechanism,with a mass of 2.95 g,has been validated to achieve a 168°amplitude at a frequency of 26 Hz with an asymmetrical stroke deviation of 3.5%,operating at a power consumption of 4.05 W.The parallel coupled control mechanism weights 2.14 g(including three servos).Benefit from the nonlinen inverse kinematics model of the parallel coupled control mechanism,the proposed control mechanism exhibits a roll motion range of±10°with an accuracy error of 0.8°and a pitch motion range of±12°with an accuracy error of 0.6°.The proposed mechanical systems are beneficial to lightweight design,manufacture and assemble under stringent size,weight and power(SWaP)constraints of flapping wing micro air vehicles(FW-MAVs),and possess favorable efficiency and accuracy.Relying on the hardware control circuit and feed-back attitude control algorithm,the robot hummingbird successfully achieved untethered lifting off and reached a maximum flight altitude of 4 m in several flight tests,demonstrating that the proposed mechanical designs of the flapping robot platform effectively enhances the miniaturization and light-weighting of the hummingbird-like FW-MAVs under the conditions of meeting the propulsion and control requirements for lifting off.展开更多
Craniofacial muscles are essential components of the skeletal muscular system that contribute to important physiological processes.Severe trauma can induce craniofacial volumetric muscle loss(VML),which impairs muscle...Craniofacial muscles are essential components of the skeletal muscular system that contribute to important physiological processes.Severe trauma can induce craniofacial volumetric muscle loss(VML),which impairs muscle regeneration,causes facial muscular deformities and functional disability,and leads to psychosocial consequences such as isolation and depression.Conventional therapies involving muscle flap transposition or autologous tissue grafting achieve morphological repair but are ineffective in restoring muscle function,resulting in donor site injury and sensory deficit.In this study,we successfully constructed a biomimetically engineered muscle tissue that integrates myofiber alignment,effective innervation,and blood perfusion to promote multi-tissue regeneration in the masseter area in vivo,enabling functional regeneration.Using light-controlled micropatterning technology,we constructed mature muscle fibers with oriented alignment and established a neuromuscular co-culture system for in vitro neuromuscular junction reconstruction.Furthermore,we designed and fabricated a vascular network structure to promote tissue vascularization using hydrogel as the vehicle for assembling the composite engineered tissue.Using this technology,the shape and dimension of the constructed entity can be customized to address various muscle defects,enabling individualized repair.This study offers a promising novel strategy for tissue regeneration that breaks through the current challenges in the treatment of craniofacial VML.展开更多
Many natural organisms have evolved unique sensory systems over millions of years that have allowed them to detect various changes in their surrounding environments.Sensory systems feature numerous receptors—such as ...Many natural organisms have evolved unique sensory systems over millions of years that have allowed them to detect various changes in their surrounding environments.Sensory systems feature numerous receptors—such as photoreceptors,mechanoreceptors,and chemoreceptors—that detect various types of external stimuli,including light,pressure,vibration,sound,and chemical substances.These stimuli are converted into electrochemical signals,which are transmitted to the brain to produce the sensations of sight,touch,hearing,taste,and smell.Inspired by the biological principles of sensory systems,recent advancements in electronics have led to a wide range of applications in artificial sensors.In the current review,we highlight recent developments in artificial sensors inspired by biological sensory systems utilizing soft ionic materials.The versatile characteristics of these ionic materials are introduced while focusing on their mechanical and electrical properties.The features and working principles of natural and artificial sensing systems are investigated in terms of six categories:vision,tactile,hearing,gustatory,olfactory,and proximity sensing.Lastly,we explore several challenges that must be overcome while outlining future research directions in the field of soft ionic sensors.展开更多
文摘Over the last decade, computational methods have been intensively applied to a variety of scientific researches and engineering designs. Although the computational fluid dynamics （CFD） method has played a dominant role in studying and simulating transport phenomena involving fluid flow and heat and mass transfers, in recent years, other numerical methods for the simulations at meso- and micro-scales have also been actively applied to solve the physics of complex flow and fluid-interface interactions. This paper presents a review of recent advances in multi-scale computational simulation of biomimetics related fluid flow problems. The state-of-the-art numerical techniques, such as lattice Boltzmann method （LBM）, molecular dynamics （MD）, and conventional CFD, applied to different problems such as fish flow, electro-osmosis effect of earthworm motion, and self-cleaning hydrophobic surface, and the numerical approaches are introduced. The new challenging of modelling biomimetics problems in developing the physical conditions of self-clean hydrophobic surfaces is discussed.
文摘The concept of electroosmotically driven flow is built around understanding how the ionized particles or fluid are driven to flow by electroosmosis forces. Apart from the major applications of this concept to micro flow control elements which have been explored in parallel with the rapid developments in micro fabrication technologies, the present focus is on its application to biomimetics. As soil animals (in fact all living creatures) such as earthworms and dung beetles carry bioelectricity, the relative movement between the creatures and the surrounding soil which is a multi-component medium with moist content will generate electrophoresis or electroosmosis forces. Such forces drive the ionized moist content, normally water, to migrate from positive to negative poles under the action of electric double layer (EDL) effect, and effectively reduce the adhesion or drag.Predicting the electroosmotically driven flow in the vicinity of biological and animal surfaces is a key problem of drag/adhesion reduction and biomimetics design. The aim of this article is to demonstrate how the theory of electroosmotically driven flow has developed and to describe its broader significance for anti adhesion of soil animals and biomimetics design of soil machinery tools.
文摘With the advanced development of computer-based enabling technologies, many engineering, medical, biology, chemistry, physics and food science etc have developed to the unprecedented levels, which lead to many research and development interests in various multi-discipline areas. Among them, biomimetics is one of the most promising and attractive branches of study. Biomimetics is a branch of study that uses biological systems as a model to develop synthetic systems. To learn from nature, one of the fundamental issues is to understand the natural systems such animals, insects, plants and human beings etc. The geometrical characterization and representation of natural systems is an important fundamental work for biomimetics research. 3D modeling plays a key role in the geometrical characterization and representation, especially in computer graphical visualization. This paper firstly presents the typical procedure of 3D modelling methods and then reviews the previous work of 3D geometrical modelling techniques and systems developed for industrial, medical and animation applications. Especially the paper discusses the problems associated with the existing techniques and systems when they are applied to 3D modelling of biological systems. Based upon the discussions, the paper proposes some areas of research interests in 3D modelling of biological systems and for Biomimetics.
文摘Oscillations and their damping were investigated for plant stems of Cyperus alternifolius L., Equisetum hyemale L., Equisetum fluviatile L., Juncus effuses L., Stipa gigantea Link, and Thamnocalamus spathaceus (Franch.) Soderstr. With the exception of T. spathaceus, mechanical damping of the oscillation of individual plant stems, even without side organs, leaves or inflorescences, is quite effective. Our experiments support the hypothesis that embedding stiff sclerenchymatous elements in a more compliant parenchymatous matrix provides the structural basis for the dissipation of mechanical energy in the plant stem. As an application the naturally occurring structures were mimicked in a compound material made from hemp fabrics em- bedded in polyurethane foam, cured under pressure. Like its natural model it shows plastic deformability and viscoelastic be- haviour. In particular the material is characterized by a remarkably high shock absorption capacity even for high impact loads.
文摘The landmark discovery of moonlighting proteins embarks the significant progress in understanding the biological complexity and their closed-circuit analysis. The growing continuum in the variety of moonlighting functions paved the way for further elucidation of structural-functional aspects of protein evolution and design of proteins with novel functions. Currently, the moonlighting functions in various adhesive properties of surface layer proteins, an essential component of cell surface architecture of archaea and all phylogenetic groups of eubacteria become more prominently recognized. The remarkable credentials of surface layer proteins to self-assemble into supramolecular structures at nano-scale dimension have been exploited for the production of smart biomaterials in the form of biomimetics has been thrust area of research. The finely tuned topological features in terms of shape, size, geometry and surface chemistry of surface layer proteins are crucial for the production of biomimetics. The current developments of biomimetic lipid bilayers and composite membranes find applicability in understanding the functional dynamism of evolutionary relationship of bacterial cell envelopes and vaccine development, drug development and drug delivery. Though the development of biomimetics embraces fascination but faces with technological challenges. The plethora of literature has been available for the moonlighting aspects and nano-technological applications separately but none of the review describes towards the rhythmic transition from moonlighting functions of surface layer proteins of bacteria to biomimetics development and applications. Therefore, this review describes certain basic aspects of moonlighting functions and their mechanism of action, surface layer proteins and their moonlighting functions of commensal bacteria and their transition towards biomimetics. The recent developments of biomimetics based on surface layer proteins have been summarized and also posited different challenges and future prospects.
基金supported by National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)grants funded by the Korean government(MSIT)(No.RS-2023-00256265,RS-2024-00352352,RS-2024-00405818)the Korean Fund for Regenerative Medicine(KFRM)grant funded by the Korea government(the Ministry of Science and ICT,the Ministry of Health&Welfare).(No.25A0102L1)support from the Market-led K-sensor technology program(RS-2022-00154781,Development of large-area wafer-level flexible/stretchable hybrid sensor platform technology for form factor-free highly integrated convergence sensor),funded By the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE,Korea).
文摘Microneedles(MNs)have been extensively investigated for transdermal delivery of large-sized drugs,including proteins,nucleic acids,and even extracellular vesicles(EVs).However,for their sufficient skin penetration,conventional MNs employ long needles(≥600μm),leading to pain and skin irritation.Moreover,it is critical to stably apply MNs against complex skin surfaces for uniform nanoscale drug delivery.Herein,a dually amplified transdermal patch(MN@EV/SC)is developed as the stem cell-derived EV delivery platform by hierarchically integrating an octopusinspired suction cup(SC)with short MNs(≤300μm).While leveraging the suction effect to induce nanoscale deformation of the stratum corneum,MN@EV/SC minimizes skin damage and enhances the adhesion of MNs,allowing EV to penetrate deeper into the dermis.When MNs of various lengths are applied to mouse skin,the short MNs can elicit comparable corticosterone release to chemical adhesives,whereas long MNs induce a prompt stress response.MN@EV/SC can achieve a remarkable penetration depth(290μm)for EV,compared to that of MN alone(111μm).Consequently,MN@EV/SC facilitates the revitalization of fibroblasts and enhances collagen synthesis in middle-aged mice.Overall,MN@EV/SC exhibits the potential for skin regeneration by modulating the dermal microenvironment and ensuring patient comfort.
基金National Science&Technology Pillar Program of China in the Twelfth Five-year Plan Period(2014BAD06B03)and by“Project 985”of Jilin University.
文摘The reduction of water resources and soil fertility in Northeast China will have a requirement on higher working efficiency of agricultural soil-engaging components.The adhesion and resistance are main problems for soil-engaging tillage components.However,the soil-burrowing or soil-digging animals give inspirations to resolve those problems.Their fair,claw,toe,textured surface and scales have functions of anti-adhesion or resistance reduction.Those results provide a way to realize the sustainable development of modern agriculture by developing novel biomimetic agricultural machinery systems with independent intellectual property rights to meet conservation tillage requirements in the Northern China region.Biological structures of some soil-burrowing or soil-digging animals,such as beetle,mole cricket,earthworm,mole,vole,pangolin,and snake,as well as their mechanisms of anti-adhesion or reducing resistance were reviewed in this paper.Bioinspired applications in Northeast China were also presented in the paper,including moldboard,subsoiler components,furrow opener,roller,and biomimetic rototilling-stubble-breaking blade.In addition,the existed problems in agricultural engineering and the future development trends were discussed.
文摘Ischemic stroke therapy has long been dominated by strategies aimed at restoring cerebral blood flow. Yet, accumulating evidence suggests that neuronal survival and functional recovery depend not only on reperfusion, but also on the resolution of postischemic immune dysregulation. This study(Chen et al., Prog Biochem Biophys, 2026, 53(3): 697-710. DOI:10.3724/j.pibb.2025.0541) a dvances this emerging paradigm by proposing a therapeutic strategy that integrates lesion-specific delivery with active modulation of the inflammatory microenvironment.
文摘Composites containing biological materials with nanostructured architecture have become of great interest in modem materials science, yielding both interesting chemical properties and inspiration for biomimetic research. Herein, we describe the preparation of a novel three-dimensional （3D） nanostructured MnO2-based com- posite developed using a carbonized proteinaceous spongin template by an extreme biomimetics approach. The thermal stability of the spongin-based scaffold fadlitated the formation of both carbonized material （at 650 ℃ with exclusion of oxygen） and manganese oxide with a defined nanoscale structure under 150 ℃. Remarkably, the unique network of spongin fibers was maintained after pyrolysis and hydro^ermal processing, yielding a novel porous support. The MnO2-spongin composite shows a bimodal pore distribution, with macropores originating from the spongin network and mesopores from the nanostructured oxidic coating. Interestingl3~ the composites also showed improved electrochemical properties compared to those of Mno2. Voltammetry cycling demonstrated the good stability of the material over more than 3,000 charging/discharging cydes. Additionally, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy revealed lower charge transfer resistance in the prepared materials. We demonstrate the potential of extreme biomimetics for developing a new generation of nanostructred materials with 3D centimeter-scale architecture for the storage and conversion of energy generated from renewable natural sources.
基金financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2021YFA1201304)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52503082)+3 种基金China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2024M750402)Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF (GZC20230419)Shanghai Anticancer Association EYAS PROJECT (SACA-CY23C05)The Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2232023D-03, 2232024Y-01)
文摘Diabetic wounds present challenges in clinical management due to persistent inflammation caused by excessive exudate infiltration.Inspired by the gradient wettability of cactus thorn,this study has devised a biomimetic Janus nanofiber membrane as a water diode,which endows with gradient wettability and gradient pore size,offering sustainable unidirectional self-drainage and antibacterial properties for enhanced diabetic wound healing.The Janus membrane is fabricated by depositing a hydrophilic polyacrylonitrile/chlorin e6 layer with smaller pore sizes onto a hydrophobic poly(ε-caprolactone)with larger pore sizes,thereby generating a vertical gradient in both wettability and pore structure.The incorporation of chlorin e6 in the upper layer enables the utilization of external light energy to generate heat for evaporation and produce reactive oxygen species,achieving a high sterilization efficiency of 99%.Meanwhile,the gradient structure of the Janus membrane facilitates continuous antigravity exudate drainage at a rate of 0.95 g cm^(−2) h^(−1).This dual functionality of effective exudate drainage and sterilization significantly reduces inflammatory factors,allows the polarization of macrophages toward the M2 proliferative phenotype,enhances angiogenesis,and accelerates wound healing.Therefore,this study provides a groundbreaking bioinspired strategy for the development of advanced wound dressings tailored for diabetic wound regeneration.
基金funded by the National Natural Science Foundation Regional Innovation and Development Joint Fund(No.U22A20381)National Key R&D Program of China (No.2024YFC3506600)+3 种基金Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province of China (No.2024-MS-086)Shenyang City Middle and Young Science and Technology Talents Cultivation Special U40 Outstanding Youth Project (No.RC230803)Science and Technology Planning Project of Liaoning Province (No.2021JH1/10400049)Song Shaojiang Expert Workstation of Yunnan Province (No.202305AF150030)。
文摘The first hemiterpene-quassinoid adducts,bruquass A and B(1 and 2),were rapidly isolated and identified from Brucea javanica using an integrated analytical strategy.They possessed unusual carbon skeletons formed by the coupling of quassinoids with hemiterpene units via vinylogous aldol reactions.Their structural configurations were determined through comprehensive spectroscopic analysis and electronic circular dichroism(ECD) calculations.Plausible biosynthetic pathways for 1 and 2 were proposed,and guided by these biogenetic insights,the biomimetic synthesis of compound 1 was successfully achieved.Furthermore,compounds 1 and 2 exhibited significant antifeedant activity against Plutella xylostella.The bioactivity assessment results open up the prospects of 1 and 2 as a promising new class of botanical insecticide.
基金supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB3804902,2022YFB3804900)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52203226,52161145406,42376045)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2232024Y-01,2232025D-02).
文摘While desalination is a key solution for global freshwater scarcity,its implementation faces environmental challenges due to concentrated brine byproducts mainly disposed of via coastal discharge systems.Solar interfacial evaporation offers sustainable management potential,yet inevitable salt nucleation at evaporation interfaces degrades photothermal conversion and operational stability via light scattering and pathway blockage.Inspired by the mangrove leaf,we propose a photothermal 3D polydopamine and polypyrrole polymerized spacer fabric(PPSF)-based upward hanging model evaporation configuration with a reverse water feeding mechanism.This design enables zero-liquiddischarge(ZLD)desalination through phase-separation crystallization.The interconnected porous architecture and the rough surface of the PPSF enable superior water transport,achieving excellent solar-absorbing efficiency of 97.8%.By adjusting the tilt angle(θ),the evaporator separates the evaporation and salt crystallization zones via controlled capillary-driven brine transport,minimizing heat dissipation from brine discharge.At an optimal tilt angle of 52°,the evaporator reaches an evaporation rate of 2.81 kg m^(−2) h^(−1) with minimal heat loss(0.366 W)under 1-sun illumination while treating a 7 wt%waste brine solution.Furthermore,it sustains an evaporation rate of 2.71 kg m^(−2) h^(−1) over 72 h while ensuring efficient salt recovery.These results highlight a scalable,energy-efficient approach for sustainable ZLD desalination.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(22409065)the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation(2022A1515011906)+2 种基金the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(2023M731153)the Research Fund Program of Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Fuel Cell Technologythe Postdoctoral Fellowship Program of CPSF(GZC20230868).
文摘The application of conventional manganese dioxide(MnO_(2))materials in sodium-ion supercapacitors(Na-SCs)is considerably limited by their low conductivity and structural instability.Biomimetic morphology engineering can optimize the electrochemical performance of MnO_(2).Here,based on the metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)-derived method and electrochemical reconstruction,a coral-like MnO_(2)structure integrated with a functional nitrogen-doped carbon(NC)coating is designed for Na-SC application.The bioinspired coral-like structure captures numerous electrolyte ions and increases the Na+concentration on the electrode surface,which is beneficial for optimizing the Na+transport pathway and accelerating the electrode reaction kinetics.Moreover,the coral-like crosslinked structure effectively enhances the mechanical properties,enabling the maintenance of the structure of MnO_(2)-based electrodes during long-term operation.Furthermore,in/ex-situ characterizations are performed to elucidate the mechanism of lattice transformation during electrochemical phase reconstruction.Additionally,the theoretical calculation and simulation results reveal the ion/electron dynamics in the fabricated electrode.The prepared electrode demonstrates excellent capacitance storage ability(340.7 F g^(−1)at 0.5 A g^(−1))and cycling stability(85.1%capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles).The assembled hybrid device exhibits exceptional life-span(82.0%capacitance retention after 10,000 cycles)and exceptional energy density(36.5 Wh kg^(−1)).This study provides a reliable biomimetic morphology design strategy for MnO_(2)cathodes,paving the way for the fabrication of high-performance Na-SCs.
基金support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China(2022YFB4600101)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52505231 and 52175201)+5 种基金the Key R&D Program of Shandong Province(2024CXPT035)the Research Program of Science and Technology Department of Gansu Province(24JRRA059,24JRRA044 and 24ZDGA014)the Science Fund of Shandong Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Green Manufacturing at Yantai(AMGM2024F12)the Innovation and Entrepreneurship Team Prject of YEDA(2021TD007)the Special Supporting Project for Provincial Leading Talents of Yantai,the Major Program(ZYFZFX-2)the Fundamental Research Special Zone Project of the Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics,CAS,the Special Research Assistant Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,and the Taishan Scholars Program.
文摘The development of gradient lubrication materials is critical for numerous biomedical applications,particularly in magnifying mechanical properties and service longevity.Herein,we present an innovative approach to fabricate biomimetic gradient lubrication hydrogel through the synergistic integration of three-dimensional(3D)printed metal-organic frameworks(MOFs)nanoparticle network hydrogel skeletons with bioinspired lubrication design.Specifically,robust hydrogel skeletons were engineered through single or multi-material 3D printing,followed by the in situ growth of MOFs nanoparticles within this hydrogel network to create a reinforced,load-bearing architecture.Subsequently,biomimetic lubrication capability was enabled by mechanically coupling another lubricating hydrogel within 3D-printed MOFs nanoparticle network hydrogel skeleton.The superficial layer is highly lubricious to ensure low coefficient of friction(~0.1141)and wear resistance(40,000 cycles),while the deeper layer is stiffer to afford the obligatory mechanical support(fracture strength~2.50 MPa).Furthermore,the gradient architecture stiffness of the hydrogel can be modulated by manipulating the spatial distribution of MOFs within the 3D-printed hydrogel skeleton.As a proof-of-concept,biomimetic gradient hydrogel meniscus structures with C-and O-shaped configurations were constructed by leveraging multi-material 3D printing,demonstrating exceptional lubrication performance.This innovative biomimetic design opens new avenues for creating implantable biomedical gradient lubricating materials with reinforced mechanical and lubrication performance.
基金financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 1230242212572342)+2 种基金Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement ENSIGN (101086226)Nano Ram (101120146)L4DNANO (101086227)
文摘Melt electrowriting(MEW) enables the precise deposition of polymeric fibers at micro-/nanoscale, allowing for the fabrication of 3D biomimetic scaffolds. By incorporating stimuli-responsive polymers and/or functional fillers, MEW-based 4D printing creates scaffolds capable of undergoing controlled, reversible shape transformations in response to external stimuli over time. These dynamic 4D scaffolds can be tailored for minimally invasive delivery, remote actuation, and real-time responsiveness to physiological environments, making them highly relevant for biomedical applications. This review systematically elucidates the principles of MEW-based 4D printing, including material considerations, actuation methods, and structure design strategies, along with shape programming and morphing mechanisms. The versatility of MEW for rational fabrication of biomimetic scaffolds is firstly introduced. Subsequently, the critical elements underpinning MEW-based 4D printing process are overviewed, including an analysis of stimuli-responsive materials compatible with MEW, an evaluation of applicable external stimuli, and a discussion on the advancements in design strategies for 4D scaffolds. Recent progress of MEW 4D scaffolds for applications in tissue engineering, biomedical implants, and drug delivery systems are highlighted. Finally, key challenges and perspectives toward material innovation, fabrication optimization, and actuation control are discussed. This review aims to provide valuable insights for design and creation of multifunctional biomimetic dynamic scaffolds by MEW-based 4D printing.
基金supported by H2020-MSCA-RISE-778104–ThermaSMART,Royal Society(IEC\NSFC\211210)doctoral degree scholarship of China Scholarship Council(CSC).
文摘Control of the wetting properties of biomimetic functional surfaces is a desired functionality in many applications.In this paper,the photoresist SU-8 was used as fabrication material.A silicon wafer was used as a substrate to prepare a biomimetic surface with different surface roughness and micro-pillars arranged in array morphology.The evaporation dynamics and interfacial heat transfer processes of deionised water droplets on the bioinspired microstructure surface were experimentally studied.The study not only proves the feasibility of preparing hydrophilic biomimetic functional surfaces directly through photoresist materials and photolithography technology but also shows that by adjusting the structural parameters and arrangement of the surface micro-pillar structure,the wettability of the biomimetic surface can be significantly linearly regulated,thereby effectively affecting the heat and mass transfer process at the droplet liquid-vapour interface.Analysis of the results shows that by controlling the biomimetic surface microstructure,the wettability can be enhanced by about 22%at most,the uniformity of the temperature distribution at the liquid-vapour interface can be improved by about 34%,and the average evaporation rate can be increased by about 28%.This study aims to provide some guidance for the research on bionic surface design based on photoresist materials.
基金supported by the Strategic Priority Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant XDA2202050partially supported by the Youth Innovation Promotion Association of Chinese Academy of Sciences under Grant 2013213.
文摘In this paper,we proposed a compact,lightweight flapping actuation mechanism and a flight control mechanism for a twin-winged,tailless,hover-capable flapping robot named HiFly-Hummingbird,which has a total mass of 14.4 g and a wingspan of 18.8 cm.A four-bar linkage and gears set were adopted to convert the rotation motion of DC motor into flapping oscillation and amplify the flapping amplitude.As well as,a parallel coupled flight control mechanism was designed to implement the aerodynamic moments generation strategies.The proposed flapping actuation mechanism,with a mass of 2.95 g,has been validated to achieve a 168°amplitude at a frequency of 26 Hz with an asymmetrical stroke deviation of 3.5%,operating at a power consumption of 4.05 W.The parallel coupled control mechanism weights 2.14 g(including three servos).Benefit from the nonlinen inverse kinematics model of the parallel coupled control mechanism,the proposed control mechanism exhibits a roll motion range of±10°with an accuracy error of 0.8°and a pitch motion range of±12°with an accuracy error of 0.6°.The proposed mechanical systems are beneficial to lightweight design,manufacture and assemble under stringent size,weight and power(SWaP)constraints of flapping wing micro air vehicles(FW-MAVs),and possess favorable efficiency and accuracy.Relying on the hardware control circuit and feed-back attitude control algorithm,the robot hummingbird successfully achieved untethered lifting off and reached a maximum flight altitude of 4 m in several flight tests,demonstrating that the proposed mechanical designs of the flapping robot platform effectively enhances the miniaturization and light-weighting of the hummingbird-like FW-MAVs under the conditions of meeting the propulsion and control requirements for lifting off.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.82122014,82071085,82020108011,and 82301031)the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(No.LR21H140001)+2 种基金the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFA0703000)the Medical Technology and Education of Zhejiang Province of China(No.2018KY501)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2022QZJH55).
文摘Craniofacial muscles are essential components of the skeletal muscular system that contribute to important physiological processes.Severe trauma can induce craniofacial volumetric muscle loss(VML),which impairs muscle regeneration,causes facial muscular deformities and functional disability,and leads to psychosocial consequences such as isolation and depression.Conventional therapies involving muscle flap transposition or autologous tissue grafting achieve morphological repair but are ineffective in restoring muscle function,resulting in donor site injury and sensory deficit.In this study,we successfully constructed a biomimetically engineered muscle tissue that integrates myofiber alignment,effective innervation,and blood perfusion to promote multi-tissue regeneration in the masseter area in vivo,enabling functional regeneration.Using light-controlled micropatterning technology,we constructed mature muscle fibers with oriented alignment and established a neuromuscular co-culture system for in vitro neuromuscular junction reconstruction.Furthermore,we designed and fabricated a vascular network structure to promote tissue vascularization using hydrogel as the vehicle for assembling the composite engineered tissue.Using this technology,the shape and dimension of the constructed entity can be customized to address various muscle defects,enabling individualized repair.This study offers a promising novel strategy for tissue regeneration that breaks through the current challenges in the treatment of craniofacial VML.
基金supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)(No.2021R1C1C2009703,2021R1C1C1004154)the Technology Innovation Program(No.20022003)funded by the Ministry of Trade,Industry&Energy(MOTIE,Korea).
文摘Many natural organisms have evolved unique sensory systems over millions of years that have allowed them to detect various changes in their surrounding environments.Sensory systems feature numerous receptors—such as photoreceptors,mechanoreceptors,and chemoreceptors—that detect various types of external stimuli,including light,pressure,vibration,sound,and chemical substances.These stimuli are converted into electrochemical signals,which are transmitted to the brain to produce the sensations of sight,touch,hearing,taste,and smell.Inspired by the biological principles of sensory systems,recent advancements in electronics have led to a wide range of applications in artificial sensors.In the current review,we highlight recent developments in artificial sensors inspired by biological sensory systems utilizing soft ionic materials.The versatile characteristics of these ionic materials are introduced while focusing on their mechanical and electrical properties.The features and working principles of natural and artificial sensing systems are investigated in terms of six categories:vision,tactile,hearing,gustatory,olfactory,and proximity sensing.Lastly,we explore several challenges that must be overcome while outlining future research directions in the field of soft ionic sensors.
